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Towards a semantic map for intensifying particles: Evidence from Avar

  • Diana Forker EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 22. Oktober 2015
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Abstract

In this paper I examine the multifunctional enclitic =go in the Nakh-Daghestanian language Avar. By means of a semantic map I show that its central function is the expression of emphasis and/or contrast. Other uses are the expression of identity, scalar additivity, reflexivity (including local and long-distance reflexives, emphatic reflexive uses), the marking of indefinite pronouns and adverbs, and the derivation of cardinal numerals and converbs. The paper also advances a hypothesis about the origin of =go and argues that it goes back to the copula -ugo. The use of the copula in cleft constructions gave rise to the emphatic/contrastive function, and all other uses can be viewed as extension of this function.

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to the Avar speakers Zulejkhat Mallaeva and Murad Sindikov who shared the knowledge of their language with me. Their help with translations and discussions of the examples is invaluable and without them I would not have been able to write this article. Any errors remain my own. I also profited from the comments of an anonymous reviewer. A first draft of this paper was written during my period as a Feodor-Lynen Fellow at the James Cook University. I want to thank the Humboldt Foundation for financial support and Alexandra Aikhenvald for hosting me at the inspiring Language and Culture Research Centre.

Abbreviations

abl

ablative

add

additive

apud

localization ‘near, by, at’

caus

causative

com

comitative

cond

conditional

cop

copula

cvb

converb

dat

dative

dem

demonstrative

emph

emphasizer

erg

ergative

evid

evidential

excl

exclusive

f

feminine

fut

future

gen

genitive

imp

imperative

in

localization ‘in’

incl

inclusive

indef

indefinite

inf

infinitive

int

intensifier

iter

iterative

lat

lative

loc

locative

m

masculine

msd

masdar

n

neuter

neg

negation

nmlz

nominalizer

obl

oblique stem

pl

plural

proh

prohibitive

prs

present

prt

particle

pst

past

ptcp

participle

q

interrogative

quot

quotative

spec

specific

sg

singular

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Published Online: 2015-10-22
Published in Print: 2015-11-1

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