Labeling for linearization
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Kensuke Takita
Abstract
The primary goal of the present paper is to argue for the hypothesis that labeling is required for linearization, which is called Labeling for Linearization (LfL). To achieve this goal, it is first argued that labels are not necessary for semantic interpretation. It is then proposed that labels are necessary for linearization at the PF-interface in that they serve as a device to encode structural asymmetries that are employed to determine precedence relations, which are asymmetric as well. It is also shown that LfL can remove several problems of the original labeling framework. Building on the idea that Spell-Out applies to the whole phase but not its subpart, it is illustrated that the LfL-based analysis can solve the problem concerning the variable ways of applying Spell-Out, which arises in the standard phase theory. Extending the LfL-based framework to Japanese, a novel analysis of particle-stranding ellipsis is also proposed. Incorporating some insights of recent approaches that particle-stranding ellipsis arises through a PF-deletion process, it is shown that the proposed analysis based on LfL offers a theoretically more suitable characterization of the PF-deletion process. In this way, the present article contributes to not only sharpening the core theoretical notions regarding structure building and linearization in terms of labeling but also deepening our understanding of the structure of Japanese.
Acknowledgements
I thank Jun Abe, WooJin Chung, Chris Collins, Nobu Goto, Caroline Heycock, Hisa Kitahara, Masako Maeda, Keiko Murasugi, Hiroki Narita, Masashi Nomura, Yohei Oseki, Ian Roberts, Yuta Sakamoto, Adam Szczegielniak, Yoshiyuki Shibata, Masahiko Takahashi, three anonymous reviewers of The Linguistic Review, and especially Željko Bošković and Mamoru Saito for their valuable comments and suggestions. I am also grateful to the audiences at Rissho University, University of Connecticut, New York University, NINJAL, and Nanzan University, where earlier versions of this paper were presented. All errors are of course mine. Part of this work is supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP15K16772, JP18K00659, Meikai University Miyata Grant for Scientific Research, and the collaborative research project “Generative Perspectives on the Syntax and Acquisition of Japanese” at the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics.
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