Startseite Mechanisms and treatment of painful neuromas
Artikel
Lizenziert
Nicht lizenziert Erfordert eine Authentifizierung

Mechanisms and treatment of painful neuromas

  • Changfeng Lu , Xun Sun , Chong Wang , Yu Wang und Jiang Peng EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 8. Januar 2018
Veröffentlichen auch Sie bei De Gruyter Brill

Abstract

A painful neuroma is a common complication of a peripheral nerve injury or amputation, and it can cause tremendous pain that is resistant to most analgesics. Furthermore, painful neuromas have a high postoperative recurrence rate. Painful neuromas are often accompanied by functional disorders, drastically reducing the patient’s quality of life. Several pathophysiological mechanisms have been proposed to explain this type of neuropathic pain, including peripheral and central sensitisation and the involvement of nerve growth factor, α-smooth muscle actin, the cannabinoid CB2 receptor and structural changes in neuroma fibres. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of neuroma-associated pain are not fully understood, contributing to the challenge of managing patients with painful neuromas. There are several effective treatment methods, although none are universally accepted. This review summarises the common mechanisms and treatments of painful neuromas, attempting to link the mechanisms and treatments. We hope to provide useful guidelines for choosing the appropriate treatment for the management of painful neuromas.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFC1101601, 2017YFA0104702), National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, 2014CB542201), Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (7172202), the People’s Liberation Army 13th 5-year plan period (BWS13C029-5) and Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Project (Z161100005016059).

  1. Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

References

Abreu, E., Aubert, S., Wavreille, G., Gheno, R., Canella, C., and Cotten, A. (2013). Peripheral tumor and tumor-like neurogenic lesions. Eur. J. Radiol. 82, 38–50.10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.04.036Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Al-Temimi, M.H., Chandrasekaran, B., Phelan, M.J., Pigazzi, A., Mills, S.D., Stamos, M.J., and Carmichael, J.C. (2017). Incidence, risk factors, and trends of motor peripheral nerve injury after colorectal surgery: analysis of the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Database. Dis. Colon Rectum 60, 318–325.10.1097/DCR.0000000000000744Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Anand, U., Otto, W.R., Sanchez-Herrera, D., Facer, P., Yiangou, Y., Korchev, Y., Birch, R., Benham, C., Bountra, C., Chessell, I.P., et al. (2008). Cannabinoid receptor CB2 localisation and agonist-mediated inhibition of capsaicin responses in human sensory neurons. Pain 138, 667–680.10.1016/j.pain.2008.06.007Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Anand, P., Whiteside, G., Fowler, C.J., and Hohmann, A.G. (2009). Targeting CB2 receptors and the endocannabinoid system for the treatment of pain. Brain Res. Rev. 60, 255–266.10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.12.003Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Ashley, L. and Stallings, J.O. (1988). End-to-side nerve flap for treatment of painful neuroma: a 15-year follow-up. J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc. 88, 621–624.10.1515/jom-1988-880507Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Asplund, M., Nilsson, M., Jacobsson, A., and von Holst, H. (2009). Incidence of traumatic peripheral nerve injuries and amputations in Sweden between 1998 and 2006. Neuroepidemiology 32, 217–228.10.1159/000197900Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Basbaum, A.I., Bautista, D.M., Scherrer, G., and Julius, D. (2009). Cellular and molecular mechanisms of pain. Cell 139, 267–284.10.1016/j.cell.2009.09.028Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Battista, A. and Cravioto, H. (1981). Neuroma formation and prevention by fascicle ligation in the rat. Neurosurgery 8, 191–204.10.1227/00006123-198102000-00008Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Bennett, G.L., Graham, C.E., and Mauldin, D.M. (1995). Morton’s interdigital neuroma: a comprehensive treatment protocol. Foot Ankle Int. 16, 760–763.10.1177/107110079501601204Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Bodine-Fowler, S.C., Allsing, S., and Botte, M.J. (1996). Time course of muscle atrophy and recovery following a phenol-induced nerve block. Muscle Nerve 19, 497–504.10.1002/mus.880190404Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Boldrey, E. (1943). Amputation neuroma in nerves implanted in bone. Ann. Surg. 118, 1052–1057.10.1097/00000658-194312000-00011Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Burchiel, K.J., Johans, T.J., and Ochoa, J. (1993). The surgical treatment of painful traumatic neuromas. J. Neurosurg. 78, 714–719.10.3171/jns.1993.78.5.0714Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Chen, P.J., Liang, H.W., Chang, K.V., and Wang, T.G. (2013). Ultrasound-guided injection of steroid in multiple postamputation neuromas. J. Clin. Ultrasound 41, 122–124.10.1002/jcu.21885Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Chim, H., Miller, E., Gliniak, C., Cohen, M.L., and Guyuron, B. (2013). The role of different methods of nerve ablation in prevention of neuroma. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 131, 1004–1012.10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182879ec2Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Cravioto, H. and Battista, A. (1981). Clinical and ultrastructural study of painful neuroma. Neurosurgery 8, 181–190.10.1227/00006123-198102000-00007Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Dahl, E. and Cohen, S.P. (2008). Perineural injection of etanercept as a treatment for postamputation pain. Clin. J. Pain 24, 172–175.10.1097/AJP.0b013e31815b32c8Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Dahl, J.B., Mathiesen, O., and Moiniche, S. (2004). ‘Protective premedication’: an option with gabapentin and related drugs? A review of gabapentin and pregabalin in the treatment of post-operative pain. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 48, 1130–1136.10.1111/j.1399-6576.2004.00484.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

Dellon, A.L. and Mackinnon, S.E. (1984). Susceptibility of the superficial sensory branch of the radial nerve to form painful neuromas. J. Hand Surg. Br. 9, 42–45.10.1016/0266-7681(84)90012-3Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Dellon, A.L., Mackinnon, S.E., and Pestronk, A. (1984). Implantation of sensory nerve into muscle: preliminary clinical and experimental observations on neuroma formation. Ann. Plast. Surg. 12, 30–40.10.1097/00000637-198401000-00006Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Desmouliere, A., Redard, M., Darby, I., and Gabbiani, G. (1995). Apoptosis mediates the decrease in cellularity during the transition between granulation tissue and scar. Am. J. Pathol. 146, 56–66.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Dijkstra, J.R., Meek, M.F., Robinson, P.H., and Gramsbergen, A. (2000). Methods to evaluate functional nerve recovery in adult rats: walking track analysis, video analysis and the withdrawal reflex. J. Neurosci. Methods 96, 89–96.10.1016/S0165-0270(99)00174-0Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Dockery, G.L. (1999). The treatment of intermetatarsal neuromas with 4% alcohol sclerosing injections. J. Foot Ankle Surg. 38, 403–408.10.1016/S1067-2516(99)80040-4Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Elias, M. (2000). Spinal cord stimulation for post-herniorrhaphy pain. Neuromodulation 3, 155–157.10.1046/j.1525-1403.2000.00155.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

Fanucci, E., Masala, S., Fabiano, S., Perugia, D., Squillaci, E., Varrucciu, V., and Simonetti, G. (2004). Treatment of intermetatarsal Morton’s neuroma with alcohol injection under US guide: 10-month follow-up. Eur. Radiol. 14, 514–518.10.1007/s00330-003-2057-7Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Foucher, G., Sammut, D., Greant, P., Braun, F.M., Ehrler, S., and Buch, N. (1991). Indications and results of skin flaps in painful digital neuroma. J. Hand Surg. Br. 16, 25–29.10.1016/0266-7681(91)90121-4Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Fried, K. and Frisen, J. (1990). End structure and neuropeptide immunoreactivity of axons in sciatic neuromas following nerve section in neonatal rats. Exp. Neurol. 109, 286–293.10.1016/S0014-4886(05)80019-6Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Gabbiani, G. (1992). The biology of the myofibroblast. Kidney Int. 41, 530–532.10.1038/ki.1992.75Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Galeano, M., Manasseri, B., Risitano, G., Geuna, S., Di Scipio, F., La Rosa, P., Delia, G., D‘Alcontres, F.S., and Colonna, M.R. (2009). A free vein graft cap influences neuroma formation after nerve transection. Microsurgery 29, 568–572.10.1002/micr.20652Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Gasse, N., Lepage, D., Rochet, S., Tropet, Y., Garbuio, P., and Obert, L. (2009). [The flexor digitorum superficialis flap in treatment of neuroma in continuity of the median nerve]. Chir. Main 28, 301–305.10.1016/j.main.2009.06.007Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Gaudin, R., Knipfer, C., Henningsen, A., Smeets, R., Heiland, M., and Hadlock, T. (2016). Approaches to peripheral nerve repair: generations of biomaterial conduits yielding to replacing autologous nerve grafts in craniomaxillofacial surgery. Biomed. Res. Int. 2016, 3856262.10.1155/2016/3856262Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Goldstein, S.A. and Sturim, H.S. (1985). Intraosseous nerve transposition for treatment of painful neuromas. J. Hand Surg. Am. 10, 270–274.10.1016/S0363-5023(85)80120-9Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Gonzalez-Darder, J., Barbera, J., Alamo, J., and Garcia-Vazquez, F. (1987). Fascicular ligation in the prevention and treatment of painful terminal neuroma: an experimental study in the rat. Neurosurgery 21, 215–217.10.1227/00006123-198708000-00014Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Gorkisch, K., Boese-Landgraf, J., and Vaubel, E. (1984). Treatment and prevention of amputation neuromas in hand surgery. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 73, 293–299.10.1097/00006534-198402000-00027Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Green, C.R., de Rosayro, A.M., and Tait, A.R. (2002). The role of cryoanalgesia for chronic thoracic pain: results of a long-term follow up. J. Natl. Med. Assoc. 94, 716–720.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Greenfield, J., Rea, J., Jr., and Ilfeld, F.W. (1984). Morton’s interdigital neuroma. Indications for treatment by local injections versus surgery. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 185, 142–144.10.1097/00003086-198405000-00023Suche in Google Scholar

Gruber, H., Glodny, B., Kopf, H., Bendix, N., Galiano, K., Strasak, A., and Peer, S. (2008). Practical experience with sonographically guided phenol instillation of stump neuroma: predictors of effects, success, and outcome. Am. J. Roentgenol. 190, 1263–1269.10.2214/AJR.07.2050Suche in Google Scholar

Hannington-Kiff, J.G. (1978). A “cryoseeker” for percutaneous cryoanalgesia. Lancet 2, 816–817.10.1016/S0140-6736(78)92592-8Suche in Google Scholar

Henning, P.T. (2016). Ultrasound-guided foot and ankle procedures. Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am. 27, 649–671.10.1016/j.pmr.2016.04.005Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Herbert, T.J. and Filan, S.L. (1998). Vein implantation for treatment of painful cutaneous neuromas. A preliminary report. J. Hand Surg. Br. 23, 220–224.10.1016/S0266-7681(98)80178-2Suche in Google Scholar

Herndon, J.H., Eaton, R.G., and Littler, J.W. (1976). Management of painful neuromas in the hand. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 58, 369–373.10.2106/00004623-197658030-00013Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Herrmann, L.G. and Gibbs, E.W. (1945). Phantom limb pain: Its relation to the treatment of large nerves at time of amputation. Am. J. Surg. 67, 168–178.10.1016/0002-9610(45)90254-6Suche in Google Scholar

Hinz, B. (2010). The myofibroblast: paradigm for a mechanically active cell. J. Biomech. 43, 146–155.10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.09.020Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Hodor, L., Barkal, K., and Hatch-Fox, L.D. (1997). Cryogenic denervation of the intermetatarsal space neuroma. J. Foot Ankle Surg. 36, 311–314.10.1016/S1067-2516(97)80079-8Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Hughes, R.J., Ali, K., Jones, H., Kendall, S., and Connell, D.A. (2007). Treatment of Morton’s neuroma with alcohol injection under sonographic guidance: follow-up of 101 cases. Am. J. Roentgenol. 188, 1535–1539.10.2214/AJR.06.1463Suche in Google Scholar

Hung, J.C., Azam, N., Puttanniah, V., Malhotra, V., and Gulati, A. (2014). Neurolytic transversus abdominal plane block with alcohol for long-term malignancy related pain control. Pain Physician 17, E755–E760.10.36076/ppj.2014/17/E755Suche in Google Scholar

Hung, Y.H., Wu, C.H., Ozcakar, L., and Wang, T.G. (2016). Ultrasound-guided steroid injections for two painful neuromas in the stump of a below-elbow amputee. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 95, e73–e74.10.1097/PHM.0000000000000456Suche in Google Scholar

Janig, W. (1990). Activation of afferent fibers ending in an old neuroma by sympathetic stimulation in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 111, 309–314.10.1016/0304-3940(90)90280-MSuche in Google Scholar

Jones, N.F. (1996). Treatment of chronic pain by “wrapping” intact nerves with pedicle and free flaps. Hand Clin. 12, 765–772.10.1016/S0749-0712(21)00364-4Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Kern, U., Martin, C., Scheicher, S., and Muller, H. (2004a). Effects of botulinum toxin type B on stump pain and involuntary movements of the stump. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 83, 396–399.10.1097/01.PHM.0000124444.32257.04Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Kern, U., Martin, C., Scheicher, S., and Muller, H. (2004b). [Long-term treatment of phantom- and stump pain with botulinum toxin type A over 12 months. A first clinical observation]. Nervenarzt 75, 336–340.10.1007/s00115-003-1657-4Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Kesikburun, S., Yasar, E., Dede, I., Goktepe, S., and Tan, A.K. (2014). Ultrasound-guided steroid injection in the treatment of stump neuroma: pilot study. J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil. 27, 275–279.10.3233/BMR-130444Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Koch, H., Haas, F., Hubmer, M., Rappl, T., and Scharnagl, E. (2003a). Treatment of painful neuroma by resection and nerve stump transplantation into a vein. Ann. Plast. Surg. 51, 45–50.10.1097/01.SAP.0000054187.72439.57Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Koch, H., Herbert, T.J., Kleinert, R., Hubmer, M., Scharnagl, E., and Pierer, G. (2003b). Influence of nerve stump transplantation into a vein on neuroma formation. Ann. Plast. Surg. 50, 354–360.10.1097/01.SAP.0000041486.24160.8CSuche in Google Scholar

Koyyalagunta, D., Engle, M.P., Yu, J., Feng, L., and Novy, D.M. (2016). The Effectiveness of alcohol versus phenol based splanchnic nerve neurolysis for the treatment of intra-abdominal cancer pain. Pain Physician 19, 281–292.10.36076/ppj/2019.19.281Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Lewin-Kowalik, J., Marcol, W., Kotulska, K., Mandera, M., and Klimczak, A. (2006). Prevention and management of painful neuroma. Neurol. Med. Chir. (Tokyo) 46, 62–67; discussion 67–68.10.2176/nmc.46.62Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Lloyd, J.W., Barnard, J.D., and Glynn, C.J. (1976). Cryoanalgesia. A new approach to pain relief. Lancet 2, 932–934.10.1016/S0140-6736(76)90893-XSuche in Google Scholar

Louis, D.S., Hunter, L.Y., and Keating, T.M. (1980). Painful neuromas in long below-elbow amputees. Arch. Surg. 115, 742–744.10.1001/archsurg.1980.01380060040010Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Mackinnon, S.E. (1997). Evaluation and treatment of the painful neuroma. Tech. Hand Up Extrem. Surg. 1, 195–212.10.1097/00130911-199709000-00007Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Mahadevan, D., Attwal, M., Bhatt, R., and Bhatia, M. (2016a). Corticosteroid injection for Morton’s neuroma with or without ultrasound guidance: a randomised controlled trial. Bone Joint J. 98-B, 498–503.10.1302/0301-620X.98B4.36880Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Mahadevan, D., Salmasi, M., Whybra, N., Nanda, A., Gaba, S., and Mangwani, J. (2016b). What factors predict the need for further intervention following corticosteroid injection of Morton’s neuroma? Foot Ankle Surg. 22, 9–11.10.1016/j.fas.2015.03.007Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Masala, S., Fanucci, E., Ronconi, P., Sodani, G., Taormina, P., Romagnoli, A., and Simonetti, G. (2001). [Treatment of intermetatarsal neuromas with alcohol injection under US guide]. Radiol. Med. 102, 370–373.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Mass, D.P., Ciano, M.C., Tortosa, R., Newmeyer, W.L., and Kilgore, E.S., Jr. (1984). Treatment of painful hand neuromas by their transfer into bone. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 74, 182–185.10.1097/00006534-198408000-00002Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Mazoch, M.J., Cheema, G.A., Suva, L.J., and Thomas, R.L. (2014). Effects of alcohol injection in rat sciatic nerve as a model for Morton’s neuroma treatment. Foot Ankle Int. 35, 1187–1191.10.1177/1071100714546188Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Melzack, R., and Wall, P. D. (1965). Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science 150, 971–979.10.1126/science.150.3699.971Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Messina, G., Nazzi, V., Sinisi, M., Dones, I., Pollo, B., and Franzini, A. (2011). Spinal cord stimulation for recurrent painful neuromas of the foot. Neurol. Sci. 32, 723–725.10.1007/s10072-011-0649-6Suche in Google Scholar

Morgan, P., Monaghan, W., and Richards, S. (2014). A systematic review of ultrasound-guided and non-ultrasound-guided therapeutic injections to treat Morton’s neuroma. J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc. 104, 337–348.10.7547/0003-0538-104.4.337Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Murphey, M.D., Smith, W.S., Smith, S.E., Kransdorf, M.J., and Temple, H.T. (1999). From the archives of the AFIP. Imaging of musculoskeletal neurogenic tumors: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 19, 1253–1280.10.1148/radiographics.19.5.g99se101253Suche in Google Scholar

Nikolajsen, L., Ilkjaer, S., Christensen, J.H., Kroner, K., and Jensen, T.S. (1997a). Randomised trial of epidural bupivacaine and morphine in prevention of stump and phantom pain in lower-limb amputation. Lancet 350, 1353–1357.10.1016/S0140-6736(97)06315-0Suche in Google Scholar

Nikolajsen, L., Ilkjaer, S., Kroner, K., Christensen, J.H., and Jensen, T.S. (1997b). The influence of preamputation pain on postamputation stump and phantom pain. Pain 72, 393–405.10.1016/S0304-3959(97)00061-4Suche in Google Scholar

Ochs, S. and Hollingsworth, D. (1971). Dependence of fast axoplasmic transport in nerve on oxidative metabolism. J. Neurochem. 18, 107–114.10.1111/j.1471-4159.1971.tb00172.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

Okuda, T., Ishida, O., Fujimoto, Y., Tanaka, N., Inoue, A., Nakata, Y., and Ochi, M. (2006). The autotomy relief effect of a silicone tube covering the proximal nerve stump. J. Orthop. Res. 24, 1427–1437.10.1002/jor.20196Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Orza, F., Boswell, M.V., and Rosenberg, S.K. (2000). Neuropathic pain: Review of mechanisms and pharmacologic management. NeuroRehabilitation 14, 15–23.10.3233/NRE-2000-14103Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Pasquali, C., Vulcano, E., Novario, R., Varotto, D., Montoli, C., and Volpe, A. (2015). Ultrasound-guided alcohol injection for Morton’s neuroma. Foot Ankle Int. 36, 55–59.10.1177/1071100714551386Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Perini, L., Perini, C., Tagliapietra, M., Varotto, D., Valcarenghi, A., Postorino, A., and Volpe, A. (2016). Percutaneous alcohol injection under sonographic guidance in Morton’s neuroma: follow-up in 220 treated lesions. Radiol. Med. 121, 597–604.10.1007/s11547-016-0622-9Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Ramachandran, V.S. (2005). Plasticity and functional recovery in neurology. Clin. Med. (Lond.) 5, 368–373.10.7861/clinmedicine.5-4-368Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Reisman, N.R. and Dellon, A.L. (1983). The abductor digiti minimi muscle flap: a salvage technique for palmar wrist pain. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 72, 859–865.10.1097/00006534-198312000-00025Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Rengachary, S.S., Watanabe, I.S., Singer, P., and Bopp, W.J. (1983). Effect of glycerol on peripheral nerve: an experimental study. Neurosurgery 13, 681–688.10.1227/00006123-198312000-00012Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Rhame, E.E., Debonet, A.F., and Simopoulos, T.T. (2011). Ultrasonographic guidance and characterization of cryoanalgesic lesions in treating a case of refractory sural neuroma. Case Rep. Anesthesiol. 2011, 691478.10.1155/2011/691478Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Rose, J., Belsky, M.R., Millender, L.H., and Feldon, P. (1996). Intrinsic muscle flaps: the treatment of painful neuromas in continuity. J. Hand Surg. Am. 21, 671–674.10.1016/S0363-5023(96)80024-4Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Rosen, B. and Lundborg, G. (2005). Training with a mirror in rehabilitation of the hand. Scand. J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Hand Surg. 39, 104–108.10.1080/02844310510006187Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Ruiz, G., Ceballos, D., and Banos, J.E. (2004). Behavioral and histological effects of endoneurial administration of nerve growth factor: possible implications in neuropathic pain. Brain Res. 1011, 1–6.10.1016/j.brainres.2004.02.001Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Sagar, D.R., Kelly, S., Millns, P.J., O‘Shaughnessey, C.T., Kendall, D.A., and Chapman, V. (2005). Inhibitory effects of CB1 and CB2 receptor agonists on responses of DRG neurons and dorsal horn neurons in neuropathic rats. Eur. J. Neurosci. 22, 371–379.10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04206.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

Sakai, Y., Ochi, M., Uchio, Y., Ryoke, K., and Yamamoto, S. (2005). Prevention and treatment of amputation neuroma by an atelocollagen tube in rat sciatic nerves. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 73, 355–360.10.1002/jbm.b.30219Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Schwob, J.E., Youngentob, S.L., and Meiri, K.F. (1994). On the formation of neuromata in the primary olfactory projection. J. Comp. Neurol. 340, 361–380.10.1002/cne.903400307Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Smahel, J. (1998). Some thoughts and observations concerning the prevention of neuroma. Acta Chir. Plast. 40, 12–16.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Spencer, P.S. and Schaumburg, H.H. (1977). Ultrastructural studies of the dying-back process. III. The evolution of experimental peripheral giant axonal degeneration. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 36, 276–299.10.1097/00005072-197703000-00005Suche in Google Scholar

Strakowski, J.A. (2016). Ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve procedures. Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am. 27, 687–715.10.1016/j.pmr.2016.04.006Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Sung, D.H., Han, T.R., Park, W.H., Je Bang, H., Kim, J.M., Chung, S.H., and Woo, E.J. (2001). Phenol block of peripheral nerve conduction: titrating for optimum effect. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 82, 671–676.10.1053/apmr.2001.21975Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Swanson, A.B., Boeve, N.R., and Lumsden, R.M. (1977). The prevention and treatment of amputation neuromata by silicone capping. J. Hand Surg. Am. 2, 70–78.10.1016/S0363-5023(77)80013-0Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Tay, S.C., Teoh, L.C., Yong, F.C., and Tan, S.H. (2005). The prevention of neuroma formation by diathermy: an experimental study in the rat common peroneal nerve. Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore 34, 362–368.10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V34N5p362Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Taylor, C.A., Braza, D., Rice, J.B., and Dillingham, T. (2008). The incidence of peripheral nerve injury in extremity trauma. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 87, 381–385.10.1097/PHM.0b013e31815e6370Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Teneff, S. (1949). Prevention of amputation neuroma. J. Int. Coll. Surg. 12, 16–20.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Vora, A.R., Loescher, A.R., Boissonade, F.M., and Robinson, P.P. (2005a). Ultrastructural characteristics of axons in traumatic neuromas of the human lingual nerve. J. Orofac. Pain 19, 22–33.Suche in Google Scholar

Vora, A.R., Loescher, A.R., Craig, G.T., Boissonade, F.M., and Robinson, P.P. (2005b). A light microscopical study on the structure of traumatic neuromas of the human lingual nerve. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 99, 395–403.10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.08.011Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Wada, A., Miura, H., Kubota, H., Iwamoto, Y., Uchida, Y., and Kojima, T. (2002). Radial closing wedge osteotomy for Kienbock’s disease: an over 10 year clinical and radiographic follow-up. J. Hand Surg. Br. 27, 175–179.10.1054/JHSB.2001.0621Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Wagner, E. and Ortiz, C. (2011). The painful neuroma and the use of conduits. Foot Ankle Clin. 16, 295–304.10.1016/j.fcl.2011.01.004Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Wang, K.K., Costas, P.D., Bryan, D.J., Jones, D.S., and Seckel, B.R. (1993a). Inside-out vein graft promotes improved nerve regeneration in rats. Microsurgery 14, 608–618.10.1002/micr.1920140914Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Wang, K.K., Costas, P.D., Jones, D.S., Miller, R.A., and Seckel, B.R. (1993b). Sleeve insertion and collagen coating improve nerve regeneration through vein conduits. J. Reconstr. Microsurg. 9, 39–48.10.1055/s-2007-1006637Suche in Google Scholar

Watson, J., Gonzalez, M., Romero, A., and Kerns, J. (2010). Neuromas of the hand and upper extremity. J. Hand. Surg. Am. 35, 499–510.10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.12.019Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Weis, J. and Schroder, J.M. (1989). The influence of fat tissue on neuroma formation. J. Neurosurg. 71, 588–593.10.3171/jns.1989.71.4.0588Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Weng, W., Zhao, B., Lin, D., Gao, W., Li, Z., and Yan, H. (2016). Significance of alpha smooth muscle actin expression in traumatic painful neuromas: a pilot study in rats. Sci. Rep. 6, 23828.10.1038/srep23828Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Williams, H.B. (1984). The painful stump neuroma and its treatment. Clin. Plast. Surg. 11, 79–84.10.1016/S0094-1298(20)31822-8Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Wojcik, S.A., Waskowska, J.A., and Koszowski, R.T. (2008). [Complications after alcoholization of mental nerve]. Wiad Lek. 61, 243–245 (in Polish).Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Wood, K.M. (1978). The use of phenol as a neurolytic agent: a review. Pain 5, 205–229.10.1016/0304-3959(78)90009-XSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

Wood, V.E. and Mudge, M.K. (1987). Treatment of neuromas about a major amputation stump. J. Hand. Surg. Am. 12, 302–306.10.1016/S0363-5023(87)80297-6Suche in Google Scholar

Wu, J. and Chiu, D.T. (1999). Painful neuromas: a review of treatment modalities. Ann. Plast. Surg. 43, 661–667.10.1097/00000637-199912000-00016Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Zhu, Z., Friess, H., diMola, F.F., Zimmermann, A., Graber, H.U., Korc, M., and Buchler, M.W. (1999). Nerve growth factor expression correlates with perineural invasion and pain in human pancreatic cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 17, 2419–2428.10.1200/JCO.1999.17.8.2419Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Received: 2017-09-02
Accepted: 2017-11-18
Published Online: 2018-01-08
Published in Print: 2018-07-26

©2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Heruntergeladen am 19.10.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/revneuro-2017-0077/html
Button zum nach oben scrollen