Developing an annotation protocol for evaluative stance and metaphor in discourse: theoretical and methodological considerations
-
Laura Hidalgo-Downing
Laura Hidalgo-Downing is Full Professor at Universidad Autónoma, Madrid. Her research interests include discourse analysis at the cross-roads between functional linguistics and cognitive linguistics, stance and evaluation, multimodality and metaphor. Her recent book-length publication is
Performing metaphoric creativity across modes and contexts (2020, John Benjamins).
und
Paula Pérez-Sobrino
Paula Pérez-Sobrino is a lecturer in Modern Languages at the University of La Rioja. Her work deals with the ways in which metaphors and other types of figurative language help or hinder cross-cultural communication. She has published two research monographs titled
Multimodal Metaphor and Metonymy in Advertising (2017, John Benjamins) andUnpacking Creativity: The Power of Figurative Communication in Advertising (2021, Cambridge University Press) and has a third monograph entitled “Emotion-Colour Associations across Languages and Genders” under contract for publication in Cambridge University Press.
Abstract
The process of identification and annotation of evaluation has received a lot of attention in recent years. However, given the complexity of the topic, the discussion of some of the central issues is still ongoing. The present article contributes to this debate by presenting an annotation scheme that is designed for the identification and annotation of evaluative stance in a corpus of four English genres, namely, newspaper discourse, political discourse, newspaper scientific popularization and fora. A 4,862-word corpus was sampled from a larger 400,000-word corpus compiled within the research project STANCEDISC on the study of stance in discourse varieties. The scheme posits a series of ad hoc categories designed to optimise the transparency, reliability and replicability of the identification, annotation and analysis of evaluative stance. The categories are as follows: parts of speech (Noun Phrase, NP; Adjectival Phrase, AP; Adverbial Phrase, ADVP; Verbal Phrase, VP), function (classifying, predicational and attitude), metaphoricity (metaphoric and non-metaphoric), and value (positive and negative). The aim of this paper is to explain the scheme together with the theoretical justification of the categories and the methodological procedure adopted, and to illustrate the implementation of the scheme by discussing examples taken from different genres.
Funding source: Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades
Award Identifier / Grant number: FFI2017-82730-P
Award Identifier / Grant number: PGC2018-095798
Award Identifier / Grant number: PID2020-118349GB-I00
Award Identifier / Grant number: PID2021-123302NB-I00
About the authors
Laura Hidalgo-Downing is Full Professor at Universidad Autónoma, Madrid. Her research interests include discourse analysis at the cross-roads between functional linguistics and cognitive linguistics, stance and evaluation, multimodality and metaphor. Her recent book-length publication is Performing metaphoric creativity across modes and contexts (2020, John Benjamins).
Paula Pérez-Sobrino is a lecturer in Modern Languages at the University of La Rioja. Her work deals with the ways in which metaphors and other types of figurative language help or hinder cross-cultural communication. She has published two research monographs titled Multimodal Metaphor and Metonymy in Advertising (2017, John Benjamins) and Unpacking Creativity: The Power of Figurative Communication in Advertising (2021, Cambridge University Press) and has a third monograph entitled “Emotion-Colour Associations across Languages and Genders” under contract for publication in Cambridge University Press.
-
Research funding: This study was funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (FFI2017-82730-P, PGC2018-095798, PID2020-118349GB-I00 and PID2021-123302NB-I00).
References
Alba-Juez, Laura & Geoff Thompson (eds.). 2014. Evaluation in context. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Suche in Google Scholar
Alba-Juez, Laura & J. Lachlan Mackenzie. 2016. Pragmatics: Cognition, context and culture. Madrid: McGraw Hill.Suche in Google Scholar
Bednarek, Monika. 2009. Language patterns and attitude. Functions of Language 16(2). 165–192. https://doi.org/10.1075/fol.16.2.01bed.Suche in Google Scholar
Bednarek, Monika. 2014. “An astonishing season of destiny!” Evaluation in blurbs used for advertising TV series. In Laura Alba-Juez & Geoff Thompson (eds.), Evaluation in context, 197–220. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/pbns.242.10bedSuche in Google Scholar
Bednarek, Monika & Helen Caple. 2014. Why do news values matter? Towards a new methodological framework for analysing news discourse in critical discourse analysis and beyond. Discourse & Society 25(2). 135–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926513516041.Suche in Google Scholar
Biber, Douglas & Edward Finegan. 1989. Styles of stance in English: Lexical and grammatical marking of evidentiality and affect. Text 9. 93–124. https://doi.org/10.1515/text.1.1989.9.1.93.Suche in Google Scholar
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad & Edward Finegan. 1999. The Longman grammar of spoken and written English. London: Longman.Suche in Google Scholar
Deignan, Alice. 2010. The evaluative properties of metaphors. In Graham Low, Zazie Todd, Alice Deignan & Lynne Cameron (eds.), Researching and applying metaphor in the real world, 357–374. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/hcp.26.21deiSuche in Google Scholar
Du Bois, John W. 2007. The stance triangle. In Robert Engelbreston (ed.), Stancetaking in discourse, 139–182. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/pbns.164.07duSuche in Google Scholar
Englebretson, Robert (ed.). 2007 Stancetaking in discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/pbns.164Suche in Google Scholar
Fuoli, Matteo. 2018. A stepwise method for annotating Appraisal. Functions of Language 25(2). 229–258. https://doi.org/10.1075/fol.15016.fuo.Suche in Google Scholar
Fuoli, Matteo & Charlotte Hommerberg. 2015. Optimising transparency, reliability and replicability: Annotation principles and inter-coder agreement in the quantification of evaluative expressions. Corpora 10(3). 315–349. https://doi.org/10.3366/cor.2015.0080.Suche in Google Scholar
Fuoli, Matteo, Jeannette Littlemore & Sarah Turner. 2021. Sunken ships and screaming banshees: Metaphor and evaluation in film reviews. English Language and Linguistics. 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1360674321000046.Suche in Google Scholar
Hidalgo-Downing, Laura & Paula Pérez-Sobrino. In press. Pushing Britain off the precipice: A CDA approach to negative evaluative stance in opinion articles on Brexit. In Juana Marín-Arrese, Laura Hidalgo-Downing & Juan Rafael Zamorano-Mansilla (eds.), Stance, inter/subjectivity and identity in discourse. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Suche in Google Scholar
Hidalgo-Downing, Laura, Paula Pérez-Sobrino, Laura Filardo-Llamas, Carmen Maíz-Arévalo, Begoña Núñez-Perucha, Alfonso Sánchez-Moya & Julia T. Williams Camus. Under review. A protocol for the annotation of evaluative stance and metaphor across four discourse genres. Revista Espanola de Linguistica Aplicada.Suche in Google Scholar
Hunston, Susan. 2011. Corpus approaches to evaluation: Phraseology and evaluative language. London: Routledge.10.4324/9780203841686Suche in Google Scholar
Hunston, Susan & Geoff Thompson. 2000. Evaluation in text. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780198238546.001.0001Suche in Google Scholar
Hunston, Susan & Hang Su. 2019. Patterns, constructions, and local grammar: A case study of evaluation. Applied Linguistics 40(4). 567–593. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amx046.Suche in Google Scholar
Martin, James R. & Peter R. R. White. 2005. The language of evaluation: Appraisal in English. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Suche in Google Scholar
Müller, Cornelia. 2009. Metaphors dead and alive, sleeping and walking: A dynamic view. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.10.7208/chicago/9780226548265.001.0001Suche in Google Scholar
Núñez-Perucha, Begoña & Laura Filardo-Llamas. In press. From “roaring lion” to “chlorinated chicken”: Evaluative stance and ideological positioning in a corpus of British political discourse. In Juana Marín-Arrese, Laura Hidalgo-Downing & Juan Rafael Zamorano-Mansilla (eds.), Stance, inter/subjectivity and identity in discourse. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Suche in Google Scholar
Pragglejazz. 2007. A method for identifying metaphorically used words in discourse. Metaphor and Symbol 22(1). 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327868ms2201_1.Suche in Google Scholar
Read, Jonathon & John Carroll. 2012. Annotating expressions of appraisal in English. Language Resources and Evaluation 46(3). 421–447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-010-9135-7.Suche in Google Scholar
Reisigl, Martin & Ruth Wodak. 2009. The discourse historical approach. In Ruth Wodak & Michael Meyer (eds.), Methods for critical discourse analysis, 87–121. London: Sage.Suche in Google Scholar
Sánchez-Moya, Alfonso & Carmen Maíz-Arévalo. In press. “Histrionic, appalling, a major Turkey”: The expression of evaluative stance in the discourse of online forums. In Juana Marín-Arrese, Laura Hidalgo-Downing & Juan Rafael Zamorano-Mansilla (eds.), Stance, inter/subjectivity and identity in discourse. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Suche in Google Scholar
Semino, Elena, Zsofia Demjén, Sheila A. Payne & Rayson Paul. 2018. Metaphor, cancer and the end of life: A corpus-based study. London: Routledge.10.4324/9781315629834Suche in Google Scholar
Simaki, Vasiliki, Carita Paradis & Andreas Kerren. 2018. Evaluating stance-annotated sentences from the Brexit blog corpus: A quantitative linguistic analysis. ICAME Journal 42(1). 133–166. https://doi.org/10.1515/icame-2018-0007.Suche in Google Scholar
Simaki, Vasiliki, Carita Paradis, Maria Skeppstedt, Magnus Sahlgren, Kostiantyn Kucher & Andreas Kerren. 2020. Annotating speaker stance in discourse: The Brexit blog corpus. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 16(2). 215–248.Suche in Google Scholar
Steen, Gerard, Aletta G. Dorst, J. Berenike Herrmann, Anna A. Kaal & Tina Krennmayr. 2010. Metaphor in usage. Cognitive Linguistics 21(4). 765–796. https://doi.org/10.1515/cogl.2010.024.Suche in Google Scholar
Taboada, Maite & Marta Carretero. 2010. Contrastive analyses of evaluation in text: Key issues in the design of an annotation system for attitude applicable to consumer reviews in English and Spanish. Linguistics and the Human Sciences 6(1–3). 275–295. https://doi.org/10.1558/lhs.v6i1-3.275.Suche in Google Scholar
Thompson, Geoff. 2014. affect and emotion, target-value mismatches, and Russian dolls: Refining the appraisal model. In Laura Alba-Juez & Geoff Thompson (eds.), Evaluation in context, 47–66. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/pbns.242.03thoSuche in Google Scholar
Van Dijk, Teun A. 1995. Power and the news media. In David L. Paletz (ed.), Political communication and action, 9–36. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.Suche in Google Scholar
van Leeuwen, Theo. 2008. Discourse and practice: New tools for critical discourse analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195323306.001.0001Suche in Google Scholar
White, Peter R. R. 2016. Evaluative contents in verbal communication. In Andrea Rocci & Louis de Saussure (eds.), Verbal communication: Handbook of communication science, 77–96. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110255478-006Suche in Google Scholar
Williams Camus, Julia T. In press. Evaluative stance in science popularizations in the English press. In Juana Marín-Arrese, Laura Hidalgo-Downing & Juan Rafael Zamorano-Mansilla (eds.), Stance, inter/subjectivity and identity in discourse. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Suche in Google Scholar
© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- The creative minds of Arab cartoonists: metaphor, culture and context
- Formulaic language in L1 and advanced L2 English speech: multiword structures in the speech of two Swedish groups compared to a group of L1 English speakers
- Developing an annotation protocol for evaluative stance and metaphor in discourse: theoretical and methodological considerations
- The use of material resources in vocabulary explanations: a conversation analytic inquiry
- Self-categorization: a resource for the management of experiential entitlement in talk about child death
- Preliminary jury instructing: a dilemmatic communication practice
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- The creative minds of Arab cartoonists: metaphor, culture and context
- Formulaic language in L1 and advanced L2 English speech: multiword structures in the speech of two Swedish groups compared to a group of L1 English speakers
- Developing an annotation protocol for evaluative stance and metaphor in discourse: theoretical and methodological considerations
- The use of material resources in vocabulary explanations: a conversation analytic inquiry
- Self-categorization: a resource for the management of experiential entitlement in talk about child death
- Preliminary jury instructing: a dilemmatic communication practice
