Abstract
The present work aims to analyze the natural and whirl frequencies of a slant-cracked functionally graded rotor-bearing system using finite element analysis for the flexural vibrations. The functionally graded shaft is modelled using two nodded beam elements formulated using the Timoshenko beam theory. The flexibility matrix of a slant-cracked functionally graded shaft element has been derived using fracture mechanics concepts, which is further used to develop the stiffness matrix of a cracked element. Material properties are temperature and position-dependent and graded in a radial direction following power-law gradation. A Python code has been developed to carry out the complete finite element analysis to determine the Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of a slant-cracked rotor subjected to different thermal gradients. The analysis investigates and further reveals significant effect of the power-law index and thermal gradients on the local flexibility coefficients of slant-cracked element and whirl natural frequencies of the cracked functionally graded rotor system.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank John Schofield, Rolls-Royce plc, Derby, U.K. for his immense support.
-
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
References
1. Schnittger, JR. Development of a smooth running, double-spool, gas-turbine rotor system. ASME J Eng Gas Turbines Power 1959;81:151–60. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4008036.Search in Google Scholar
2. Dávalos, JO, García, JC, Urquiza, G, Castro-Gómez, LL, Rodríguez, JA, De Santiago, O. Effect of rotor diameter on the thermal stresses of a turbine rotor model. Int J Turbo Jet Engines 2016;33:45–53. https://doi.org/10.1515/tjj-2015-0007.Search in Google Scholar
3. Zorzi, ES, Nelson, HD. Finite element simulation of rotor-bearing systems with internal damping. ASME J Eng Gas Turbines Power 1977;99:71–6. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3446254.Search in Google Scholar
4. Huang, J, Cui, L, Li, S, Han, B, Zheng, L. Parametric modeling and dynamic characteristics analysis of a power turbine rotor system. Int J Turbo Jet Engines 2019;36:359–65. https://doi.org/10.1515/tjj-2018-0042.Search in Google Scholar
5. Bever, MB, Duwez, PE. Gradients in composite materials. Mater Sci Eng 1972;10:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5416(72)90059-6.Search in Google Scholar
6. Shen, M, Bever, MB. Gradients in polymeric materials. J Mater Sci 1972;7:741–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00549902.Search in Google Scholar
7. Sankar, BV, Tzeng, JT. Thermal stresses in functionally graded beams. AIAA J 2002;40:1228–32. https://doi.org/10.2514/3.15185.Search in Google Scholar
8. Chakraborty, A, Gopalakrishnan, S, Reddy, JN. A new beam finite element for the analysis of functionally graded materials. Int J Mech Sci 2003;45:519–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7403(03)00058-4.Search in Google Scholar
9. Das, AS, Nighil, MC, Dutt, JK, Irretier, H. Vibration control and stability analysis of rotor-shaft system with electromagnetic exciters. J Mech Mach Theor 2008;43:1295–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2007.10.007.Search in Google Scholar
10. Xiang, HJ, Yang, J. Free and forced vibration of a laminated FGM Timoshenko beam of variable thickness under heat conduction. Compos B Eng 2008;39:292–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2007.01.005.Search in Google Scholar
11. Shooshtari, A, Rafiee, M. Nonlinear forced vibration analysis of clamped functionally graded beams. Acta Mech 2011;221:23–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00707-011-0491-1.Search in Google Scholar
12. Reddy, JN. Thermo-mechanical behavior of functionally graded materials. AFOSR Grant F49620-95-1-0342. Washington, D.C.: Air Force Office of Scientific Research Boiling Air Force Base; 1998:1–78 pp.Search in Google Scholar
13. Shahba, A, Attarnejad, R, Marvi, MT, Hajilar, S. Free vibration and stability analysis of axially functionally graded tapered Timoshenko beams with classical and nonclassical boundary conditions. Compos B Eng 2011;42:801–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.01.017.Search in Google Scholar
14. Gayen, D, Roy, T. Finite element based vibration analysis of functionally graded spinning shaft system. Proc Inst Mech Eng C J Mech Eng Sci 2014;228:3306–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954406214527923.Search in Google Scholar
15. Bose, A, Sathujoda, P. Effect of thermal gradient on vibration characteristics of a functionally graded shaft system. Math Model Eng Probl 2020;7:212–22. https://doi.org/10.18280/mmep.070207.Search in Google Scholar
16. Coroneos, RM, Gorla, R. Structural analysis and optimization of a composite fan blade for future aircraft engine. Int J Turbo Jet Engines 2012;29:131–64. https://doi.org/10.1515/tjj-2012-0024.Search in Google Scholar
17. Kong, C, Lee, K. Study on design of high efficiency and light weight composite propeller blade for a regional turboprop aircraft. Int J Turbo Jet Engines 2013;30:33–42. https://doi.org/10.1515/tjj-2012-0039.Search in Google Scholar
18. Zhu, J, Lai, Z, Yin, Z, Jeon, J, Lee, S. Fabrication of ZrO2–NiCr functionally graded material by powder metallurgy. Mater Chem Phys 2001;68:130–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0254-0584(00)00355-2.Search in Google Scholar
19. Kieback, B, Neubrand, A, Riedel, H. Processing techniques for functionally graded materials. Mater Sci Eng A 2003;362:81–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(03)00578-1.Search in Google Scholar
20. Mishra, RK, Thomas, J, Srinivasan, K, Nandi, V, Bhatt, R. Investigation of HP turbine blade failure in a military turbofan engine. Int J Turbo Jet Engines 2017;34:23–31. https://doi.org/10.1515/tjj-2015-0049.Search in Google Scholar
21. Dimarogonas, AD. Dynamic response of cracked rotors, technical information series. Schenectady. New York: General Electric; 1970.Search in Google Scholar
22. Gasch, R. Dynamic behavior of a simple rotor with a cross-sectional crack, vibrations in rotating machinery. In: Institution of mechanical engineers conference paper. Cambridge: Institution of Mechanical Engineers Conference Publication, Vibration in Rotating Machinery; 1976, vol C178/76:123–48 pp.Search in Google Scholar
23. Henry, TA, Okah, BE. Vibration in cracked shafts, vibrations in rotating machinery. In: Institution of mechanical engineers conference paper. London: Institution of Mechanical Engineers Conference Publication, Vibration in Rotating Machinery; 1976 vol C/162/76: 15–9 pp.Search in Google Scholar
24. Tada, H, Paris, PC, Irwin, GR. The stress analysis of cracks handbook. Hellertown, Pennsylvania, USA: Del Research Corporation; 1973.Search in Google Scholar
25. Mayes, IW, Davis, WGR. The vibrational behavior of a rotating shaft system containing a transverse crack. In: Vibrations in rotating machinery. Institution of mechanical engineers conference paper. Institution of Mechanical Engineers Conference Publication, Vibration in Rotating Machinery, Cambridge; 1976, vol C/168/76:53–64 pp.Search in Google Scholar
26. Dimarogonas, AD, Papadopoulos, CA. Vibration of cracked shafts in bending. J Mech Des 1983;102:140–6.10.1016/0022-460X(83)90834-9Search in Google Scholar
27. Papadopoulos, CA, Dimarogonas, AD. Stability of cracked rotors in the coupled vibration mode. J Vib Acoust Stress Reliab Des 1988;110:357–9. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3269525.Search in Google Scholar
28. Papadopoulos, CA, Dimarogonas, AD. Coupled longitudinal and bending vibration of cracked shaft. J Vib Acoust Stress Reliab Des 1988;110:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3269474.Search in Google Scholar
29. Darpe, AK, Chawla, A, Gupta, K. Analysis of the response of a cracked Jeffcott rotor to axial excitation. J Sound Vib 2002;249:429–45. https://doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.2001.3870.Search in Google Scholar
30. Ichimonji, M. Watanabe, S. The dynamics of a rotor system with a shaft having a slant crack: a qualitative analysis using a simple rotor model. JSME Int J Ser III 1988;31:712–8. https://doi.org/10.1299/jsmec1988.31.712.Search in Google Scholar
31. Ichimonji, M, Kazao, Y, Watanabe, S, Nonaka, S. Nonlinear and stochastic dynamics ASME, AMD-192/DE-78. In: The dynamics of a rotor system with a slant crack under torsional vibration. Chicago, Illinois: Int. Mech. Engg. Congress and Exposition; 1994:81–90 pp.Search in Google Scholar
32. Sekhar, AS, Prasad, PB. Dynamic analysis of a rotor system considering a slant crack in the shaft. J Sound Vib 1997;208:457–74. https://doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.1997.1222.Search in Google Scholar
33. Sekhar, AS, Mohanty, AR, Sathujoda, P. Vibrations of cracked rotor system: transverse crack versus slant crack. J Sound Vib 2005;279:1203–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2004.01.011.Search in Google Scholar
34. Liu, C, Jiang, D. Dynamics of slant cracked rotor for a steam turbine generator system. ASME J Eng Gas Turbines Power 2017;139:062502. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4035323.Search in Google Scholar
35. Sathujoda, P, Sekhar, AS, Mohanty, AR. Transient lateral analysis of a slant-cracked rotor passing through its flexural critical speed. Mech Mach Theor 2002;37:1007–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-114X(02)00020-4.Search in Google Scholar
36. Sathujoda, P. Detection of a slant crack in a rotor bearing system during shut-down. Mech Base Des Struct Mach 2020;48:266–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/15397734.2019.1707686.Search in Google Scholar
37. Gayen, D, Chakraborty, D, Tiwari, R. Free vibration analysis of functionally graded shaft system with a surface crack. J Vib Eng Technol 2018;6:483–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42417-018-0065-9.Search in Google Scholar
38. Gayen, D, Chakraborty, D, Tiwari, R. Whirl frequencies and critical speeds of a rotor-bearing system with a cracked functionally graded shaft – finite element analysis. Eur J Mech Solid 2016;61:47–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechsol.2016.09.003.Search in Google Scholar
39. Nelson, HD, Mcvaugh, JM. The dynamics of rotor-bearing systems using finite element method. J Eng Ind 1976;98:593–600. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3438942.Search in Google Scholar
40. Nelson, HD. A finite rotating shaft element using Timoshenko beam element. J Mech Des 1980;102:793–803. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3254824.Search in Google Scholar
41. Friswell, MI, Penny, JET, Garvey, SD, Lees, AW. Dynamics of rotating machines. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2010.10.1017/CBO9780511780509Search in Google Scholar
© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Natural frequency analysis of a functionally graded rotor-bearing system with a slant crack subjected to thermal gradients
- Evaluation of exit pattern factors of an annular aero gas turbine combustor at altitude off-design conditions
- Research on quasi-one-dimensional modeling and performance analysis of RBCC propulsion system
- Performance characteristics of flow in annular diffuser using CFD
- Control-oriented quasi-one dimensional modeling method for scramjet
- Effect of rotor–stator rim cavity flow on the turbine
- An improved aerodynamic performance optimization method of 3-D low Reynolds number rotor blade
- Hot gas ingestion in chute rim seal clearance of gas turbine
- An improved compact propulsion system model based on batch normalize deep neural network
- Study of the vortex chamber and its application for the development of novel measurement and control devices
- Effect of equivalence ratio on the detonation noise characteristics of pulse detonation engine
- Simulation and analysis of hot plume infrared signature based on SNB model
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Natural frequency analysis of a functionally graded rotor-bearing system with a slant crack subjected to thermal gradients
- Evaluation of exit pattern factors of an annular aero gas turbine combustor at altitude off-design conditions
- Research on quasi-one-dimensional modeling and performance analysis of RBCC propulsion system
- Performance characteristics of flow in annular diffuser using CFD
- Control-oriented quasi-one dimensional modeling method for scramjet
- Effect of rotor–stator rim cavity flow on the turbine
- An improved aerodynamic performance optimization method of 3-D low Reynolds number rotor blade
- Hot gas ingestion in chute rim seal clearance of gas turbine
- An improved compact propulsion system model based on batch normalize deep neural network
- Study of the vortex chamber and its application for the development of novel measurement and control devices
- Effect of equivalence ratio on the detonation noise characteristics of pulse detonation engine
- Simulation and analysis of hot plume infrared signature based on SNB model