Abstract
This paper explores the relationship between political instability and economic growth in Egypt. The literature claims there is a relationship between political instability and economic performance. Empirical studies, however, show different results for different world regions, different countries, and different periods. Studies concerning the effect of political instability on the economic growth path are rich with cases from several countries, but do not include developing countries, such as Egypt. This paper investigates the robust relationship between economic growth in Egypt and political instability in the last five decades. We examine time-series data from 1972 to 2013, using the Cointegration approach to determine the short-term and long-term relationships. Consequently, we use an Error-Correction Model (ECM) to estimate the relationship between economic growth and political instability in Egypt. The results show that the impact of political instability on economic growth is negative and significant for all indexes of political instability used in the case of Egypt. The results have implications for policymakers who are planning for the economic growth of the country in the short- and long-term.
Acknowledgment
The author wants to thank Adam Przeworski (New York University), Kamiar Mohaddes (University of Cambridge), Hany Abdel-Latif (Swansea University), Mongi Boughzala (University of Tunis), Samir Makdisi (American University of Beirut), Mustapha Nabli (ERF), and Ibrahim Elbadawi (Dubai Economic Council and ERF), for valued comments received on the first draft. Also, I want to thank Mr. Mahmoud Dawood for technical support.
References
Aisen, A., and F.J. Veiga. 2013. “How Does Political Instability Affect Economic Growth?” European Journal of Political Economy 29: 151–167.10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2012.11.001Suche in Google Scholar
Alesina, A., S. Özler, N. Roubini, and P. Swagel. 1996. “Political Instability and Economic Growth.” Journal of Economic Growth 1 (2): 189–211.10.1007/BF00138862Suche in Google Scholar
Banks, A.S., and K.A. Wilson. 2016. Cross-National Time-Series Data Archive. Jerusalem, Israel: Databanks International.Suche in Google Scholar
Barro, R.J. 1989. A Cross-Country Study of Growth, Saving, and Government. USA: University of Chicago Press.10.3386/w2855Suche in Google Scholar
Beck, T., G. Clarke, A. Groff, P. Keefer, and P. Walsh. 2001. “New Tools in Comparative Political Economy: The Database of Political Institutions.” The World Bank Economic Review 15 (1): 165–176.10.1093/wber/15.1.165Suche in Google Scholar
Bernal-Verdugo, L.E., D. Furceri, and D.M. Guillaume. (2013).IMF Working Paper Washington, D. C: Research Department. International Monetary Fund (IMF) The Dynamic Effect of Social and Political Instability on Output: The Role of Reforms.10.5089/9781484381687.001Suche in Google Scholar
Brunetti, A., and B. Weder. 1995. “Political Sources of Growth: A Critical Note on Measurement.” Public Choice 82 (1/2): 125–134.10.1007/BF01047733Suche in Google Scholar
Carmignani, F. 2003. “Political Instability, Uncertainty and Economics.” Journal of Economic Surveys 17 (1): 1–54.10.1111/1467-6419.00187Suche in Google Scholar
Chow, G.C. 1960. “Tests of Equality between Sets of Coefficients in Two Linear Regressions.” Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society 28 (3): 591–605.10.2307/1910133Suche in Google Scholar
Coppedge, M., J. Gerring, S.I. Lindberg, and S.-E. Skaaning. 2016. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Codebook. USA: University of Gothenburg (V-Dem Institute) and University of Notre Dame (Kellogg Institute) (March ed., Vol. Version 6).Suche in Google Scholar
Dahlberg, S., S. Holmberg, B. Rothstein, A. Khomenko, and R. Svensson. 2017. The Quality of Government (Qog) Basic Dataset. Gothenburg, Sweden: University of Gothenburg: The Quality of Government Institute.Suche in Google Scholar
Dickey, D.A., and W.A. Fuller. 1979. “Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 74 (366): 427–431.10.1080/01621459.1979.10482531Suche in Google Scholar
Doornik, J.A., and H. Hansen. 1994. “An Omnibus Test for Univariate and Multivariate Normality.”. Oxford: University of Oxford Economic Discussion Paper.Suche in Google Scholar
Doornik, J.A., and H. Hansen. 2008. “An Omnibus Test for Univariate and Multivariate Normality.” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 70 (s1): 927–939.10.1111/j.1468-0084.2008.00537.xSuche in Google Scholar
Doornik, J.A., and D.F. Hendry. 2009. Empirical Econometric Modelling PcGive 13: Volume I. London: Timberlake Consultants Ltd (Vol. Volume I).Suche in Google Scholar
Engle, R.F. 1982. “Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity with Estimates of the Variance of United Kingdom Inflation.” Econometrica 50 (4): 987–1007.10.2307/1912773Suche in Google Scholar
Fosu, A.K. 1992. “Political Instability and Economic Growth: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 40 (4): 829–841.10.1086/451979Suche in Google Scholar
Godfrey, L.G. 1978. “Testing for Multiplicative Heteroskedasticity.” Journal of Econometrics 8 (2): 227–236.10.1016/0304-4076(78)90031-3Suche in Google Scholar
Goemans, H.E., K.S. Gleditsch, and G. Chiozza. 2016. ARCHIGOS: A Data Set on Leaders 1875–2015. New York, USA: University of Rochester (February 29. ed., Vol. Version 4.1).Suche in Google Scholar
Granger, C.W.J. 1966. “The Typical Spectral Shape of an Economic Variable.” Econometrica 34 (1): 150–161.10.2307/1909859Suche in Google Scholar
Granger, C.W.J., and P. Newbold. 1974. “Spurious Regressions in Econometrics.” Journal of Econometrics 2 (2): 111–120.10.1016/0304-4076(74)90034-7Suche in Google Scholar
Gyimah-Brempong, K., and S.M.D. Camacho. 1998. “Political Instability, Human Capital, and Economic Growth in Latin America.” The Journal of Developing Areas 32 (4): 449–466.Suche in Google Scholar
Haan, J.D., and C.L.J. Siermann. 1996a. “New Evidence on the Relationship between Democracy and Economic Growth.” Public Choice 86 (1/2): 175–198.10.1007/BF00114881Suche in Google Scholar
Haan, J.D., and C.L.J. Siermann. 1996b. “Political Instability, Freedom, and Economic Growth: Some Further Evidence.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 44 (2): 339–350.10.1086/452217Suche in Google Scholar
(INSCR) (2017a).Integrated Network for Societal Conflict Research (INSCR) USA: Center for Systemic Peace Major Episodes of Political Violence, Armed Conflict and Intervention (ACI) Datasets.Suche in Google Scholar
INSCR. State Fragility Index and Matrix Integrated Network for Societal Conflict Research (INSCR) USA: Center for Systemic Peace 2017b.Suche in Google Scholar
Jarque, C.M., and A.K. Bera. 1980. “Efficient Tests for Normality, Homoscedasticity and Serial Independence of Regression Residuals.” Economics Letters 6 (3): 255–259.10.1016/0165-1765(80)90024-5Suche in Google Scholar
Jong-A-Pin, R. 2009. “On the Measurement of Political Instability and Its Impact on Economic Growth.” European Journal of Political Economy 25 (1): 15–29.10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2008.09.010Suche in Google Scholar
Kaufmann, D., A. Kraay, and M. Mastruzzi. (2010).Policy Research Working Paper Washington D. C.: The International Bank for Rsconstruction and Development (IBRD)-World Bank The Worldwide Governance Indicators: A Summary of Methodology, Data and Analytical Issues.Suche in Google Scholar
Kwiatkowski, D., P.C.B. Phillips, P. Schmidt, and Y. Shin. 1992. “Testing the Null Hypothesis of Stationarity against the Alternative of a Unit Root: How Sure are We that Economic Time Series Have a Unit Root?” Journal of Econometrics 54 (1–3): 159–178.10.1016/0304-4076(92)90104-YSuche in Google Scholar
MacKinnon, J.G. 2010. “Critical Values for Cointegration Tests.”. Canada: Department of Economics. Queen’s University Working Paper.Suche in Google Scholar
Marshall, M.G., T.R. Gurr, and K. Jaggers. (2016).Integrated Network for Societal Conflict Research (INSCR) USA: Center for Systemic Peace Polity IV: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–2015, Dataset Users’ Manual.Suche in Google Scholar
Nelson, C.R., and C.R. Plosser. 1982. “Trends and Random Walks in Macroeconomic Time Series: Some Evidence and Implications.” Journal of Monetary Economics 10 (2): 139–162.10.1016/0304-3932(82)90012-5Suche in Google Scholar
Phillips, P.C.B., and P. Perron. 1988. “Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression.” Biometrika 75 (2): 335–346.10.1093/biomet/75.2.335Suche in Google Scholar
PRS. International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) Methodology New York, USA: The PRS Group, Inc 2017.Suche in Google Scholar
Ramsey, J.B. 1969. “Tests for Specification Errors in Classical Linear Least-Squares Regression Analysis.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological) 31 (2): 350–371.10.1111/j.2517-6161.1969.tb00796.xSuche in Google Scholar
Scully, G.W. 1988. “The Institutional Framework and Economic Development.” Journal of Political Economy 96 (3): 652–662.10.1086/261555Suche in Google Scholar
White, H. 1980. “A Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and A Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity.” Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society 48 (4): 817–838.10.2307/1912934Suche in Google Scholar
WorldBank. World Development Indicators (WDI) Washington, D. C.: The World Bank 2017.Suche in Google Scholar
Zivot, E., and D.W.K. Andrews. 1992. “Further Evidence on the Great Crash, the Oil-Price Shock, and the Unit-Root Hypothesis.” Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 10 (3): 251–270.Suche in Google Scholar
© 2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- An Empirical Investigation of Oil-Macro-financial Linkages in Saudi Arabia
- Political Instability and Economic Growth in Egypt
- Iran’s Inflationary Experience: Demand Pressures, External Shocks, and Supply Constraints
- Analysis of Food Imports in a Highly Import Dependent Economy
Artikel in diesem Heft
- An Empirical Investigation of Oil-Macro-financial Linkages in Saudi Arabia
- Political Instability and Economic Growth in Egypt
- Iran’s Inflationary Experience: Demand Pressures, External Shocks, and Supply Constraints
- Analysis of Food Imports in a Highly Import Dependent Economy