The role of melatonin and its analogues in epilepsy
-
Sumaira Khan
Sumaira Khan completed Bachelor’s of Pharmacy course at Jamia Hamdard, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER). She served as the Vice-President of Indian Pharmacy Graduates Association- Student Forum (IPGA-SF) which works for enhancing the skill set of Pharmacy professionals. She has been an integral part of the Research Project and Statistical Analysis program of IPGA-SF. She has always been interested in the field of pharmacology, particularly neuropharmacology. Her passions lean towards the study of cognitive sciences, neurodegenerative disorders and behavioural psychology. She has previously volunteered in working for children with neurological conditions, including autism and down’s syndrome. Mallika Khurana, is currently pursuing final year of Bachelor's of Pharmacy course at School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi. Ms. Khurana has worked on and presented a research and statistical analysis project with Indian Pharmacy Graduates Association (IPGA), which is a forum for upliftment of Pharmacy as a profession in India, and has also worked as an Assistant Director in the same forum. Her interests lie in the fields of neuropharmacology, psychopharmacology, molecular medicine and biomedicine. Preeti Vyas, M Pharm (Pharmacology), is a Senior Research Fellow, currently working in the Neurobehavioral Pharmacology Laboratory in the Department of Pharmacology in the School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research at Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi. She has received the AICTE grant for her post-graduate work and was awarded with the DST-INSPIRE doctoral fellowship in 2016. She has co-authored one research paper, and book chapter published by Elsevier along with three review papers. She has participated in many national conferences, workshops, and symposia and has also worked as a research intern in the drug discovery department of Daiichi Sankyo Pharma Private Ltd., Gurugram, Haryana. Her major areas of interest are neuropharmacology and molecular neurobiology, particularly neuroinflammation and epilepsy. Her work mainly focuses on the elucidation of underlying pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in the causation and pathogenesis of epilepsy and inflammation.und Divya Vohora
Dr. Divya Vohora,M. Pharm, Ph.D ., is Professor and Head, Department of Pharmacology in School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research at Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi. She has over 20 years of teaching and research experience with >150 publications in reputed national and international journals. She is also the author and editor of three books published by CRC press and Elsevier. Her major areas of interests are Neurobehavioral Pharmacology particularly epilepsy, neuropsychiatric diseases, cognitive functions, histamine and osteoporosis. Her laboratory has investigated adverse consequences on bone following antiepileptics, antidepressants and anticancer drug therapy and provided evidence for preventive/ therapeutic treatment with some anti-osteoporotic agents for the first time. New mouse models were developed for secondary osteoporosis in mice and novel biomarkers for epilepsy and osteoporosis are currently being investigated with a focus on aromatase,Wnt signaling and PI3K-mTOR pathway as potential targets.
Abstract
Extensive research has gone into proposing a promising link between melatonin administration and attenuation of epileptic activity, the majority of which suggest its propensity as an antiseizure with antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. In the past few years, a number of studies highlighting the association of the melatonergic ligands with epilepsy have also emerged. In this context, our review is based on discussing the recent studies and various mechanisms of action that the said category of drugs exhibit in the context of being therapeutically viable antiseizure drugs. Our search revealed several articles on the four major drugs i.e. melatonin, agomelatine, ramelteon and piromelatine along with other melatonergic agonists like tasimelteon and TIK-301. Our review is suggestive of antiseizure effects of both melatonin and its analogues; however, extensive research work is still required to study their implications in the treatment of persons with epilepsy. Further evaluation of melatonergic signaling pathways and mechanisms may prove to be helpful in the near future and might prove to be a significant advance in the field of epileptology.
Funding source: University Grants Commission
Award Identifier / Grant number: UGC-SAP DRS-II
About the authors

Sumaira Khan completed Bachelor’s of Pharmacy course at Jamia Hamdard, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER). She served as the Vice-President of Indian Pharmacy Graduates Association- Student Forum (IPGA-SF) which works for enhancing the skill set of Pharmacy professionals. She has been an integral part of the Research Project and Statistical Analysis program of IPGA-SF. She has always been interested in the field of pharmacology, particularly neuropharmacology. Her passions lean towards the study of cognitive sciences, neurodegenerative disorders and behavioural psychology. She has previously volunteered in working for children with neurological conditions, including autism and down’s syndrome.

Mallika Khurana, is currently pursuing final year of Bachelor's of Pharmacy course at School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi. Ms. Khurana has worked on and presented a research and statistical analysis project with Indian Pharmacy Graduates Association (IPGA), which is a forum for upliftment of Pharmacy as a profession in India, and has also worked as an Assistant Director in the same forum. Her interests lie in the fields of neuropharmacology, psychopharmacology, molecular medicine and biomedicine.

Preeti Vyas, M Pharm (Pharmacology), is a Senior Research Fellow, currently working in the Neurobehavioral Pharmacology Laboratory in the Department of Pharmacology in the School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research at Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi. She has received the AICTE grant for her post-graduate work and was awarded with the DST-INSPIRE doctoral fellowship in 2016. She has co-authored one research paper, and book chapter published by Elsevier along with three review papers. She has participated in many national conferences, workshops, and symposia and has also worked as a research intern in the drug discovery department of Daiichi Sankyo Pharma Private Ltd., Gurugram, Haryana. Her major areas of interest are neuropharmacology and molecular neurobiology, particularly neuroinflammation and epilepsy. Her work mainly focuses on the elucidation of underlying pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in the causation and pathogenesis of epilepsy and inflammation.

Dr. Divya Vohora, M. Pharm, Ph.D., is Professor and Head, Department of Pharmacology in School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research at Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi. She has over 20 years of teaching and research experience with >150 publications in reputed national and international journals. She is also the author and editor of three books published by CRC press and Elsevier. Her major areas of interests are Neurobehavioral Pharmacology particularly epilepsy, neuropsychiatric diseases, cognitive functions, histamine and osteoporosis. Her laboratory has investigated adverse consequences on bone following antiepileptics, antidepressants and anticancer drug therapy and provided evidence for preventive/ therapeutic treatment with some anti-osteoporotic agents for the first time. New mouse models were developed for secondary osteoporosis in mice and novel biomarkers for epilepsy and osteoporosis are currently being investigated with a focus on aromatase, Wnt signaling and PI3K-mTOR pathway as potential targets.
Author contribution: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: The authors thank University Grants Commission Special Assistance Program (UGC-SAP DRS-II), DST-FIST support to the Department of Pharmacology, SPER and AICTE-MODROBS programs for financial support.
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
References
Acuna Castroviejo, D., Castillo, J.L., Fernandez, B., Gomar, M.D., and del Aguila, C.M. (1992). Modulation by pineal gland of ouabain high-affinity binding sites in rat cerebral cortex. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 262: R698–R706, https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1992.262.4.r698.Suche in Google Scholar
Acuna-Castroviejo, D., Lowenstein, P.R., Rosenstein, R., and Cardinali, D.P. (1986). Diurnal variations of benzodiazepine binding in rat cerebral cortex: disruption by pinealectomy. J. Pineal Res. 3: 101–109, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079x.1986.tb00732.x.Suche in Google Scholar
Aguiar, C.C.T., Almeida, A.B., Araújo, P.V.P., Vasconcelos, G.S., Chaves, E.M.C., do Vale, O.C., Macêdo, D.S., de Sousa, F.C.F., de Barros Viana, G.S., and Vasconcelos, S.M.M. (2012). Anticonvulsant effects of agomelatine in mice. Epilepsy Behav. 24: 324–328, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.04.134.Suche in Google Scholar
Aguiar, C.C.T., Almeida, A.B., Araújo, P.V.P., Vasconcelos, G.S., Chaves, E.M.C., do Vale, O.C., Macêdo, D.S., Leal, L.K.A.M., de Barros Viana, G.S., and Vasconcelos, S.M.M. (2013). Effects of agomelatine on oxidative stress in the brain of mice after chemically induced seizures. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 33: 825–835, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-013-9949-0.Suche in Google Scholar
Akaike, H., Kondo, E., Kono, M., and Kato, A. (2016). Hypnotic effects of ramelteon during electroencephalography. No to hattatsu. Brain Dev. 48: 10–13.Suche in Google Scholar
Allagui, M., Feriani, A., Saoudi, M., Badraoui, R., Bouoni, Z., Nciri, R., Murat, J., and Elfeki, A. (2014). Effects of melatonin on aluminium-induced neurobehavioral and neurochemical changes in aging rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 70: 84–93, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2014.03.043.Suche in Google Scholar
Arendt, J. (2005). Melatonin: characteristics, concerns, and prospects. J. Biol. Rhythm. 20: 291–303, https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730405277492.Suche in Google Scholar
Audinot, V., Mailliet, F., Lahaye-Brasseur, C., Bonnaud, A., Le Gall, A., Amossé, C., Dromaint, S., Rodriguez, M., Nagel, N., and Galizzi, J.-P. (2003). New selective ligands of human cloned melatonin MT 1 and MT 2 receptors. N. Schmied. Arch. Pharmacol. 367: 553–561, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-003-0751-2.Suche in Google Scholar
Aydin, L., Gundogan, N.U., and Yazici, C. (2015). Anticonvulsant efficacy of melatonin in an experimental model of hyperthermic febrile seizures. Epilepsy Res. 118: 49–54, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2015.11.004.Suche in Google Scholar
Aygün, H., Aydin, D., Inanir, S., Ekici, F., Ayyildiz, M., and Ağar, E. (2015). The effects of agomelatine and melatonin on ECoG activity of absenceepilepsy model in WAG/Rij rats. Turkish J. Biol. 39: 904–910, https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1507-32.Suche in Google Scholar
Azim, M.S., Agarwal, N.B., and Vohora, D. (2017). Effects of agomelatine on pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling, kindling-associated oxidative stress, and behavioral despair in mice and modulation of its actions by luzindole and 1-(m-chlorophenyl) piperazine. Epilepsy Behav. 72: 140–144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.03.019.Suche in Google Scholar
Banach, M., Gurdziel, E., Jędrych, M., and Borowicz, K.K. (2011). Melatonin in experimental seizures and epilepsy. Pharmacol. Rep. 63: 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1734-1140(11)70393-0.Suche in Google Scholar
Banerjee, S., and Kumar, V. (2013). Question 1: in a child with epilepsy, does melatonin affect the seizure threshold?. Arch. Dis. Child. 98: 642–644, https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2013-304036.Suche in Google Scholar
Barghout, M.S., Darwish, A.H., El Amrousy, D.M., and Al-shahawy, A.K. (2019). Comparison between efficacy of melatonin and diazepam for prevention of recurrent simple febrile seizures: a randomized clinical trial. Pediatr.10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2019.01.010Suche in Google Scholar
Bauer, B.A. (2017). Is melatonin a helpful sleep aid — and what should I know about melatonin side effects?.Suche in Google Scholar
Bavithra, S., Priya, E.S., Selvakumar, K., Krishnamoorthy, G., and Arunakaran, J. (2015). Effect of melatonin on glutamate: BDNF signaling in the cerebral cortex of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)—exposed adult male rats. Neurochem. Res. 40: 1858–1869, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-015-1677-z.Suche in Google Scholar
Bazil, C.W., Short, D., Crispin, D., and Zheng, W. (2000). Patients with intractable epilepsy have low melatonin, which increases following seizures. Neurology 55: 1746–1748, https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.55.11.1746.Suche in Google Scholar
Bertaina-Anglade, V., Drieu-La-Rochelle, C., Mocaër, E., and Seguin, L. (2011). Memory facilitating effects of agomelatine in the novel object recognition memory paradigm in the rat. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 98: 511–517, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2011.02.015.Suche in Google Scholar
Bikjdaouene, L., Escames, G., Leon, J., Ferrer, J.M., Khaldy, H., Vives, F., and Acuña‐Castroviejo, D. (2003). Changes in brain amino acids and nitric oxide after melatonin administration in rats with pentylenetetrazole‐induced seizures. J. Pineal Res. 35: 54–60, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-079x.2003.00055.x.Suche in Google Scholar
Borowicz, K.K., Kamiński, R., Gasior, M., Kleinrok, Z., and Czuczwar, S.J. (1999). Influence of melatonin upon the protective action of conventional anti-epileptic drugs against maximal electroshock in mice. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol 9: 185–190, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(98)00022-4.Suche in Google Scholar
Bozzi, Y., and Borrelli, E. (2006). Dopamine in neurotoxicity and neuroprotection: what do D2 receptors have to do with it?. Trends Neurosci. 29: 167–174, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2006.01.002.Suche in Google Scholar
Brigo, F., and Igwe, S.C. (2016). Melatonin as add-on treatment for epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 3: Cd006967, https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd006967.pub4.Suche in Google Scholar
Buendia, I., Gómez-Rangel, V., González-Lafuente, L., Parada, E., León, R., Gameiro, I., Michalska, P., Laudon, M., Egea, J., and López, M.G. (2015). Neuroprotective mechanism of the novel melatonin derivative Neu-P11 in brain ischemia related models. Neuropharmacology 99: 187–195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.07.014.Suche in Google Scholar
Bustamante-García, R., Naranjo-Rodríguez, E.B., Lira-Rocha, A.S., Ortiz-Osornio, A., and Picazo, O. (2013). Behavioural actions of two new 1-N substituted analogues of melatonin. Behav. Brain Res. 236: 148–156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2012.08.045.Suche in Google Scholar
Castillo Romero, J.L., Vives Montero, F., and Acuna Castroviejo, D. (1992). Paradoxical effects of melatonin on spontaneous neuronal activity in the striatum of sham-operated and pinealectomized rats. J. Pineal Res. 12: 149–154, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079x.1992.tb00042.x.Suche in Google Scholar
Cesarini, E., Cerioni, L., Canonico, B., Di Sario, G., Guidarelli, A., Lattanzi, D., Savelli, D., Guescini, M., Nasoni, M.G., and Bigini, N. (2018). Melatonin protects hippocampal HT22 cells from the effects of serum deprivation specifically targeting mitochondria. PloS One 13: e0203001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203001.Suche in Google Scholar
Chen, S.-D., Chang, A.Y., and Chuang, Y.-C. (2010). The potential role of mitochondrial dysfunction in seizure-associated cell death in the hippocampus and epileptogenesis. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 42: 461–465, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10863-010-9321-8.Suche in Google Scholar
Chumboatong, W., Thummayot, S., Govitrapong, P., Tocharus, C., Jittiwat, J., and Tocharus, J. (2017). Neuroprotection of agomelatine against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through an antiapoptotic pathway in rat. Neurochem. Int. 102: 114–122, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2016.12.011.Suche in Google Scholar
Conboy, L., Tanrikut, C., Zoladz, P.R., Campbell, A.M., Park, C.R., Gabriel, C., Mocaer, E., Sandi, C., and Diamond, D.M. (2009). The antidepressant agomelatine blocks the adverse effects of stress on memory and enables spatial learning to rapidly increase neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) expression in the hippocampus of rats. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 12: 329–341, https://doi.org/10.1017/s1461145708009255.Suche in Google Scholar
Coppola, G., Iervolino, G., Mastrosimone, M., La Torre, G., Ruiu, F., and Pascotto, A. (2004). Melatonin in wake–sleep disorders in children, adolescents and young adults with mental retardation with or without epilepsy: a double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial. Brain Dev. 26: 373–376, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.braindev.2003.09.008.Suche in Google Scholar
Corradi, F., Brusasco, C., Paparo, F., Manca, T., Santori, G., Benassi, F., Molardi, A., Gallingani, A., Ramelli, A., Gherli, T., and Vezzani, A. (2015). Renal Doppler resistive index as a marker of oxygen supply and demand mismatch in postoperative cardiac surgery patients. BioMed Res. Int. 2015: 763940, https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/763940.Suche in Google Scholar
Costa-Lotufo, L.V., Fonteles, M.M., Lima, I.S., de Oliveira, A.A., Nascimento, V.S., de Bruin, V.M., and Viana, G.S. (2002). Attenuating effects of melatonin on pilocarpine-induced seizures in rats. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol. 131: 521–529, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1532-0456(02)00037-6.Suche in Google Scholar
Dabak, O., Altun, D., Arslan, M., Yaman, H., Vurucu, S., Yesilkaya, E., and Unay, B. (2016). Evaluation of plasma melatonin levels in children with afebrile and febrile seizures. Pediatr. Neurol. 57: 51–55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.12.025.Suche in Google Scholar
Dastgheib, M., and Moezi, L. (2014). Acute and chronic effects of agomelatine on intravenous penthylenetetrazol-induced seizure in mice and the probable role of nitric oxide. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 736: 10–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.04.039.Suche in Google Scholar
de Alencar Rocha, A.K.A., de Lima, E., Amaral, F., Peres, R., Cipolla-Neto, J., and Amado, D. (2017). Altered MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors expression in the hippocampus of pilocarpine-induced epileptic rats. Epilepsy Behav. 71: 23–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.01.020.Suche in Google Scholar
de Almeida-Paula, L.D., Costa-Lotufo, L.V., Ferreira, Z.S., Monteiro, A.E.G., Isoldi, M.C., Godinho, R.O., and Markus, R.P. (2005). Melatonin modulates rat myotube-acetylcholine receptors by inhibiting calmodulin. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 525: 24–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.09.056.Suche in Google Scholar
de la Aleja, J.G., Saiz-Díaz, R.A., and De la Peña, P. (2012). Relief of intractable posthypoxic myoclonus after administration of agomelatine. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 35: 258–259, https://doi.org/10.1097/wnf.0b013e3182613e06.Suche in Google Scholar
de Lima, E., Soares, J.M.Jr., del Carmen Sanabria Garrido, Y., Gomes Valente, S., Priel, M.R., Chada Baracat, E., Abrao Cavalheiro, E., da Graca Naffah-Mazzacoratti, M., and Amado, D. (2005). Effects of pinealectomy and the treatment with melatonin on the temporal lobe epilepsy in rats. Brain Res. 1043: 24–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2005.02.027.Suche in Google Scholar
Elkhayat, H.A., Hassanein, S.M., Tomoum, H.Y., Abd-Elhamid, I.A., Asaad, T., and Elwakkad, A.S. (2010). Melatonin and sleep-related problems in children with intractable epilepsy. Pediatr. Neurol. 42: 249–254, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2009.11.002.Suche in Google Scholar
Ethemoglu, M., Kutlu, S., Seker, F., Erdogan, C., Bingol, C., and Yilmaz, B. (2018). Effects of agomelatine on electrocorticogram activity on pencillin-induced epilepsy model of rats. Neurosciv, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2018.09.014.Suche in Google Scholar
Fauteck, J., Schmidt, H., Lerchl, A., Kurlemann, G., and Wittkowski, W. (1999). Melatonin in epilepsy: first results of replacement therapy and first clinical results. Biol. Signals Recept. 8: 105–110, https://doi.org/10.1159/000014577.Suche in Google Scholar
Fenoglio-Simeone, K., Mazarati, A., Sefidvash-Hockley, S., Shin, D., Wilke, J., Milligan, H., Sankar, R., Rho, J.M., and Maganti, R. (2009). Anticonvulsant effects of the selective melatonin receptor agonist ramelteon. Epilepsy Behav. 16: 52–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.07.022.Suche in Google Scholar
Fisher, R.S., Acevedo, C., Arzimanoglou, A., Bogacz, A., Cross, J.H., Elger, C.E., Engel, J.Jr, Forsgren, L., French, J.A., and Glynn, M. (2014). ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia 55: 475–482, https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.12550.Suche in Google Scholar
Fisher, S.P., Davidson, K., Kulla, A., and Sugden, D. (2008). Acute sleep‐promoting action of the melatonin agonist, ramelteon, in the rat. J. Pineal Res. 45: 125–132, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079x.2008.00565.x.Suche in Google Scholar
Galano, A., Castañeda-Arriaga, R., Pérez-González, A., Tan, D.-X., and Reiter, R. (2016). Phenolic melatonin-related compounds: their role as chemical protectors against oxidative stress. Molecules 21: 1442, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21111442.Suche in Google Scholar
Galano, A., Tan, D.-X., and Reiter, R. (2018). Melatonin: a versatile protector against oxidative DNA damage. Molecules 23: 530, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23030530.Suche in Google Scholar
García, T., Ribes, D., Colomina, M.T., Cabré, M., Domingo, J.L., and Gómez, M. (2009). Evaluation of the protective role of melatonin on the behavioral effects of aluminum in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Toxicology 265: 49–55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2009.09.009.Suche in Google Scholar
Gerdin, M.J., Masana, M.I., Rivera-Bermúdez, M.A., Hudson, R.L., Earnest, D.J., Gillette, M.U., and Dubocovich, M.L. (2004). Melatonin desensitizes endogenous MT2 melatonin receptors in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: relevance for defining the periods of sensitivity of the mammalian circadian clock to melatonin. Faseb. J. 18: 1646–1656, https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.03-1339com.Suche in Google Scholar
Goldberg-Stern, H., Oren, H., Peled, N., and Garty, B.Z. (2012). Effect of melatonin on seizure frequency in intractable epilepsy: a pilot study. J. Child Neurol. 27: 1524–1528, https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073811435916.Suche in Google Scholar
Gressens, P., Schwendimann, L., Husson, I., Sarkozy, G., Mocaer, E., Vamecq, J., and Spedding, M. (2008). Agomelatine, a melatonin receptor agonist with 5-HT2C receptor antagonist properties, protects the developing murine white matter against excitotoxicity. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 588: 58–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.04.016.Suche in Google Scholar
Gross, P.K., Nourse, R., and Wasser, T.E. (2009). Ramelteon for insomnia symptoms in a community sample of adults with generalized anxiety disorder: an open label study. J Clini Sleep Med 5: 28–33, https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.27389.Suche in Google Scholar
Gupta, Y.K., Gupta, M., Chaudhary, G., and Kohli, K. (2004). Modulation of antiepileptic effect of phenytoin and carbamazepine by melatonin in mice. Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 26: 99–102, https://doi.org/10.1358/mf.2004.26.2.800061.Suche in Google Scholar
He, P., Ouyang, X., Zhou, S., Yin, W., Tang, C., Laudon, M., and Tian, S. (2013). A novel melatonin agonist Neu-P11 facilitates memory performance and improves cognitive impairment in a rat model of Alzheimer’disease. Horm. Behav. 64: 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.04.009.Suche in Google Scholar
Herrera, F., Martin, V., García‐Santos, G., Rodriguez‐Blanco, J., Antolín, I., and Rodriguez, C. (2007). Melatonin prevents glutamate‐induced oxytosis in the HT22 mouse hippocampal cell line through an antioxidant effect specifically targeting mitochondria. J. Neurochem. 100: 736–746, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04228.x.Suche in Google Scholar
Jain, S., and Besag, F.M. (2013). Does melatonin affect epileptic seizures?. Drug Saf. 36: 207–215, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40264-013-0033-y.Suche in Google Scholar
Jain, S.V., Horn, P.S., Simakajornboon, N., Beebe, D.W., Holland, K., Byars, A.W., and Glauser, T.A. (2015). Melatonin improves sleep in children with epilepsy: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Sleep Med. 16: 637–644, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2015.01.005.Suche in Google Scholar
Jan, J.E., Connolly, M.B., Hamilton, D., Freeman, R.D., and Laudon, M. (1999). Melatonin treatment of non-epileptic myoclonus in children. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 41: 255–259, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0012162299000535.Suche in Google Scholar
Jarrett, S.G., Liang, L.-P., Hellier, J.L., Staley, K.J., and Patel, M. (2008). Mitochondrial DNA damage and impaired base excision repair during epileptogenesis. Neurobiol. Dis. 30: 130–138, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2007.12.009.Suche in Google Scholar
Kabuto, H., Yokoi, I., and Ogawa, N. (1998). Melatonin inhibits iron‐induced epileptic discharges in rats by suppressing peroxidation. Epilepsia 39: 237–243, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01367.x.Suche in Google Scholar
Kanner, A.M (2003). Depression in epilepsy: prevalence, clinical semiology, pathogenic mechanisms, and treatment. Biol. Psychiatr. 54: 388–398, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00469-4.Suche in Google Scholar
Kazemi, M., Shokri, S., Ganjkhani, M., Ali, R., and Iraj, J.A. (2016). Modulation of axonal sprouting along rostro-caudal axis of dorsal hippocampus and no neuronal survival in parahippocampal cortices by long-term post-lesion melatonin administration in lithium-pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Anatomy & cell biology 49: 21–33, https://doi.org/10.5115/acb.2016.49.1.21.Suche in Google Scholar
Kim, H.A., Lee, K.H., and Lee, B.H. (2014). Neuroprotective effect of melatonin against kainic acid-induced oxidative injury in hippocampal slice culture of rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 15: 5940–5951, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms15045940.Suche in Google Scholar
Koguchi, M., Nakahara, Y., Ebashi, R., Ogata, A., Shimokawa, S., Masuoka, J., and Abe, T. (2019). Status epilepticus induced by treatment with dopamine agonist therapy for giant prolactinoma: a case report. J. Med. Case Rep. 13: 18, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13256-018-1939-x.Suche in Google Scholar
Kostoglou-Athanassiou, I. (2013). Therapeutic applications of melatonin. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 4: 13–24, https://doi.org/10.1177/2042018813476084.Suche in Google Scholar
Landolt, H.P., and Wehrle, R. (2009). Antagonism of serotonergic 5‐HT2A/2C receptors: mutual improvement of sleep, cognition and mood?. Eur. J. Neurosci. 29: 1795–1809, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06718.x.Suche in Google Scholar
Lapin, L.P., Mirzaev, S.M., Ryzov, I.V., and Oxenkrug, G.F. (1998). Anticonvulsant activity of melatonin against seizures induced by quinolinate, kainate, glutamate, NMDA, and pentylenetetrazole in mice. J. Pineal Res. 24: 215–218, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079x.1998.tb00535.x.Suche in Google Scholar
León, J., Macías, M., Escames, G., Camacho, E., Khaldy, H., Martín, M., Espinosa, A., Gallo, M.A., and Acuña-Castroviejo, D. (2000). Structure-related inhibition of calmodulin-dependent neuronal nitric-oxide synthase activity by melatonin and synthetic kynurenines. Mol. Pharmacol. 58: 967–975, https://doi.org/10.1124/mol.58.5.967.Suche in Google Scholar
Lima, E., Cabral, F.R., Cavalheiro, E.A., Naffah-Mazzacoratti Mda, G., and Amado, D. (2011). Melatonin administration after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus: a new way to prevent or attenuate postlesion epilepsy?. Epilepsy Behav. 20: 607–612, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.01.018.Suche in Google Scholar
Liu, Y.-Y., Yin, D., Chen, L., Qu, W.-M., Chen, C.-R., Laudon, M., Cheng, N.-N., Urade, Y., and Huang, Z.-L. (2014). Piromelatine exerts antinociceptive effect via melatonin, opioid, and 5HT 1A receptors and hypnotic effect via melatonin receptors in a mouse model of neuropathic pain. Psychopharmacology 231: 3973–3985, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3530-5.Suche in Google Scholar
Ma, Y., Sun, X., Li, J., Jia, R., Yuan, F., Wei, D., and Jiang, W. (2017). Melatonin alleviates the epilepsy-associated impairments in hippocampal LTP and spatial learning through rescue of surface GluR2 expression at hippocampal CA1 synapses. Neurochem. Res. 42: 1438–1448, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-017-2200-5.Suche in Google Scholar
Mahyar, A., Ayazi, P., Dalirani, R., Gholami, N., DANESHIKOHAN, M.M., Mohammadi, N., Ahmadi, M.H., and Sahmani, A.A. (2014). Melatonin’s effect in febrile seizures and epilepsy. Iran. J. Child Neurol. 8: 24.Suche in Google Scholar
Majidinia, M., Sadeghpour, A., Mehrzadi, S., Reiter, R.J., Khatami, N., and Yousefi, B. (2017). Melatonin: a pleiotropic molecule that modulates DNA damage response and repair pathways. J. Pineal Res. 63: e12416, https://doi.org/10.1111/jpi.12416.Suche in Google Scholar
Manev, H., Uz, T., Kharlamov, A., and Joo, J. (1996). Increased brain damage after stroke or excitotoxic seizures in melatonin-deficient rats. Faseb. J. 10: 1546–1551, https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.10.13.8940301.Suche in Google Scholar
Mayer, G., Wang-Weigand, G., Roth-Schechter, B., Lehmann, R., Staner, C., and Partinen, M. (2009). Efficacy and safety of 6-month nightly ramelteon administration in adults with chronic primary insomnia. Sleep 32: 351–360, https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/32.3.351.Suche in Google Scholar
Milanese, M., Tardito, D., Musazzi, L., Treccani, G., Mallei, A., Bonifacino, T., Gabriel, C., Mocaer, E., Racagni, G., and Popoli, M. (2013). Chronic treatment with agomelatine or venlafaxine reduces depolarization-evoked glutamate release from hippocampal synaptosomes. BMC Neurosci. 14: 75, https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-14-75.Suche in Google Scholar
Millan, M., Gobert, A., Lejeune, F., Dekeyne, A., Newman-Tancredi, A., Pasteau, V., Rivet, J.-M., and Cussac, D. (2003). The novel melatonin agonist agomelatine (S20098) is an antagonist at 5-hydroxytryptamine2C receptors, blockade of which enhances the activity of frontocortical dopaminergic and adrenergic pathways. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. 306: 954–964, https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.103.051797.Suche in Google Scholar
Miyamoto, M., Nishikawa, H., Ota, H., Uchikawa, O., and Ohkawa, S. (2003). Behavioral pharmacology of ramelteon (TAK-375) in small mammals. Annals of Neurology. New York, NY, USA): Wiley-Liss, pp. S46.Suche in Google Scholar
Molina-Carballo, A., Munoz-Hoyos, A., Sánchez-Forte, M., Uberos-Fernández, J., Moreno-Madrid, F., and Acuña-Castroviejo, D. (2007). Melatonin increases following convulsive seizures may be related to its anticonvulsant properties at physiological concentrations. Neuropediatrics 38: 122–125, https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-985138.Suche in Google Scholar
Molina‐Carballo, A., Muñoz‐Hoyos, A., Reiter, R.J., Sánchez‐Forte, M., Moreno‐Madrid, F., Rufo‐Campos, M., Molina‐Font, J.A., and Acuna‐Castroviejo, D. (1997). Utility of high doses of melatonin as adjunctive anticonvulsant therapy in a child with severe myoclonic epilepsy: two years’ experience. J. Pineal Res. 23: 97–105, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079x.1997.tb00341.x.Suche in Google Scholar
Mosińska, P., Socała, K., Nieoczym, D., Laudon, M., Storr, M., Fichna, J., and Wlaź, P. (2016). Anticonvulsant activity of melatonin, but not melatonin receptor agonists Neu-P11 and Neu-P67, in mice. Behav. Brain Res. 307: 199–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2016.03.036.Suche in Google Scholar
Moyanova, S., De Fusco, A., Santolini, I., Celli, R., Bucci, D., Mastroiacovo, F., Battaglia, G., Nicoletti, F., and Tchekalarova, J. (2018). Abnormal hippocampal melatoninergic system: a potential link between absence epilepsy and depression-like behavior in WAG/rij rats?. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 19: 1973, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19071973.Suche in Google Scholar
Munoz-Hoyos, A., Molina-Carballo, A., Macias, M., Rodriguez-Cabezas, T., Martin-Medina, E., Narbona-Lopez, E., Valenzuela-Ruiz, A., and Acuna-Castroviejo, D. (1998). Comparison between tryptophan methoxyindole and kynurenine metabolic pathways in normal and preterm neonates and in neonates with acute fetal distress. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 139: 89–95, https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1390089.Suche in Google Scholar
Ng, K.Y., Leong, M.K., Liang, H., and Paxinos, G. (2017). Melatonin receptors: distribution in mammalian brain and their respective putative functions. Brain Struct. Funct. 222: 2921–2939, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-017-1439-6.Suche in Google Scholar
Niles, L.P., Sathiyapalan, A., Bahna, S., Kang, N.H., and Pan, Y. (2012). Valproic acid up-regulates melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors and neurotrophic factors CDNF and MANF in the rat brain. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 15: 1343–1350, https://doi.org/10.1017/s1461145711001969.Suche in Google Scholar
Pappert, E., Goetz, C., Vu, T., Ling, Z., Leurgans, S., Raman, R., and Carvey, P. (1999). Animal model of posthypoxic myoclonus: effects of serotonergic antagonists. Neurology 52: 16, https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.52.1.16.Suche in Google Scholar
Peled, N., Shorer, Z., Peled, E., and Pillar, G. (2001). Melatonin effect on seizures in children with severe neurologic deficit disorders. Epilepsia 42: 1208–1210, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1528-1157.2001.28100.x.10.1046/j.1528-1157.2001.28100.xSuche in Google Scholar
Pharmaceuticals, N (2013). Neurim pharmaceuticals announces positive phase 2 clinical trial results of piromelatine for the treatment of insomnia. Israel: Neurim Pharmacuticals. Available at: https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases (Accessed 28 Aug, 2020).Suche in Google Scholar
Praninskiene, R., Dumalakiene, I., Kemezys, R., Mauricas, M., and Jucaite, A. (2012). Melatonin secretion in children with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 25: 315–322, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.08.012.Suche in Google Scholar
Racagni, G. Riva, Molteni, R., Musazzi, L., Calabrese, F., Popoli, M., and Tardito, D. (2011). Mode of action of agomelatine: synergy between melatonergic and 5-HT2C receptors. World J. Biol. Psych. 12: 574–587.10.3109/15622975.2011.595823Suche in Google Scholar
Rao, M.L., Stefan, H., and Bauer, J. (1989). Epileptic but not psychogenic seizures are accompanied by simultaneous elevation of serum pituitary hormones and cortisol levels. Neuroendocrinology 49: 33–39, https://doi.org/10.1159/000125088.Suche in Google Scholar
Reddy, D.S., Chuang, S.-H., Hunn, D., Crepea, A.Z., and Magant, R. (2018). Neuroendocrine aspects of improving sleep in epilepsy. Epilepsy Res, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.08.013.Suche in Google Scholar
Reiter, R., C Manchester, L., and Tan, D.-X. (2010). Neurotoxins: free radical mechanisms and melatonin protection. Curr. Neuropharmacol. 8: 194–210.10.2174/157015910792246236Suche in Google Scholar
Reiter, R., Tan, D., Rosales-Corral, S., Galano, A., Zhou, X., and Xu, B. (2018). Mitochondria: central organelles for melatonin′ s antioxidant and anti-aging actions. Molecules 23: 509, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23020509.Suche in Google Scholar
Renkawek, K., Renier, W., de Pont, J., Vogels, O., and Gabreels, F. (1992). Neonatal status convulsivus, spongiform encephalopathy, and low activity of Na+/K+‐ATPase in the brain. Epilepsia 33: 58–64, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1992.tb02283.x.Suche in Google Scholar
Reppart, S.M., Weaver, D.R., and Godson, C. (1996). Melatonin receptors step into the light: cloning and classification of subtypes. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 17: 100–102, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-6147(96)10005-5.Suche in Google Scholar
Rocha, A., de Lima, E., Amaral, F., Peres, R., Cipolla-Neto, J., and Amado, D. (2017). Altered MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors expression in the hippocampus of pilocarpine-induced epileptic rats. Epilepsy Behav. 71: 23–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.01.020.Suche in Google Scholar
Satyanarayanan, S.K., Shih, Y.-H., Chien, Y.-C., Huang, S.-Y., Gałecki, P., Kasper, S., Chang, J.P.-C., and Su, K.-P. (2018). Anti-oxidative effects of melatonin receptor agonist and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells: deciphering synergic effects on anti-depressant mechanisms. Mol. Neurobiol.: 1–14.10.1007/s12035-018-0899-xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
Scheffer, I.E., Berkovic, S., Capovilla, G., Connolly, M.B., French, J., Guilhoto, L., Hirsch, E., Jain, S., Mathern, G.W., and Moshé, S.L. (2017). ILAE classification of the epilepsies: position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia 58: 512–521, https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.13709.Suche in Google Scholar
Seierstad, M., and Breitenbucher, J.G. (2008). Discovery and development of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors. J. Med. Chem. 51: 7327–7343, https://doi.org/10.1021/jm800311k.Suche in Google Scholar
She, M., Hu, X., Su, Z., Zhang, C., Yang, S., Ding, L., Laudon, M., and Yin, W. (2014). Piromelatine, a novel melatonin receptor agonist, stabilizes metabolic profiles and ameliorates insulin resistance in chronic sleep restricted rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 727: 60–65, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.01.037.Suche in Google Scholar
Solmaz, İ., Gürkanlar, D., Gökçil, Z., Göksoy, C., Özkan, M., and Erdoğan, E. (2009). Antiepileptic activity of melatonin in Guinea pigs with pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures. Neurol. Res. 31: 989–995, https://doi.org/10.1179/174313209x385545.Suche in Google Scholar
Srinivasan, V., Pandi-Perumal, S., Cardinali, D., Poeggeler, B., and Hardeland, R. (2006). Melatonin in Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Behav. Brain Funct. 2: 15, https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-2-15.Suche in Google Scholar
Stein, D.J., Ahokas, A., Albarran, C., Olivier, V., and Allgulander, C. (2012). Agomelatine prevents relapse in generalized anxiety disorder: a 6-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled discontinuation study. J. Clin. Psychiat. 73: 1002–1008.10.4088/JCP.11m07493Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Stein, D.J., Ahokas, A. Márquez, Höschl, C., and Olivier, V. (2014). Original research agomelatine in generalized anxiety disorder: an active comparator and placebo-controlled study. J. Clin. Psychiat. 75: 362–368.10.4088/JCP.13m08433Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Stein, D.J., Ahokas, A., Jarema, M. Avedisova, Vavrusova, L., Chaban, O., Gruget, C., Olivier, V., Picarel-Blanchot, F., and De, Bodinat. (2017). Efficacy and safety of agomelatine (10 or 25 mg/day) in non-depressed out-patients with generalized anxiety disorder: a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Europ. Neuropsychopharm. 27: 526–537.10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.02.007Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Stein, D.J., Khoo, J.-P., Ahokas, A., Jarema, M., Van, Ameringen, Vavrusova, L., Höschl, C., Bauer, M., Bitter, I., and Mosolov, S.N. (2018). 12-week double-blind randomized multicenter study of efficacy and safety of agomelatine (25–50 mg/day) versus escitalopram (10–20 mg/day) in out-patients with severe generalized anxiety disorder. Europ. Neuropsychopharm. 28: 970–979.10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.05.006Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Stein, D.J., Picarel‐Blanchot, F., and Kennedy, S.H. (2013). Efficacy of the novel antidepressant agomelatine for anxiety symptoms in major depression. Hum. Psychopharm. Clin. Experiment. 28: 151–159.10.1002/hup.2294Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Stout, B.D., Clarke, W.P., and Berg, K.A. (2002). Rapid desensitization of the serotonin2C receptor system: effector pathway and agonist dependence. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. 302: 957–962, https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.302.3.957.Suche in Google Scholar
Sugawara, T., Tsurubuchi, Y., Agarwala, K.L., Ito, M., Fukuma, G., Mazaki-Miyazaki, E., Nagafuji, H., Noda, M., Imoto, K., and Wada, K. (2001). A missense mutation of the Na+ channel αII subunit gene Nav1. 2 in a patient with febrile and afebrile seizures causes channel dysfunction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98: 6384–6389, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.111065098.Suche in Google Scholar
Sugden, D., Davidson, K., Hough, K.A., and Teh, M.T. (2004). Melatonin, melatonin receptors and melanophores: a moving story. Pigm. Cell Res. 17: 454–460, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0749.2004.00185.x.Suche in Google Scholar
Suofu, Y., Li, W., Jean-Alphonse, F.G., Jia, J., Khattar, N.K., Li, J., Baranov, S.V., Leronni, D., Mihalik, A.C., and He, Y. (2017). Dual role of mitochondria in producing melatonin and driving GPCR signaling to block cytochrome c release. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 114: E7997–E8006, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705768114.Suche in Google Scholar
Tchekalarova, J., Atanasova, D., Nenchovska, Z., Atanasova, M., Kortenska, L., Gesheva, R., and Lazarov, N. (2017). Agomelatine protects against neuronal damage without preventing epileptogenesis in the kainate model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurobiol. Dis. 104: 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2017.04.017.Suche in Google Scholar
Thomovsky, S.A., Chen, A.V., Deavila, D.M., and Kiszonas, A.M. (2019). Serum melatonin values in normal dogs and dogs with seizures. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 55: 78–82, https://doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-6669.Suche in Google Scholar
Tian, S.W., Laudon, M., Han, L., Gao, J., Huang, F.L., Yang, Y.F., and Deng, H.F. (2010). Antidepressant- and anxiolytic effects of the novel melatonin agonist Neu-P11 in rodent models. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 31: 775–783, https://doi.org/10.1038/aps.2010.80.Suche in Google Scholar
Tordjman, S., Chokron, S., Delorme, R., Charrier, A., Bellissant, E., Jaafari, N., and Fougerou, C. (2017). Melatonin: pharmacology, functions and therapeutic benefits. Curr. Neuropharmacol. 15: 434–443, https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159x14666161228122115.Suche in Google Scholar
Treiman, D.M. (2001). GABAergic mechanisms in epilepsy. Epilepsia 42: 8–12, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1528-1157.2001.042suppl.3008.x.Suche in Google Scholar
Uberos, J., Augustin‐Morales, M., Molina Carballo, A., Florido, J., Narbona, E., and Muñoz‐Hoyos, A. (2011). Normalization of the sleep–wake pattern and melatonin and 6‐sulphatoxy‐melatonin levels after a therapeutic trial with melatonin in children with severe epilepsy. J. Pineal Res. 50: 192–196, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079x.2010.00828.x.Suche in Google Scholar
Uchiyama, M., Hamamura, M., Kuwano, T., Nishiyama, H., Nagata, H., and Uchimura, N. (2011). Evaluation of subjective efficacy and safety of ramelteon in Japanese subjects with chronic insomnia. Sleep Med. 12: 119–126, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2010.08.010.Suche in Google Scholar
Waldbaum, S., and Patel, M. (2010). Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress: a contributing link to acquired epilepsy?. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 42: 449–455, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10863-010-9320-9.Suche in Google Scholar
Wang-Weigand, S., McCue, M., Ogrinc, F., and Mini, L. (2009). Effects of ramelteon 8 mg on objective sleep latency in adults with chronic insomnia on nights 1 and 2: pooled analysis. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 25: 1209–1213, https://doi.org/10.1185/03007990902858527.Suche in Google Scholar
WHO Factsheet (2018). Geneva: World health Organisation.Suche in Google Scholar
Xue, F., Shi, C., Chen, Q., Hang, W., Xia, L., Wu, Y., Tao, S.Z., Zhou, J., Shi, A., and Chen, J. (2017). Melatonin mediates protective effects against kainic acid-induced neuronal death through safeguarding ER stress and mitochondrial disturbance. Front. Mol. Neurosci. 10: 49, https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2017.00049.Suche in Google Scholar
Yahyavi-Firouz-Abadi, N., Tahsili-Fahadan, P., Riazi, K., Ghahremani, M.H., and Dehpour, A.R. (2007). Melatonin enhances the anticonvulsant and proconvulsant effects of morphine in mice: role for nitric oxide signaling pathway. Epilepsy Res. 75: 138–144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2007.05.002.Suche in Google Scholar
Yang, Z.-X., and Qin, J. (2004). Interaction between endogenous nitric oxide and carbon monoxide in the pathogenesis of recurrent febrile seizures. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 315: 349–355, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.01.061.Suche in Google Scholar
Yigitturk, G., Acara, A.C., Erbas, O., Oltulu, F., Yavasoglu, N.U.K., Uysal, A., and Yavasoglu, A. (2017). The antioxidant role of agomelatine and gallic acid on oxidative stress in STZ induced type I diabetic rat testes. Biomed. Pharmacother. 87: 240–246, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.102.Suche in Google Scholar
Yildirim, M., and Marangoz, C. (2006). Anticonvulsant effects of melatonin on penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in rats. Brain Res. 1099: 183–188, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.04.093.Suche in Google Scholar
Yukuhiro, N., Kimura, H., Nishikawa, H., Ohkawa, S., Yoshikubo, S.-I., and Miyamoto, M. (2004). Effects of ramelteon (TAK-375) on nocturnal sleep in freely moving monkeys. Brain Res. 1027: 59–66.10.1016/j.brainres.2004.08.035Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Circulating microparticles in patients after ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Efficacy and safety of endovascular treatment for patients with acute intracranial atherosclerosis–related posterior circulation stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Neuroprotection of hypoxic/ischemic preconditioning in neonatal brain with hypoxic-ischemic injury
- Treatment for mitochondrial diseases
- The role of melatonin and its analogues in epilepsy
- Gut microbiota on gender bias in autism spectrum disorder
- BDNF and nicotine dependence: associations and potential mechanisms
- Brain metabolic DNA: recent evidence for a mitochondrial connection
- Channels to consciousness: a possible role of gap junctions in consciousness
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Circulating microparticles in patients after ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Efficacy and safety of endovascular treatment for patients with acute intracranial atherosclerosis–related posterior circulation stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Neuroprotection of hypoxic/ischemic preconditioning in neonatal brain with hypoxic-ischemic injury
- Treatment for mitochondrial diseases
- The role of melatonin and its analogues in epilepsy
- Gut microbiota on gender bias in autism spectrum disorder
- BDNF and nicotine dependence: associations and potential mechanisms
- Brain metabolic DNA: recent evidence for a mitochondrial connection
- Channels to consciousness: a possible role of gap junctions in consciousness