Can the Decriminalization of Homosexuality Counter Religious and Traditional Homophobia in Africa?

References

Abéga, S. C. 1995. Contes D’initiation Sexuelle. Yaoundé: Éditions CLE.Suche in Google Scholar

Abéga, S. C. 2007. “La presse de l’État : l’exemple des procès sur l’homosexualité au Cameroun.” Terroirs (1–2): 95–112.Suche in Google Scholar

Adedini, S., S. Babalola, C. Ibeawuchi, O. Omotoso, A. Akiode, and M. Odeku. 2018. “Role of Religious Leaders in Promoting Contraceptive Use in Nigeria.” Global Health Science and Practice 6 (3): 500–14. https://doi.org/10.9745/ghsp-d-18-00135.Suche in Google Scholar

Afrobarometer. 2023. “Merged Round 8 Data (34 Countries).” Afrobarometer Database, https://www.afrobarometer.org (Accessed January 30, 2024).Suche in Google Scholar

Akana, P. D. 2007. “Les Arguments Contre L’homosexualité.” Terroirs (1–2): 239–52.Suche in Google Scholar

Amaduime, I. 1997. Re-Inventing Africa: Matriarchy, Religion and Culture. London-New York: Zed Books.Suche in Google Scholar

Ananyev, M., and M. Poyker. 2021. “Christian Missions and Anti-gay Attitudes in Africa.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 184: 359–74, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.02.003.Suche in Google Scholar

Andersen, R., and T. Fetner. 2008. “Economic Inequality and Intolerance: Attitudes toward Homosexuality in 35 Democracies.” American Journal of Political Science 52 (4): 942–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00352.x.Suche in Google Scholar

Angrist, J. D., and A. B. Krueger. 2001. “Instrumental Variables and the Search for Identification: From Supply and Demand to Natural Experiments.” The Journal of Economic Perspectives 15 (4): 69–85. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.15.4.69.Suche in Google Scholar

Awondo, P. 2016. “Internet et la fabrique du couple binational homosexuel. Entre bricolages affectifs et reconfiguration de l’espace homosexuel transnational.” Sociétés Contemporaines 104 (4): 41–65.10.3917/soco.104.0041Suche in Google Scholar

Awondo, P., P. Geschiere, and G. Reid. 2012. “Homophobic Africa? Toward a More Nuanced View.” African Studies Review 55 (3): 145–68, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0002020600007241.Suche in Google Scholar

Banens, M. 2011. “Le rejet de l’homosexualité – réflexions terminologiques.” In L’homophobie : Et les expressions de l’ordre hétérosexiste. edité par C. Fraïssé, 27–36. Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes.10.4000/books.pur.60932Suche in Google Scholar

Baranov, V., R. De Haas, and P. Grosjean. 2018. “Men. Roots and Consequences of Masculinity Norms.” Tilburg University Working paper, 2018-041, 1-51, Tilburg: Center for Economic Research.10.2139/ssrn.3185694Suche in Google Scholar

Bartus, T., and D. Roodman. 2014. “Estimation of Multiprocess Survival Models with Cmp.” STATA Journal 14 (4): 756–77, https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867x1401400404.Suche in Google Scholar

Basedau, M., B. Pfeiffer, and J. Vüllers. 2016. “Bad Religion? Religion, Collective Action and the Onset of Armed Conflict in Developing Countries.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 60 (2): 226–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002714541853.Suche in Google Scholar

Bentzen, J. S., and L. L. Sperling. 2020. “God politics: Religion, Attitudes, and Outcomes.” Centre for Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper No. 14380, 1–67, https://ssrn.com/abstract=3535466.Suche in Google Scholar

Bertolt, B. 2020. Les ambiguïtés de la question homosexuelle au Sénégal, Vol. 239, 645–69. Cahiers d’études africaines.10.4000/etudesafricaines.31808Suche in Google Scholar

Bisi Alimi. 2015. If You Say Being Gay Is Not African, You Don’t Know Your History. The Gardian, edition of 9th September 2015: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/09/being-gay-african-history-homosexuality-christianity.Suche in Google Scholar

Boisvert, D. L., and R. E. Goss. 2021. Gay Catholic Priests and Clerical Sexual Misconduct: Breaking the Silence. New York: Routledge.10.4324/9780203057384Suche in Google Scholar

Britton, D. M. 1990. “Homophobia and Homosociality: An Analysis of Boundary Maintenance.” The Sociological Quarterly 31 (3): 423–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1990.tb00337.x.Suche in Google Scholar

Brodeur, A., and J. Haddad. 2021. “Institutions, Attitudes and LGBT: Evidence from the Gold Rush.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 187: 92–110, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.04.021.Suche in Google Scholar

Broqua, C. 2012. “L’émergence des minorités sexuelles dans l’espace public en Afrique.” Politique Africaine 126 (2): 5–23. https://doi.org/10.3917/polaf.126.0005.Suche in Google Scholar

Butt, A. I. 2016. “Street Power: Friday Prayers, Islamist Protests, and Islamization in Pakistan.” Politics and Religion 9 (1): 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1755048316000031.Suche in Google Scholar

Campbell, D. E., and J. Q. Monson. 2003. “Following the Leader? Mormon Voting on Ballot Propositions.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 42 (4): 605–19. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-5906.2003.00206.x.Suche in Google Scholar

Carbonnier, J. 2004. Sociologie Juridique. Paris: PUF, 415.Suche in Google Scholar

Chamboredon, A. 2015.“Fiche 9. Entrée en vigueur et abrogation de la loi,” Dans : Les indispensables de l’introduction générale au droit, 75-80. Paris: Ellipses.Suche in Google Scholar

Chuah, S. H., S. Gächter, R. Hoffmann, and J. H. W. Tan. 2016. “Religion, Discrimination and Trust across Three Cultures.” European Economic Review 90: 280–301, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2016.03.008.Suche in Google Scholar

Commaille, J. 2010. “Les vertus politiques du droit. Mythes et réalités.” Droit et Sociétés 76 (3): 695–713, https://doi.org/10.3917/drs.076.0695.Suche in Google Scholar

Congregation for Catholic Education. 2005. Instruction Concerning the Criteria for the Discernment of Vocations with Regard to Persons with Homosexual Tendencies in View of Their Admission to the Seminary and to Holy Orders. https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccatheduc/documents/rc_con_ccatheduc_doc_20051104_istruzione_en.html.Suche in Google Scholar

Cozzens, D. B. 2000. The Changing Face of the Priesthood: A Reflection on the Priest’s Crisis of Soul. Collegeville: MN Liturgical Press.Suche in Google Scholar

Crémieux, A., and L. G. Tin. 2013. “Penser ensemble le racisme et l’homophobie.” Africultures 96 (6): 13–21.10.3917/afcul.096.0013Suche in Google Scholar

Currier, A. 2018. Politicizing Sex in Contemporary Africa: Homophobia in Malawi, 1–318. New York: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/9781108551984Suche in Google Scholar

De Luca, G., and V. Perotti. 2011. “Estimation of Ordered Response Models with Sample Selection.” STATA Journal 11 (2): 213–39, https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867x1101100204.Suche in Google Scholar

Demange, E. 2012. “De l’abstinence à l’homophobie : la « moralisation » de la société ougandaise, une ressource politique entre Ouganda et États-Unis.” Politique Africaine 126 (2): 25–47.10.3917/polaf.126.0025Suche in Google Scholar

Desorgues, P. 2023. Afrique : quels droits pour les homosexuels ? TV5 Monde Info, édition du 18 novembre 2021 et mis à jour le 22 mars 2023: https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/afrique-quels-droits-pour-les-homosexuels-33963.Suche in Google Scholar

Dillon, M., and S. Savage. 2006. “Values and Religion in Rural America: Attitudes toward Abortion and Same-Sex Relations.” The Carsey Institute Reports on Rural America (1). https://scholars.unh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1011&context=carsey.10.34051/p/2020.13Suche in Google Scholar

Djarmaila, G. 2024. Couples homosexuels : le tollé africain. Cameroon Tribune, édition du lundi 15 janvier 2024: https://www.cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/62520/fr.html/couples-homosexuels-le-tolle.Suche in Google Scholar

Dozier, J., M. Hennick, E. A. Mosley, S. Narasimhan, J. Pringle, L. Clarke, L. James-Portis et al.. 2020. “Abortion Attitudes, Religious and Moral Beliefs, and Pastoral Care Among Protestant Religious Leaders in Georgia.” PLoS One 15 (7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235971.Suche in Google Scholar

Dynes, W. R. 1992. “Homosexuality in Africa: An Unnecessary Controversy.” In Ethnographic studies of Homosexuality, edited by W. R. Dynes, and S. Donaldson, 166–7. New York: Garland.Suche in Google Scholar

Edzoa, T. 2012. Méditations de prison. Paris: Karthala.Suche in Google Scholar

Epprecht, M. 2006. “"Bisexuality” and the Politics of Normal in African Ethnography.” Anthropologica 48 (2): 187–201. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25605310.10.2307/25605310Suche in Google Scholar

Erickson, P. A., and L. D. Murphy. 2013. Readings for a History of Anthropological Theory. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Suche in Google Scholar

Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 1970. “Sexual Inversion Among the Azande.” American Anthropologist 72 (6): 1428–34. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1970.72.6.02a00170.Suche in Google Scholar

Fancello, S. 2008. “Sorcellerie et délivrance dans les pentecôtismes africains.” Cahiers d’Études Africaines 189–190: 161–83. https://doi.org/10.4000/etudesafricaines.10382.Suche in Google Scholar

Foucher, V., and E. Smith. 2011. “Les aventures ambiguës du pouvoir traditionnel dans l’Afrique contemporaine.” Revue internationale et stratégique 81 (1): 30–43. https://doi.org/10.3917/ris.081.0030.Suche in Google Scholar

Frohwirth, L., M. Coleman, and A. M. Moore. 2018. “Managing Religion and Morality within the Abortion Experience: Qualitative Interviews with Women Obtaining Abortions in the U.S.” World Medical & Health Policy 10 (4): 381–400. https://doi.org/10.1002/wmh3.289.Suche in Google Scholar

Furuya, K. 2002. “A Socio-Economic Model of Stigma and Related Social Problems.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 48 (3): 281–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2681(01)00231-1.Suche in Google Scholar

Gaydos, L. M., A. Smith, C. J. R. Hogue, and J. Blevins. 2010. “An Emerging Feld in Religion and Reproductive Health.” Journal of Religion and Health 49 (4): 473–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-010-9323-1.Suche in Google Scholar

Geschière, P. 1998. Sorcellerie et politique en Afrique, la viande des autres. Paris: Karthala.Suche in Google Scholar

Goodman, C. 2017. The Gift of Faith, 1–176. North Charleston: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.Suche in Google Scholar

Greeley, A. M. 2004. Priests: A Calling in Crisis. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Suche in Google Scholar

Gueboguo, C. 2006. “L’homosexualité en Afrique : sens et variations d’hier à nos jours.” Socio-logos 1 (1), https://doi.org/10.4000/socio-logos.37.Suche in Google Scholar

Gueboguo, C. 2007. La question homosexuelle en Afrique : le cas du Cameroun. Paris: L’Harmattan.Suche in Google Scholar

Gueboguo, C. 2009. Sida et homosexualité(s) en Afrique. Analyse des communications de prévention. Paris: L’Harmattan.Suche in Google Scholar

Hammoud, G. 2015. “Éducation à la tolérance.” Empan 98 (2): 122–5. https://doi.org/10.3917/empa.098.0122.Suche in Google Scholar

Hebga, P. M. 1979. Sorcellerie, Chimère Dangereuse ? Yaoundé: Inades.Suche in Google Scholar

Herek, G. M., R. Chopp, and D. Strohl. 2007. “Sexual Stigma: Putting Sexual Minority Health Issues in Context.” In The Health of Sexual Minorities, edited by I. H. Meyer, and M. E. Northridge, 171–208. New York: Springer US.10.1007/978-0-387-31334-4_8Suche in Google Scholar

Hoffmann, J. P. 2013. “Declining Religious Authority? Confidence in the Leaders of Religious Organizations, 1973–2010.” Review of Religious Research 55: 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-012-0090-1.Suche in Google Scholar

Hylton, K. N., Y. Rodionova, and F. Deng. 2011. “Church and State: An Economic Analysis.” American Law and Economics Review 13 (2): 402–52. https://doi.org/10.1093/aler/ahr006.Suche in Google Scholar

Jamal, A. 2005. “The Political Participation and Engagement of Muslim Americans: Mosque Involvement and Group Consciousness.” American Politics Research 33 (4): 521–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673x04271385.Suche in Google Scholar

Jefferies, L. N., D. Smilek, E. Eich, and J. T. Enns. 2008. “Emotional Valence and Arousal Interact in Attentional Control.” Psychological Science 19 (3): 290–5, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02082.x.Suche in Google Scholar

Jjuuko, A., and M. Tabengwa. 2018. “Expanded Criminalisation of Consensual Same-Sex Relations in Africa: Contextualising Recent Developments.” In Envisioning Global LGBT Human Rights: (Neo)colonialism, Neoliberalism, Resistance and Hope, edited by A. Jjuuko, N. Nicol, R. Lusimbo, N. J. Mulé, S. Ursel, A. Wahab, P. Waugh, 63–96. London: University of London Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv5132j6.10.Suche in Google Scholar

Jones, P., and A. Menon. 2022. “Trust in Religious Leaders and Voluntary Compliance: Lessons from Social Distancing during COVID-19 in Central Asia.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 61 (3–4): 583–602. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12804.Suche in Google Scholar

Kappler, S., K. A. Hancock, and T. G. Plante. 2013. “Roman Catholic Gay Priests: Internalized Homophobia, Sexual Identity, and Psychological Well-Being.” Pastoral Psychology 62 (6): 805–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-012-0505-5.Suche in Google Scholar

Kleiman, M. B., N. Ramsey, and L. Palazzo. 1996. “Public Confidence in Religious Leaders: A Perspective from Secularization Theory.” Review of Religious Research 38 (1): 79–87. https://doi.org/10.2307/3512542.Suche in Google Scholar

Kumar, A., L. Hessini, and E. M. Mitchell. 2009. “Conceptualising Abortion Stigma.” Culture, Health and Sexuality 11 (n 6): 625–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691050902842741.Suche in Google Scholar

Laburthe Tolra, P. 1985. Initiations et sociétés secrètes au Cameroun. Essai sur la religion Beti. Paris: Karthala.Suche in Google Scholar

Latour, B. 2002. La fabrique du droit. Une ethnographie du conseil d’État. Paris: La Découverte.Suche in Google Scholar

Levi, M. 1998. “A State of Trust.” In Trust and Governance, edited by Margaret Levi, and Valerie Braithwaite, 77–101. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Suche in Google Scholar

Lindley, L. L., J. D. Coleman, B. W. Gaddist, and J. White. 2010. “Informing Faith-Based HIV/AIDS Interventions: HIV-Related Knowledge and Stigmatizing Attitudes at Project F.A.I.T.H. Churches in South Carolina.” Public Health Reports 125 (1_suppl): 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/00333549101250S103.Suche in Google Scholar

Martel, F. 2019. In the Closet of the Vatican: Power, Homosexuality, Hypocrite. New York: Bloomsbury continuum.Suche in Google Scholar

Menguele, M. A. M. 2014. Forces occultes, religion et politique au Cameroun, 1–612. Yaoundé, Cameroun: Presses académiques francophones.Suche in Google Scholar

Menguele, M. A. M. 2016. “Discours religieux et homosexualité au Cameroun.” Journal des Anthropologues 146 (147): 67–86, https://doi.org/10.4000/jda.6494.Suche in Google Scholar

Morgan, R., and S. Wieringa. 2005. Tommy Boys, Lesbian Men, and Ancestral Wives: Female Same-Sex Practices in Africa, 1–335. Johannesburg: Jacana Media.Suche in Google Scholar

Mosley, E. A., S. Narasimhan, J. Blevins, J. L. Dozier, J. Pringle, L. S. Clarke, C. Scott, M. Kan, K. S. Hall, and W. S. Rice. 2022. “Sexuality-based Stigma and Inclusion Among Southern Protestant Religious Leaders.” Sexuality Research and Social Policy: A Journal of the NSRC 19 (4): 1519–32, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-021-00662-y.Suche in Google Scholar

Mpabe, B. M. J. 2015. Marché de la religion et bien-être au Cameroun : libéralisation versus régulation, 1–301. Yaoundé: Thèse de Doctorat, Université de Yaoundé II.Suche in Google Scholar

Mpabe, B. M. J. 2023. “Religion Market Abuses and Religious Conversion in Cameroon Urban Areas.” Review of Religious Research 65 (2). https://doi.org/10.1177/0034673X231184209.Suche in Google Scholar

Mpabe, B. M. J., and I. Abba. 2018. “Analyse économique de l’essor du pentecôtisme américain en milieu urbain au Cameroun.” Revue d’Economie de Développement 26 (1): 53–106. https://doi.org/10.3917/edd.321.0053.Suche in Google Scholar

Mpabe, B. M. J., and W. B. Kamdem. 2024. “Analysis of the Gap in Economic Informality between Africa and the Advanced and Emerging Countries.” Journal of Economic Integration 39 (1): 198–226, https://doi.org/10.11130/jei.2024004.Suche in Google Scholar

Msibi, T. 2011. “The Lies We Have Been Told : On (Homo) Sexuality in Africa.” Africa Today Magazine 58 (1): 54–77, https://doi.org/10.2979/africatoday.58.1.55.Suche in Google Scholar

Murray, S. O., and W. Roscoes. 1998. Boy Wives and Female Husbands: Studies of African Homosexualities. London-New York: St Martin’s Press.Suche in Google Scholar

Nteta, T. M., and K. J. Wallsten. 2012. “Preaching to the Choir? Religious Leaders and American Opinion on Immigration Reform.” Social Science Quarterly 93 (4): 891–910. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00865.x.Suche in Google Scholar

Njoh Mouelle, E. 1998. De la médiocrité à l’excellence : essai sur la signification humaine du développement. Yaoundé: Éditions CLE.Suche in Google Scholar

Nwoko, K. C. 2012. “Female Husbands in Igbo Land: Southeast Nigeria.” Journal of Pan African Studies 5 (1): 69–82.Suche in Google Scholar

Ombolo, J. P. 1990. Sexe et Société en Afrique, l’anthropologie sexuelle béti : essai analytique, critique et comparatif. Paris: L’Harmattan.Suche in Google Scholar

Oraison, M. 1975. La Question Homosexuelle. Paris: Seuil.Suche in Google Scholar

Perrot, S. 2009. “Les relations entre tactiques de socialisation et adéquations perçues.” Revue de gestion des ressources humaines 72 (2): 13–30, https://doi.org/10.3917/grhu.072.0013.Suche in Google Scholar

Persell, C. H., A. Green, and L. Gurevich. 2001. “Civil Society, Economic Distress, and Social Tolerance.” Sociological Forum 16 (2): 203–30, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011048600902.10.1023/A:1011048600902Suche in Google Scholar

Pew Research Center. 2019. Gender, Family and Marriage, Same-Sex Marriage and Religion”, in a Politically Polarized Era, Sharp Divides in Both Partisan Coalitions. Chapter 5: https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2019/12/17/5-gender-family-and-marriage-same-sex-marriage-and-religion/.Suche in Google Scholar

Pigeaud, F. 2011. Au Cameroun de Paul Biya. Paris: Karthala.Suche in Google Scholar

Pullella, P. 2019. “Ex-Pope Says Sexual Revolution Led to Abuse Crisis, Sparking Debate.” Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/article/world/ex-pope-says-sexual-revolution-led-to-abuse-crisis-sparking-debate-idUSKCN1RN0WL/ (Accessed January 30, 2024).Suche in Google Scholar

Ranger, T. 2012. “The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa.” In The Invention of Tradition, edited by E. Hobsbawn, and T. Ranger, 211–62. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781107295636.006Suche in Google Scholar

Regnerus, M. D., S. Cranney, and B. Vermurlen. 2021. “Is Homosexuality in the Priesthood Diminishing? Evidence from Sexual Attitudes, Behaviors, and Contexts of Catholic Clergy in the United States.” SSRN Working Paper 1–32, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3951940.Suche in Google Scholar

Rice, W. S., B. Turan, K. L. Stringer, A. Helova, K. White, K. Cockrill, and J. M. Turan. 2017. “Norms and Stigma Regarding Pregnancy Decisions during an Unintended Pregnancy: Development and Predictors of Scales Among Young Women in the U.S. South.” PLoS One 12 (3): e0174210. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174210.Suche in Google Scholar

Roodman, D. 2011. “Fitting Fully Observed Recursive Mixed-Process Models with Cmp.” STATA Journal 11 (2): 159–206, https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867x1101100202.Suche in Google Scholar

Serrat, S. 2019. “Internet : mettre l’intolérance en veille.” Le Journal Toulousain, https://www.lejournaltoulousain.fr/le-dossier/internet-intolerance-veille-67977/ (Accessed August 12, 2023).Suche in Google Scholar

Smith, W., J. M. Turan, K. White, K. L. Stringer, A. Helova, T. Simpson, and K. Cockrill. 2016. “Social Norms and Stigma Regarding Unintended Pregnancy and Pregnancy Decisions: a Qualitative Study of Young Women in Alabama: Social Norms and Stigma Around Pregnancy Decisions.” Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 48 (2): 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1363/48e9016.Suche in Google Scholar

Statista. 2023. Criminalisation of Same-Sex Acts between Adults 2023, by World Region. data, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1269857/countries-homosexual-activity-criminalized/.Suche in Google Scholar

Sullins, D. P. 2020a. “Is Catholic Clergy Sexual Misconduct Related to Homosexual Priests?” In Clerical Sexual Misconduct: An Interdisciplinary Analysis, edited by F. A. Jane, and R. J. Rychlak, 69–91. Providence, RI: Cluny Media.Suche in Google Scholar

Sullins, D. P. 2020b. “Receding Waves: Child Sexual Abuse and Homosexual Priests since 2000.” In Clerical Sexual Misconduct: An Interdisciplinary Analysis, edited by F. A. Jane, and R. J. Rychlak, 93–121. Providence, RI: Cluny Media.10.2139/ssrn.3400045Suche in Google Scholar

Szymanski, D. M., and R. F. Carretta. 2020. “Religious-based Sexual Stigma and Psychological Health: Roles of Internalization, Religious Struggle, and Religiosity.” Journal of Homosexuality 67 (8): 1062–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2019.1601439.Suche in Google Scholar

Tabard, R. 2010. “Religions et cultures traditionnelles africaines. Un défi à la formation théologique.” Revue des Sciences Religieuses 84 (2): 191–205, https://doi.org/10.4000/rsr.346.Suche in Google Scholar

Thoreson, R. R. 2014. “Troubling the Waters of a Wave of Homophobia: Political Economies of Anti-Queer Animus in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Sexualities 17 (1–2): 23–42, https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460713511098.Suche in Google Scholar

Tonda, J. 2002. La guérison divine en Afrique centrale (Congo, Gabon). Paris: Karthala.Suche in Google Scholar

Tonye Bakot, V. 2012. Grâce et pouvoir : pour une mystique chrétienne du pouvoir. Yaoundé: Les Grandes Éditions.Suche in Google Scholar

Tridimas, G. 2022. “Religion without Doctrine or Clergy: The Case of Ancient Greece.” Journal of Institutional Economics 18 (2): 677–91, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744137421000461.Suche in Google Scholar

Uslaner, E. 2013. “Trust as an Alternative to Risk.” Public Choice 157 (3): 629–39, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-013-0082-x.Suche in Google Scholar

White, J. J., D. T. Dangerfeld, E. Donovan, D. Miller, and S. M. Grieb. 2020. “Exploring the Role of LGBT-Afrming Churches in Health Promotion for Black Sexual Minority Men.” Culture, Health and Sexuality 22 (10): 1191–206, https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2019.1666429.Suche in Google Scholar

White Hughto, J. M., S. L. Reisner, and J. E. Pachankis. 2015. “Transgender Stigma and Health: A Critical Review of Stigma Determinants, Mechanisms, and Interventions.” Social Science & Medicine 147 (C): 222–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.010.Suche in Google Scholar

Winegard, B., T. Reynolds, R. F. Baumeister, and E. A. Plant. 2016. “The Coalitional Value Theory of Antigay Bias.” Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences 10 (4): 245–69.10.1037/ebs0000077Suche in Google Scholar

You, J. S. 2018. “Trust and Corruption.” In The Oxford Handbook of Social and Political Trust, edited by E. M. Uslaner, 473–96. Oxford: Oxford Handbooks.10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274801.013.22Suche in Google Scholar

Zellner, A., and H. Theil. 1962. “Three Stage Least Squares: Simultaneous Estimate of Simultaneous Equations.” Econometrica 29 (1): 54–78.10.2307/1911287Suche in Google Scholar