Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms greatly affect the developing brain, as well as the maturation of synapses with pervasive, long-lasting consequences on behavior in adults. Substantial evidence exists that implicates dysregulation of epigenetic mechanisms in the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. Therefore, this review explains the role of enzymes involved in DNA methylation and demethylation in neurodevelopment by emphasizing changes of synaptic genes and proteins. Epigenetic causes of sex-dependent differences in the brain are analyzed in conjunction with the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders. Special attention is devoted to the epigenetic regulation of the melanoma-associated antigen-like gene 2 (MAGEL2) found in Prader-Willi syndrome, which is known to be accompanied by autistic symptoms.
Funding source: Grant Agency of Ministry of Education and Slovak Academy of Sciences
Award Identifier / Grant number: VEGA 2/0148/21 VEGA 2/0155/20
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Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
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Research funding: The review is based on the work supported by the Grant Agency of Ministry of Education and Slovak Academy of Sciences (VEGA 2/0155/20, VEGA 2/0148/21).
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Conflict of interest statement: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- The glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatics of the brain: new understanding of brain clearance
- Endocannabinoid system in trauma and psychosis: distant guardian of mental stability
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and repetitive TMS in multiple sclerosis
- The emerging role of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan family in neurodegenerative diseases
- Factors associated with recurrent transient global amnesia: systematic review and pathophysiological insights
- Role of the gut microbiome in Alzheimer’s disease
- The epigenetic regulation of synaptic genes contributes to the etiology of autism
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- The glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatics of the brain: new understanding of brain clearance
- Endocannabinoid system in trauma and psychosis: distant guardian of mental stability
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and repetitive TMS in multiple sclerosis
- The emerging role of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan family in neurodegenerative diseases
- Factors associated with recurrent transient global amnesia: systematic review and pathophysiological insights
- Role of the gut microbiome in Alzheimer’s disease
- The epigenetic regulation of synaptic genes contributes to the etiology of autism