Abstract
In recent years, transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) has been developing as a promising method to protect and repair brain tissues against damages. The aim of our systematic review is to examine the results available in the literature concerning the efficacy of tPBM in changing brain activity in humans, either in healthy individuals, or in patients with neurological diseases. Four databases were screened for references containing terms encompassing photobiomodulation, brain activity, brain imaging, and human. We also analysed the quality of the included studies using validated tools. Results in healthy subjects showed that even after a single session, tPBM can be effective in influencing brain activity. In particular, the different transcranial approaches – using a focal stimulation or helmet for global brain stimulation – seemed to act at both the vascular level by increasing regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and at the neural level by changing the activity of the neurons. In addition, studies also showed that even a focal stimulation was sufficient to induce a global change in functional connectivity across brain networks. Results in patients with neurological disease were sparser; nevertheless, they indicated that tPBM could improve rCBF and functional connectivity in several regions. Our systematic review also highlighted the heterogeneity in the methods and results generated, together with the need for more randomised controlled trials in patients with neurological diseases. In summary, tPBM could be a promising method to act on brain function, but more consistency is needed in order appreciate fully the underlying mechanisms and the precise outcomes.
Funding source: Covea
Award Identifier / Grant number: Covea Neurotec
-
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
-
Research funding: This work was supported by a funding from Covea (project: Covea-Neurotec, attributed to Fond de Dotation Clinatec).
-
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
References
Altimus, C.M., Güler, A.D., Villa, K.L., McNeill, D.S., LeGates, T.A., and Hattar, S. (2008). Rods-cones and melanopsin detect light and dark to modulate sleep independent of image formation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105: 19998–20003, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0808312105.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Attal, N., Poindessous-Jazat, F., De Chauvigny, E., Quesada, C., Mhalla, A., Ayache, S.S., Fermanian, C., Nizard, J., Peyron, R., Lefaucheur, J.P., et al.. (2021). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for neuropathic pain: a randomized multicentre sham-controlled trial. Brain 144: 3328–3339, https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab208.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Babiloni, C., Binetti, G., Cassetta, E., Cerboneschi, D., Dal Forno, G., Del Percio, C., Ferreri, F., Ferri, R., Lanuzza, B., Miniussi, C., et al.. (2004). Mapping distributed sources of cortical rhythms in mild Alzheimer’s disease. a multicentric EEG study. Neuroimage 22: 57–67, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.09.028.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Babiloni, C., Del Percio, C., Caroli, A., Salvatore, E., Nicolai, E., Marzano, N., Lizio, R., Cavedo, E., Landau, S., Chen, K., et al.. (2016). Cortical sources of resting state EEG rhythms are related to brain hypometabolism in subjects with Alzheimer’s disease: an EEG-PET study. Neurobiol. Aging 48: 122–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.08.021.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Barrett, D.W. and Gonzalez-Lima, F. (2013). Transcranial infrared laser stimulation produces beneficial cognitive and emotional effects in humans. Neuroscience 230: 13–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.016.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Blanco, N.J., Saucedo, C.L., and Gonzalez-Lima, F. (2017a). Transcranial infrared laser stimulation improves rule-based, but not information-integration, category learning in humans. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 7, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2016.12.016.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Blanco, N.J., Maddox, W.T., and Gonzalez-Lima, F. (2017b). Improving executive function using transcranial infrared laser stimulation. J. Neuropsychol. 11: 14–25, https://doi.org/10.1111/jnp.12074.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Blivet, G., Meunier, J., Roman, F.J., and Touchon, J. (2018). Neuroprotective effect of a new photobiomodulation technique against Aβ25–35 peptide-induced toxicity in mice: novel hypothesis for therapeutic approach of Alzheimer’s disease suggested. Alzheimer’s Dementia 4: 54–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trci.2017.12.003.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Blivet, G., Relano-Gines, A., Wachtel, M., and Touchon, J. (2022). A randomized, double-blind, and sham-controlled trial of an innovative brain-gut photobiomodulation therapy: safety and patient compliance. J. Alzheim. Dis. 90: 811–822, https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-220467.Search in Google Scholar
Cardoso, F., dos, S., de Souza Oliveira Tavares, C., Araujo, B.H.S., Mansur, F., Lopes-Martins, R.Á.B., and Gomes da Silva, S. (2022). Improved spatial memory and neuroinflammatory profile changes in aged rats submitted to photobiomodulation therapy. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 42: 1875–1886, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-021-01069-4.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Cardoso, F., dos, S., Martins, R.Á.B.L., and Gomes da Silva, S. (2020). Therapeutic potential of photobiomodulation in Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review. J Lasers Med. 11: S16–S22, https://doi.org/10.34172/jlms.2020.s3.Search in Google Scholar
Cassano, P., Tran, A.P., Katnani, H., Bleier, B.S., Hamblin, M.R., Yuan, Y., and Fang, Q. (2019). Selective photobiomodulation for emotion regulation: model-based dosimetry study. Neurophotonics 6: 1, https://doi.org/10.1117/1.nph.6.1.015004.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Chaieb, L., Antal, A., Masurat, F., and Paulus, W. (2015). Neuroplastic effects of transcranial near-infrared stimulation (tNIRS) on the motor cortex. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 9: 147, https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00147.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Chan, A.S., Lee, T.L., Hamblin, M.R., and Cheung, M.C. (2021). Photobiomodulation enhances memory processing in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. J. Alzheim. Dis. 83: 1471–1480, https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-201600.Search in Google Scholar
Chan, A.S., Lee, T.L., Yeung, M.K., and Hamblin, M.R. (2019). Photobiomodulation improves the frontal cognitive function of older adults. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatr. 34: 369–377, https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5039.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Chao, L. (2019). Effects of home photobiomodulation treatments on cognitive and behavioural function, cerebral perfusion, and resting-state functional connectivity in patients with dementia: a pilot trial. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg 37: 133–141, https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2018.4555.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Chao, L., Barlow, C., Karimpoor, M., and Lim, L. (2020). Changes in brain function and structure after self-administered home photobiomodulation treatment in a concussion case. Front. Neurol. 11: 952, https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.00952.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Chen, A.C.H., Arany, P.R., Huang, Y.Y., Tomkinson, E.M., Sharma, S.K., Kharkwal, G.B., Saleem, T., Mooney, D., Yull, F.E., Blackwell, T.S., et al.. (2011). Low-level laser therapy activates NF-κB via generation of reactive oxygen species in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. PLoS One 6: e22453, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022453.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Claus, J.J., De Visser, B.W.O., Bour, L.J., Walstra, G.J., Hijdra, A., Verbeeter, B.Jr, Van Royen, E.A., Kwa, V.I., and van Gool, W.A. (2000). Determinants of quantitative spectral electroencephalography in early Alzheimer’s disease: cognitive function, regional cerebral blood flow, and computed tomography. Dement. Geriatr. Cognit. Disord. 11: 81–89, https://doi.org/10.1159/000017219.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Darlot, F., Moro, C., El Massri, N., Chabrol, C., Johnstone, D.M., Reinhart, F., Agay, D., Torres, N., Bekha, D., Auboiroux, V., et al.. (2016). Near-infrared light is neuroprotective in a monkey model of Parkinson disease: neuroprotection after NIr. Ann. Neurol. 79: 59–75, https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.24542.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
De Freitas, L. and Hamblin, M.R. (2016). Proposed mechanisms of photobiomodulation or low level light therapy. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. Electron. 22: 7000417, https://doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2016.2561201.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Dmochowski, G.M., Shereen, A.D., Berisha, D., and Dmochowski, J.P. (2020). Near-infrared light increases functional connectivity with a non-thermal mechanism. Cereb Cortex Commun. 1: 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1093/texcom/tgaa004.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
El Khoury, H., Mitrofanis, J., and Henderson, L.A. (2019). Exploring the effects of near infrared light on resting and evoked brain activity in humans using magnetic resonance imaging. Neurosciences 422: 161–171, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.037.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
El Khoury, H., Mitrofanis, J., and Henderson, L.A. (2021). Does photobiomodulation influence the resting-state networks in young human subjects? Exp. Brain Res. 239: 435–449, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-020-05981-x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Figueiro-Longo, M.G., Tan, C.O., Chan, S., Welt, J., Avesta, A., Ratai, E., Mercaldo, N.D., Yendiki, A., Namati, J., Chico-Calero, I., et al.. (2020). Effect of transcranial low-level light therapy vs sham therapy among patients with moderate traumatic brain injury. JAMA Netw. Open 3: e2017337, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.17337.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Gerace, E., Cialdai, F., Sereni, E., Lana, D., Nosi, D., Giovannini, M.G., Monici, M., and Mannaioni, G. (2021). NIR laser photobiomodulation induces neuroprotection in an in vitro model of cerebral hypoxia/ischemia. Mol. Neurobiol. 58: 5383–5395, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-021-02496-6.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Ghaderi, A.H., Jahan, A., Akrami, F., and Salimi, M.M. (2021). Transcranial photobiomodulation changes topology, synchronizability, and complexity of resting state brain networks. J. Neural. Eng. 18: 046048, https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/abf97c.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Gutiérrez-Menéndez, A., Martínez, J.A., Méndez, M., and Arias, J.L. (2022). No effects of photobiomodulation on prefrontal cortex and hippocampal cytochrome c oxidase activity and expression of c-Fos protein of young male and female rats. Front. Neurosci. 16: 897225, https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.897225.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Hacke, W., Schellinger, P.D., Albers, G.W., Bornstein, N.M., Dahlof, B.L., Kasner, S.E., Shuaib, A., Richieri, S.P., Dilly, S.G., Zivin, J., et al.. (2014). Transcranial laser therapy in acute stroke treatment: results of neurothera effectiveness and safety trial 3, a phase III clinical en point device trial. Stroke 45: 3187–3193, https://doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.114.005795.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Hamblin, M.R. (2016). Shining light on the head: photobiomodulation for brain disorders. BBA Clin. 6: 113–124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbacli.2016.09.002.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Hamblin, M.R. (2017). Mechanisms and applications of the anti-inflammatory effects of photobiomodulation. AIMS Biophys. 4: 337–361, https://doi.org/10.3934/biophy.2017.3.337.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Hamblin, M.R. and Liebert, A. (2022). Photobiomodulation therapy mechanisms beyond cytochrome c oxidase. Photobiomodul. Photomed. Laser Surg. 40: 75–77, https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2021.0119.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Hamilton, C.L., El Khoury, H., Hamilton, D., Nicklason, F., and Mitrofanis, J. (2019). “Buckets”: early observations on the use of red and infrared light helmets in Parkinson’s disease patients. Photobiomodul. Photomed. Laser Surg. 37: 615–622, https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2019.4663.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Haroon, J., Mahdavi, K., Zielinski, M.A., Habelhah, B., Chan, L., Bystritsky, A., Beoerra, S. and Jordan, S. (2021). A case of COVID-encephalopathy imaged with fMRI and treated with near infrared light. Brain Stimul. 14:1444–1446, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2021.10.377.Search in Google Scholar
Hipskind, S.G., Grover, F.L., Fort, T.R., Helffenstein, D., Burke, T.J., Quint, S.A., Bussiere, G., Stone, M., and Hurtado, T. (2019). Pulsed transcranial red/near-infrared light therapy using light-emitting diodes improves cerebral blood flow and cognitive function in veterans with chronic traumatic brain injury: a case series. Photobiomodul. Photomed. Laser Surg. 37: 77–84, https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2018.4489.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Holmes, E., Barrett, D.W., Saucedo, C.L., O’Connor, P., Liu, H., and Gonzalez-Lima, F. (2019). Cognitive enhancement by transcranial photobiomodulation is associated with cerebrovascular oxygenation of the prefrontal cortex. Front. Neurosci. 13: 1129, https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.01129.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Huisa, B.N., Stemer, A.B., Walker, M.G., Rapp, K., Meyer, B.C., and Zivin, J.A. (2013). Transcranial laser therapy for acute ischemic stroke: a pooled analysis of NEST-1 and NEST-2. Int. J. Stroke 8: 315–320, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4949.2011.00754.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Jafari, Z., Kolb, B.E., and Mohajerani, M.H. (2020). Neural oscillations and brain stimulation in Alzheimer’s disease. Prog. Neurobiol. 194: 101878, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101878.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Jagdeo, J.R., Adams, L.E., Brody, N.I., and Siegel, D.M. (2012). Transcranial red and near infrared light transmission in a cadaveric model. PLoS One 7: e47460, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047460.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Jahan, A., Nazari, M.A., Mahmoudi, J., Salehpour, F., and Moghadam Salimi, M. (2019). Transcranial near-infrared photobiomodulation could modulate brain electrophysiological features and attentional performances in healthy young adults. Laser Med. Sci. 34: 1193–1200, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-018-02710-3.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Jann, K., Kottlow, M., Dierks, T., Boesch, C., and Koenig, T. (2010). Topographic electrophysiological signatures of fMRI resting state networks. PLoS One 5: e12945, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012945.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Johnstone, D.M., el Massri, N., Moro, C., Spana, S., Wang, X.S., Torres, N., Chabrol, C., De Jaeger, X., Reinhart, F., Purushothuman, S., et al.. (2014). Indirect application of near infrared light induces neuroprotection in a mouse model of parkinsonism – an abscopal neuroprotective effect. Neuroscience 274: 93–101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.05.023.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Karu, T. (2010). Mitochondrial mechanisms of photobiomodulation in context of new data about multiple roles of ATP. Photomed Laser Surg. 28: 159–160, https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2010.2789.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Knyazev, G.G. (2011). EEG delta oscillations as a correlate of basic homeostatic and motivational processes. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 36: 677–695, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.10.002.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Konstantinović, L.M., Jelić, M.B., Jeremić, A., Stevanović, V.B., Milanović, S.D., and Filipović, S.R. (2013). Transcranial application of near-infrared low-level laser can modulate cortical excitability. Laser Surg. Med. 45: 648–653, https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.22190.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Korotkova, T., Ponomarenko, A., Monaghan, C.K., Poulter, S.L., Cacucci, F., Wills, T., Hasselmo, M.E., and Lever, C. (2018). Reconciling the different faces of hippocampal theta: the role of theta oscillations in cognitive, emotional and innate behaviors. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 85: 65–80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.09.004.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Kringelbach, M.L., Jenkinson, N., Owen, S.L.F., and Aziz, T.Z. (2007). Translational principles of deep brain stimulation. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8: 623–635, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2196.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Lample, Y., Zivin, J.A., Fisher, M., Lew, R., Welin, L., Dahlof, B., Borenstein, P., Andersson, B., Perez, J., Caparo, C., et al.. (2007). Infrared Laser Therapy for ischemic stroke: a new treatment strategy. Stroke 38: 1843–1849, https://doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.106.478230.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Lapchak, P.A., Boitano, P.D., Butte, P.V., Fisher, D.J., Hölscher, T., Ley, E.J., Nuño, M., Voie, A.H., and Rajput, P.S. (2015). Transcranial near-infrared laser transmission (NILT) profiles (800 nm): systematic comparison in four common research species. PLoS One 10: e0127580, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127580.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Li, T., Xue, C., Wang, P., Li, Y., and Wu, L. (2017). Photon penetration depth in human brain for light stimulation and treatment: a realistic monte carlo simulation study. J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci. 10: 1743002, https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793545817430027.Search in Google Scholar
Liebert, A., Bicknell, B., Laakso, A., Heller, G., Jalilitabaei, P., Tilley, S., Mitrofanis, J., and Kiat, H. (2021). Improvements in clinical signs of Parkinson’s disease using photobiomodulation: a prospective proof-of-concept study. BMC Neurol. 21: 256, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-021-02248-y.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Lockley, S.W., Evans, E.E., Scheer, F.A.J.L., Brainard, G.C., Czeisler, C.A., and Aeschbach, D. (2006). Short-wavelength sensitivity for the direct effects of light on alertness, vigilance, and the waking electroencephalogram in humans. Sleep 29: 161–168.Search in Google Scholar
Ma, L.L., Wang, Y.Y., Yang, Z.H., Huang, D., Weng, H., and Zeng, X.T. (2020). Methodological quality (risk of bias) assessment tools for primary and secondary medical studies: what are they and which is better? Mil Med Res 7: 7, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00238-8.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Maiello, M., Losiewicz, O.M., Bui, E., Spera, V., Hamblin, M.R., Marques, L., and Cassano, P. (2019). Transcranial photobiomodulation with near-infrared light for generalized anxiety disorder: a pilot study. Photobiomodul. Photomed. Laser Surg. 37: 644–650, https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2019.4677.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Mantini, D., Perrucci, M.G., Del Gratta, C., Romani, G.L., and Corbetta, M. (2007). Electrophysiological signatures of resting state networks in the human brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 13170–13175, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0700668104.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Marashian, S.M., Hashemian, M., Pourabdollah, M., Nasseri, M., Mahmoudian, S., Reinhart, F., and Eslaminejad, A. (2022). Photobiomodulation improves serum cytokine response in mild to moderate COVID-19: the first randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, pilot study. Front. Immunol. 13: 929837, https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.929837.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Mitrofanis, J. (2019). The light is photobiomodulation. In: Hamblin, M.R. (Ed.). Run in the light: exploring exercise and photobiomodulation in Parkinson’s disease. IOP Publishing in Photomedicine and Biophotonics, Bristol, UK.10.1088/2053-2571/ab2f70ch3Search in Google Scholar
Mohan, A., Roberto, A.J., Mohan, A., Lorenzo, A., Jones, K., Carney, M.J., Liogier-Weyback, L., Hwang, S., and Lapidus, K.A.B. (2016). The significance of the default mode network (DMN) in neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders: a review. Yale J. Biol. Med. 89: 49–57.Search in Google Scholar
Moisset, X., de Andrade, D.C., and Bouhassira, D. (2015). From pulses to pain relief: an update on the mechanisms of rTMS-induced analgesic effects. Eur. J. Pain 20: 689–700, https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.811.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Moola, S., Munn, Z., Tufanaru, C., Aromataris, E., Sears, K., Sfetcu, R., Curri, M., Lisy, K., Qureshi, R., Mattis, P., et al.. (2020). Chapter 7: systematic reviews of etiology and risk. In: Aromataris, E. and Munn, Z. (Eds.), JBI manual for evidence synthesis. JBI.10.46658/JBIRM-17-06Search in Google Scholar
Moro, C., Massri, N.E., Torres, N., Ratel, D., De Jaeger, X., Chabrol, C., Perraut, F., Bourgerette, A., Berger, M., Purushothuman, S., et al.. (2014). Photobiomodulation inside the brain: a novel method of applying near-infrared light intracranially and its impact on dopaminergic cell survival in MPTP-treated mice. J. Neurosurg. 120: 670–683, https://doi.org/10.3171/2013.9.jns13423.Search in Google Scholar
Naeser, M.A., Zafonte, R., Krengel, M.H., Martin, P.I., Frazier, J., Hamblin, M.R., Knight, J.A., Meehan, W.P.III, and Baker, E. (2014). Significant improvements in cognitive performance post-transcranial, red/near-infrared light-emitting diode treatments in chronic, mild traumatic brain injury: open-protocol study. J. Neurotrauma 31: 1008–1017, https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2013.3244.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Nguyen, G. and Postnova, S. (2021). Progress in modelling of brain dynamics during anaesthesia and the role of sleep-wake circuitry. Biochem. Pharmacol. 191: 114388, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114388.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Nizamutdinov, D., Qi, X., Berman, M.H., Dougal, G., Dayawansa, S., Wu, E., Yi, S.S., Stevens, A.B., and Huang, J.H. (2021). Transcranial near infrared light stimulations improve cognition in patients with dementia. Aging Dis 12: 954–963, https://doi.org/10.14336/ad.2021.0229.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
PRISMA-P Group, Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., Shekelle, P. and Stewart, L.A. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P). Syst. Rev. 4: 1, https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-4-1.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Pruitt, T., Wang, X., Wu, A., Kallioniemi, E., Husain, M.M., and Liu, H. (2020). Transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) with 1,064-nm laser to improve cerebral metabolism of the human brain in vivo. Laser Surg. Med. 52: 807–813, https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.23232.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Purushothuman, S., Johnstone, D.M., Nandasena, C., Mitrofanis, J., and Stone, J. (2014). Photobiomodulation with near infrared light mitigates Alzheimer’s disease-related pathology in cerebral cortex – evidence from two transgenic mouse models. Alzheimer’s Res. Ther. 6: 2, https://doi.org/10.1186/alzrt232.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Rupel, K., Zupin, L., Colliva, A., Kamada, A., Poropat, A., Ottaviani, G., Gobbo, M., Fanfoni, L., Gratton, R., Santoro, M., et al.. (2018). Photobiomodulation at multiple wavelengths differentially modulates oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2018: 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6510159.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Salehpour, F., Ahmadian, N., Rasta, S.H., Farhoudi, M., Karimi, P., and Sadigh-Eteghad, S. (2017). Transcranial low-level laser therapy improves brain mitochondrial function and cognitive impairment in D-galactose–induced aging mice. Neurobiol. Aging 58: 140–150, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.06.025.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Salehpour, F., De Taboada, L., Cassano, P., Kamari, F., Mahmoudi, J., Ahmadi-Kandjani, S., Rasta, S.H., and Sadigh-Eteghad, S. (2018). A protocol for transcranial photobiomodulation therapy in mice. JoVE 18: 59076, https://doi.org/10.3791/59076-v.Search in Google Scholar
Salehpour, F., Majdi, A., Pazhuhi, M., Ghasemi, F., Khademi, M., Pashazadeh, F., Hamblin, M.R., and Cassano, P. (2019). Transcranial photobiomodulation improves cognitive performance in young healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Photobiomodul. Photomed. Laser Surg. 37: 635–643, https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2019.4673.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Salgado, A.S.I., Zângaro, R.A., Parreira, R.B., and Kerppers, I.I. (2015). The effects of transcranial LED therapy (TCLT) on cerebral blood flow in the elderly women. Laser Med. Sci. 30: 339–346, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-014-1669-2.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Saucedo, C.L., Courtois, E.C., Wade, Z.S., Kelley, M.N., Kheradbin, N., Barrett, D.W., and Gonzalez-Lima, F. (2021). Transcranial laser stimulation: mitochondrial and cerebrovascular effects in younger and older healthy adults. Brain Stimul. 14: 440–449, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2021.02.011.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Schiffer, F., Johnston, A.L., Ravichandran, C., Polcari, A., Teicher, M.H., Webb, R.H. and Hamblin, M.R. (2009). Psychological benefits 2 and 4 weeks after a single treatment with near infrared light to the forehead: a pilot study of 10 patients with major depression and anxiety. Behav. Brain Funct. 5: 46, https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-5-46.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Shahdadian, S., Wang, X., Wanniarachchi, H., Chaudhari, A., Truong, N.C.G., and Liu, H. (2022). Neuromodulation of brain power topography and network topology by prefrontal transcranial photobiomodulation. J. Neural. Eng. 19: 10.1088, https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ac9ede.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Shamseer, L., Moher, D., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., Shekelle, P., and Stewart, L.A., and the PRISMA-P Group. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation. Br. Med. J. 349: g7647, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g7647.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Sharma, S.K., Kharkwal, G.B., Sajo, M., Huang, Y.Y., De Taboada, L., McCarthy, T., and Hamblin, M.R. (2011). Dose response effects of 810 nm laser light on mouse primary cortical neurons. Laser Surg. Med. 43: 851–859, https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.21100.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Shaw, V., Spana, S., Ashkan, K., Benabid, A.L., Stone, J., Baker, G.E., and Mitrofanis, J. (2010). Neuroprotection of midbrain dopaminergic cells in MPTP-treated mice after near-infrared light treatment. J. Comp. Neurol. 518: 25–40, https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.22207.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Shinhmar, H., Grewal, M., Sivaprasad, S., Hogg, C., Chong, V., Neveu, M., and Jeffery, G. (2020). Optically improved mitochondrial function redeems aged human visual decline. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 75: e49–e52, https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa155.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Sommer, A.P., Haddad, M.Kh., and Fecht, H.J. (2015). Light effect on water viscosity: implication for ATP biosynthesis. Sci. Rep. 5: 12029, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep12029.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Song, P., Han, T., Lin, H., Li, S., Huang, Q., Dai, X., Wang, R., and Wang, Y. (2020). Transcranial near-infrared stimulation may increase cortical excitability recorded in humans. Brain Res. Bull. 155: 155–158, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.12.007.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Spera, V., Sitnikova, T., Ward, M.J., Farzam, P., Hughes, J., Gazecki, S., Bui, E., Maiello, M., De Taboada, L.D., Hamblin, M.R., et al.. (2021). Pilot study on dose-dependent effects of transcranial photobiomodulation on brain electrical oscillations: a potential therapeutic target in Alzheimer’s disease. J. Alzheim. Dis. 83: 1481–1498, https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-210058.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Sterne, J.A.C., Savovic, J., Page, M.J., Elbers, R.G., Blencowe, N.S., Boutron, I., Cates, C.J., Cheng, H.Y., Corbett, M.S., Eldridge, S.M., et al.. (2019). RoB2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. Br. Med. J. 366: I4898, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l4898.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Tedford, C.E., DeLapp, S., Jacques, S., and Anders, J. (2015). Quantitative analysis of transcranial and intraparenchymal light penetration in human cadaver brain tissue. Laser Surg. Med. 47: 312–322, https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.22343.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Tian, F., Hase, S.N., Gonzalez-Lima, F., and Liu, H. (2016). Transcranial laser stimulation improves human cerebral oxygenation. Laser Surg. Med. 48: 343–349, https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.22471.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Uozumi, Y., Nawashiro, H., Sato, S., Kawauchi, S., Shima, K., and Kikuchi, M. (2010). Targeted increase in cerebral blood flow by transcranial near-infrared laser irradiation: increased CBF by near infrared laser irradiation. Laser Surg. Med. 42: 566–576, https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.20938.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Urquhart, E.L., Wanniarachchi, H., Wang, X., Gonzalez-Lima, F., Alexandrakis, G. and Liu, H. (2020). Transcranial photobiomodulation-induced changes in human brain functional connectivity and network metrics mapped by whole-head functional near-infrared spectroscopy in vivo. Biomed Opt. Express. 11: 5783–5799, https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.402047.Search in Google Scholar
Vanderwalle, G., Maquet, P., and Dijk, D.J. (2009). Light as a modulator of cognitive brain function. Trends Cognit Neurosci 13: 429–438, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2009.07.004.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Vatner, S.F., Zhang, J., Oydanich, M., Berkman, T., Naftalovich, R., and Vatner, D.E. (2020). Healthful aging mediated by inhibition of oxidative stress. Ageing Res. Rev. 64: 101194, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2020.101194.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Wang, X., Dmochowski, J.P., Zeng, L., Kallioniemi, E., Husain, M., Gonzalez-Lima, F., and Liu, H. (2019). Transcranial photobiomodulation with 1064-nm laser modulates brain electroencephalogram rhythms. Neurophotonics 6: 1, https://doi.org/10.1117/1.nph.6.2.025013.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Wang, X., Ma, L.C., Shahdadian, S., Wu, A., Truong, N.C.D., and Liu, H. (2022a). Metabolic connectivity and hemodynamic-metabolic coherence of human prefrontal cortex at rest and post photobiomodulation assessed by dual-channel broadband NIRS. Metabolites 12: 42, https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12010042.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Wang, X., Tian, F., Reddy, D.D., Nalawade, S.S., Barrett, D.W., Gonzalez-Lima, F., and Liu, H. (2017). Up-regulation of cerebral cytochrome-c-oxidase and hemodynamics by transcranial infrared laser stimulation: a broadband near-infrared spectroscopy study. J. Cerebr. Blood Flow Metabol. 37: 3789–3802, https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678x17691783.Search in Google Scholar
Wang, X., Wanniarachchi, H., Wu, A., Gonzalez-Lima, F., and Liu, H. (2021). Transcranial photobiomodulation and thermal stimulation induce distinct topographies of EEG alpha and beta power changes in healthy humans. Sci. Rep. 11: 18917, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97987-w.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Wang, X., Wanniarachchi, H., Wu, A., and Liu, H. (2022b). Combination of group singular value decomposition and eLORETA identifies human EEG networks and responses to transcranial photobiomodulation. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16: 853909, https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2022.853909.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Wong-Riley, M.T.T., Ling Liang, H., Eells, J.T., Chance, B., Henry, M., Buchmann, E., Kane, M., and Whelan, H.T. (2005). Photobiomodulation directly benefits primary neurons functionally inactivated by toxins. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 4761–4771, https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m409650200.Search in Google Scholar
Wu, Q., Wang, X., Liu, H., and Zeng, L. (2020). Learning hemodynamic effect of transcranial infrared laser stimulation using longitudinal data analysis. IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform. 24: 1772–1779, https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2019.2951772.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Xie, K., El Khoury, H., Mitrofanis, J. and Austin, P.J. (2023). A systematic review of the effect of photobiomodulation on the neuroinflammatory response in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Rev. Neurosci. 34: 459–481. https://doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2022-0109.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Yao, L., Qian, Z., Liu, Y., Fang, Z., Li, W., and Xing, L. (2021). Effects of stimulating frequency of NIR LEDs light irradiation on forehead as quantified by EEG measurements. J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci. 14: 2050025, https://doi.org/10.1142/s179354582050025x.Search in Google Scholar
Yuan, Y., Cassano, P., Pias, M., and Fang, Q. (2020). Transcranial photobiomodulation with near-infrared light from childhood to elderliness: simulation of dosimetry. Neurophotonics 7: 015009-1-015009-15, https://doi.org/10.1117/1.nph.7.1.015009.Search in Google Scholar
Zomorrodi, R., Loheswaran, G., Pushparaj, A., and Lim, L. (2019). Pulsed near infrared transcranial and intranasal photobiomodulation significantly modulates neural oscillations: a pilot exploratory study. Sci. Rep. 9: 6309, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42693-x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- An update to pain management after spinal cord injury: from pharmacology to circRNAs
- Current advances in stem cell therapy in the treatment of multiple sclerosis
- Targeting NMDA receptor signaling for therapeutic intervention in brain disorders
- A review of the application of three-dimensional convolutional neural networks for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease using neuroimaging
- A systematic review of the effects of transcranial photobiomodulation on brain activity in humans
- Microbiota–gut–brain axis and related therapeutics in Alzheimer’s disease: prospects for multitherapy and inflammation control
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- An update to pain management after spinal cord injury: from pharmacology to circRNAs
- Current advances in stem cell therapy in the treatment of multiple sclerosis
- Targeting NMDA receptor signaling for therapeutic intervention in brain disorders
- A review of the application of three-dimensional convolutional neural networks for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease using neuroimaging
- A systematic review of the effects of transcranial photobiomodulation on brain activity in humans
- Microbiota–gut–brain axis and related therapeutics in Alzheimer’s disease: prospects for multitherapy and inflammation control