Neural mechanisms underlying chronic fatigue

References

Afari, N. and Buchwald, D. (2003). Chronic fatigue syndrome: a review. Am. J. Psychiatry 160, 221–236.10.1176/appi.ajp.160.2.221Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Akselrod, S., Gordon, D., Ubel, F.A., Shannon, D.C., Berger, A.C., and Cohen, R.J. (1981). Power spectrum analysis of heart rate fluctuation: a quantitative probe of beat-to-beat cardiovascular control. Science 213, 220–222.10.1126/science.6166045Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Amat, J., Baratta, M.V., Paul, E., Bland, S.T., Watkins, L.R., and Maier, S.F. (2005). Medial prefrontal cortex determines how stressor controllability affects behavior and dorsal raphe nucleus. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 365–371.10.1038/nn1399Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Arnett, S.V., Alleva, L.M., Korossy-Horwood, R., and Clark, I.A. (2011). Chronic fatigue syndrome – a neuroimmunological model. Med. Hypotheses 77, 77–83.10.1016/j.mehy.2011.03.030Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Bassett, D.S. and Bullmore, E.T. (2009). Human brain networks in health and disease. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 22, 340–347.10.1097/WCO.0b013e32832d93ddSuche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Benwell, N.M., Mastaglia, F.L., and Thickbroom, G.W. (2006). Reduced functional activation after fatiguing exercise is not confined to primary motor areas. Exp. Brain Res. 175, 575–583.10.1007/s00221-006-0573-9Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Benwell, N.M., Mastaglia, F.L., and Thickbroom, G.W. (2007). Changes in the functional MR signal in motor and non-motor areas during intermittent fatiguing hand exercise. Exp. Brain Res. 182, 93–97.10.1007/s00221-007-0973-5Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Beurskens, A.J., Bültmann, U., Kant, I., Vercoulen, J.H., Bleijenberg, G., and Swaen, G.M. (2000). Fatigue among working people: validity of a questionnaire measure. Occup. Environ. Med. 57, 353–357.10.1136/oem.57.5.353Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Bierhaus, A., Wolf, J., Andrassy, M, Rohleder, N., Humpert, P.M., Petrov, D., Ferstl, R., von Eynatten, M., Wendt, T., Rudofsky, G., et al. (2003). A mechanism converting psychosocial stress into mononuclear cell activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 1920–1925.10.1073/pnas.0438019100Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Boksem, M.A. and Tops, M. (2008). Mental fatigue: costs and benefits. Brain Res. Rev. 59, 125–139.10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.07.001Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Brand, N., Verspui, L., and Oving, A. (1997). Induced mood and selective attention. Percept. Mot. Skills 84, 455–463.10.2466/pms.1997.84.2.455Suche in Google Scholar

Bültmann, U., de Vries, M., Beurskens, A.J., Bleijenberg, G., Vercoulen, J.H., and Kant, I. (2000). Measurement of prolonged fatigue in the working population: determination of a cutoff point for the checklist individual strength. J. Occup. Health Psychol. 5, 411–416.10.1037/1076-8998.5.4.411Suche in Google Scholar

Burton, A.R., Rahman, K., Kadota, Y., Lloyd, A., and Vollmer-Conna, U. (2010). Reduced heart rate variability predicts poor sleep quality in a case-control study of chronic fatigue syndrome. Exp. Brain Res. 204, 71–78.10.1007/s00221-010-2296-1Suche in Google Scholar

Carter, C.S. and van Veen, V. (2007). Anterior cingulate cortex and conflict detection: an update of theory and data. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 7, 367–379.10.3758/CABN.7.4.367Suche in Google Scholar

Caseras, X., Mataix-Cols, D., Giampietro, V., Rimes, K.A., Brammer, M., Zelaya, F., Chalder, T., and Godfrey, E.L. (2006). Probing the working memory system in chronic fatigue syndrome: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study using the n-back task. Psychosom. Med. 68, 947–955.10.1097/01.psy.0000242770.50979.5fSuche in Google Scholar

Chalder, T., Berelowitz, G., Pawlikowska, T., Watts, L., Wessely, S., Wright, D., and Wallace, E.P. (1993). Development of a fatigue scale. J. Psychosom. Res. 37, 147–153.10.1016/0022-3999(93)90081-PSuche in Google Scholar

Chambers, D., Bagnall, A.M., Hempel, S., and Forbes, C. (2006). Interventions for the treatment, management and rehabilitation of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: an updated systematic review. J. R. Soc. Med. 99, 506–520.Suche in Google Scholar

Chaudhuri, A. and Behan, P.O. (2000). Fatigue and basal ganglia. J. Neurol. Sci. 179, 34–42.10.1016/S0022-510X(00)00411-1Suche in Google Scholar

Chaudhuri, A. and Behan, P.O. (2004). Fatigue in neurological disorders. Lancet 363, 978–88.10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15794-2Suche in Google Scholar

Chaudhuri, A., Condon, B.R., Gow, J.W., Brennan, D., and Hadley, D.M. (2003). Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of basal ganglia in chronic fatigue syndrome. Neuroreport 14, 225–228.10.1097/00001756-200302100-00013Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Cook, D.B., O’Connor, P.J., Lange, G., and Steffener, J. (2007). Functional neuroimaging correlates of mental fatigue induced by cognition among chronic fatigue syndrome patients and controls. Neuroimage 36, 108–122.10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.02.033Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Covanis, A., Stodieck, S.R., and Wilkins, A.J. (2004). Treatment of photosensitivity. Epilepsia 45, 40–45.10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.451006.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

de Lange, F.P., Kalkman, J.S., Bleijenberg, G., Hagoort, P., van, der, Werf, S.P., van der Meer, J, W., and Toni, I. (2004). Neural correlates of the chronic fatigue syndrome – an fMRI study. Brain 127, 1948–1957.10.1093/brain/awh225Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

de Lange, F.P., Koers, A., Kalkman, J.S., Bleijenberg, G., Hagoort, P., van der Meer, J.W., and Toni, I. (2008). Increase in prefrontal cortical volume following cognitive behavioural therapy in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Brain 131, 2172–2180.10.1093/brain/awn140Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

DeLuca, J., Genova, H.M., Hillary, F.G., and Wylie, G. (2008). Neural correlates of cognitive fatigue in multiple sclerosis using functional MRI. J. Neurol. Sci. 270, 28–39.10.1016/j.jns.2008.01.018Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Dettmers, C., Lemon, R.N., Stephan, K.M., Fink, G.R., and Frackowiak, R.S. (1996). Cerebral activation during the exertion of sustained static force in man. Neuroreport 7, 2103–2110.10.1097/00001756-199609020-00008Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Filippi, M., Rocca, M.A., Colombo, B., Falini, A., Codella, M., Scotti, G., and Comi, G. (2002). Functional magnetic resonance imaging correlates of fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimage 15, 559–567.10.1006/nimg.2001.1011Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Friedberg, F. and Sohl, S.J. (2009). Longitudinal change in chronic fatigue syndrome: what home-based assessments reveal. J. Behav. Med. 32, 209–218.10.1007/s10865-008-9189-9Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Fukuda, K., Straus, S.E., Hickie, I., Sharpe, M.C., Dobbins, J.G., and Komaroff, A. (1994). The chronic fatigue syndrome: a comprehensive approach to its definition and study. International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group. Ann. Intern Med. 121, 953–959.10.7326/0003-4819-121-12-199412150-00009Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Gandevia, S.C., Allen, G.M., Butler, J.E., and Taylor, J.L. (1996). Supraspinal factors in human muscle fatigue: evidence for suboptimal output from the motor cortex. J. Physiol. 490, 529–536.10.1113/jphysiol.1996.sp021164Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Gerber, L.H. and Furst, G.P. (1992). Validation of the NIH activity record: a quantitative measure of life activities. Arthritis Care Res. 5, 81–86.10.1002/art.1790050206Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Gibson, H., Carroll, N., Clague, J.E., and Edwards, R.H. (1993). Exercise performance and fatiguability in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 56, 993–998.10.1136/jnnp.56.9.993Suche in Google Scholar

Henningsen, P., Zipfel, S., and Herzog, W. (2007). Management of functional somatic syndromes. Lancet 369, 946–955.10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60159-7Suche in Google Scholar

Hilty, L., Jäncke, L., Luechinger, R., Boutellier, U., and Lutz, K. (2011). Limitation of physical performance in a muscle fatiguing handgrip exercise is mediated by thalamo-insular activity. Hum. Brain Mapp. 32, 2151–2160.10.1002/hbm.21177Suche in Google Scholar

Ishii, A., Tanaka, M., Yamano, E., and Watanabe, Y. (2012). Neural substrates activated by viewing others expressing fatigue: revealed by magnetoencephalography. Brain Res. 1455, 68–74.10.1016/j.brainres.2012.03.031Suche in Google Scholar

Ishii, A., Tanaka, M., Iwamae M., Kim, C., Yamano, E., and Watanabe, Y. (2013a). Fatigue sensation induced by the sounds associated with mental fatigue and its related neural activities: revealed by magnetoencephalography. Behav. Brain Funct. 9, 24.10.1186/1744-9081-9-24Suche in Google Scholar

Ishii, A., Tanaka, M., Shigihara, Y., Kanai, E., Funakura, M., and Watanabe, Y. (2013b). Neural effects of prolonged mental fatigue: a magnetoencephalography study. Brain Res. 1529, 105–112.10.1016/j.brainres.2013.07.022Suche in Google Scholar

Jason, L.A., Tryon, W.W., Frankenberry, E., and King, C. (1997). Chronic fatigue syndrome: relationships of self-ratings and actigraphy. Psychol. Rep. 81, 1223–1226.10.2466/pr0.1997.81.3f.1223Suche in Google Scholar

Johnson, J.D., Campisi, J., Sharkey, C.M., Kennedy, S.L., Nickerson, M., Greenwood, B.N., and Fleshner, M. (2005). Catecholamines mediate stress-induced increases in peripheral and central inflammatory cytokines. Neuroscience 135, 1295–1307.10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.06.090Suche in Google Scholar

Johnston, J., Rearick, M., and Slobounov, S. (2001). Movement-related cortical potentials associated with progressive muscle fatigue in a grasping task. Clin. Neurophysiol. 112, 68–77.10.1016/S1388-2457(00)00452-1Suche in Google Scholar

Jones, D.L., Tanigawa, T., and Weiss, S.M. (2003). Stress management and workplace disability in the US, Europe and Japan. J. Occup. Health 45, 1–7.10.1539/joh.45.1Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Jouanin, J.C., Pérès, M., Ducorps, A., and Renault, B. (2009). A dynamic network involving M1–S1, SII-insular, medial insular, and cingulate cortices controls muscular activity during an isometric contraction reaction time task. Hum. Brain Mapp. 30, 675–688.10.1002/hbm.20534Suche in Google Scholar

Katafuchi, T. (2004). Conditioning of fatigue and serotonin system. Mol. Med. 41, 1264–1268 (In Japanese).Suche in Google Scholar

Kennedy, G., Spence, V.A., McLaren, M., Hill, A., Underwood, C., and Belch, J.J. (2005). Oxidative stress levels are raised in chronic fatigue syndrome and are associated with clinical symptoms. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 39, 584–589.10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.04.020Suche in Google Scholar

Killgore, W.D., Grugle, N.L., Reichardt, R.M., Killgore, D.B., and Balkin, T.J. (2009). Executive functions and the ability to sustain vigilance during sleep loss. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 80, 81–87.10.3357/ASEM.2396.2009Suche in Google Scholar

Kitani, T. (2011). Term Committee of Japanese Society of Fatigue Science. Nihon Hirougakkaishi 6, 1 (In Japanese).Suche in Google Scholar

Kondo, K. (2005). Human herpesvirus latency and fatigue. Uirusu 55, 9–17 (in Japanese).10.2222/jsv.55.9Suche in Google Scholar

Korotkov, A., Radovanovic, S., Ljubisavljevic, M., Lyskov, E., Kataeva, G., Roudas, M., Pakhomov, S., Thunberg, J., Medvedev, S., and Johansson, H. (2005). Comparison of brain activation after sustained non-fatiguing and fatiguing muscle contraction: a positron emission tomography study. Exp. Brain Res. 163, 65–74.10.1007/s00221-004-2141-5Suche in Google Scholar

Koyama, H., Fukuda, S., Shoji, T., Inaba, M., Tsujimoto, Y., Tabata, T., Okuno, S., Yamakawa, T., Okada, S., Okamura, M., et al. (2010). Fatigue is a predictor for cardiovascular outcomes in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 5, 659–666.10.2215/CJN.08151109Suche in Google Scholar

Kubota, Y., Sato, W., Toichi, M., Murai, T., Okada, T., Hayashi, A., and Sengoku, A. (2001). Frontal midline theta rhythm is correlated with cardiac autonomic activities during the performance of an attention demanding meditation procedure. Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 11, 281–287.10.1016/S0926-6410(00)00086-0Suche in Google Scholar

Kuratsune, H., Yamaguti, K., Lindh, G., Evengård, B., Hagberg, G., Matsumura, K., Iwase, M., Onoe, H., Takahashi, M., Machii, T., et al. (2002). Brain regions involved in fatigue sensation: reduced acetylcarnitine uptake into the brain. Neuroimage 17, 1256–1265.10.1006/nimg.2002.1260Suche in Google Scholar

LaManca, J.J., Sisto, S.A., DeLuca, J., Johnson, S.K., Lange, G., Pareja, J., Cook, S., and Natelson, B.H. (1998). Influence of exhaustive treadmill exercise on cognitive functioning in chronic fatigue syndrome. Am. J. Med. 105, 59–65.10.1016/S0002-9343(98)00171-5Suche in Google Scholar

Lange, G., Steffener, J., Cook, D.B., Bly, B.M., Christodoulou, C., Liu, W.C., Deluca, J., and Natelson, B.H. (2005). Objective evidence of cognitive complaints in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: a BOLD fMRI study of verbal working memory. Neuroimage 26, 513–524.10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.02.011Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Leonard, C., Fanning, N., Attwood, J., and Buckley, M. (1998). The effect of fatigue, sleep deprivation and onerous working hours on the physical and mental wellbeing of pre-registration house officers. Ir. J. Med. Sci. 167, 22–25.10.1007/BF02937548Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Lipton, P. (1999). Ischemic cell death in brain neurons. Physiol. Rev. 79, 1431–1568.10.1152/physrev.1999.79.4.1431Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Liu, J.Z., Shan, Z.Y., Zhang, L.D., Sahgal, V., Brown, R.W., and Yue, G.H. (2003). Human brain activation during sustained and intermittent submaximal fatigue muscle contractions: an FMRI study. J. Neurophysiol. 90, 300–312.10.1152/jn.00821.2002Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Liu, J.Z., Zhang, L., Yao, B., Sahgal, V., and Yue, G.H. (2005). Fatigue induced by intermittent maximal voluntary contractions is associated with significant losses in muscle output but limited reductions in functional MRI-measured brain activation level. Brain Res. 1040, 44–54.10.1016/j.brainres.2005.01.059Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Liu, J.Z., Lewandowski, B., Karakasis, C., Yao, B., Siemionow, V., Sahgal, V., and Yue, G.H. (2007). Shifting of activation center in the brain during muscle fatigue: an explanation of minimal central fatigue? Neuroimage 35, 99–307.10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.09.050Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Malliani, A., Pagani, M., Lombardi, F., and Cerutti, S. (1991). Cardiovascular neural regulation explored in the frequency domain. Circulation 84, 482–492.10.1161/01.CIR.84.2.482Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Miller, G.E., Chen, E., Sze, J., Marin, T., Arevalo, J.M., Doll, R., Ma, R., and Cole, S.W. (2008). A functional genomic fingerprint of chronic stress in humans: blunted glucocorticoid and increased NF-kappaB signaling. Biol. Psychiatry 64, 266–272.10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.03.017Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Miller, A.H., Maletic, V., and Raison, C.L. (2009). Inflammation and its discontents: the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression. Biol. Psychiatry 65, 732–741.10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.029Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Morishima, Y., Akaishi, R., Yamada, Y., Okuda, J., Toma, K., and Sakai, K. (2009). Task-specific signal transmission from prefrontal cortex in visual selective attention. Nat. Neurosci. 12, 85–91.10.1038/nn.2237Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Moss-Morris, R. and Petrie, K.J. (2003). Experimental evidence for interpretive but not attention biases towards somatic information in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Br. J. Health Psychol. 8, 195–208.10.1348/135910703321649169Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Nijs, J., Meeus, M., Van Oosterwijck, J., Ickmans, K., Moorkens, G., Hans, G., and De Clerck, L.S. (2012). In the mind or in the brain? Scientific evidence for central sensitisation in chronic fatigue syndrome. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 42, 203–212.10.1111/j.1365-2362.2011.02575.xSuche in Google Scholar

Okada, T., Tanaka, M., Kuratsune, H., Watanabe, Y., and Sadato, N. (2004). Mechanisms underlying fatigue: a voxel-based morphometric study of chronic fatigue syndrome. BMC Neurol. 4, 14.10.1186/1471-2377-4-14Suche in Google Scholar

Pagani, M., Montano, N., Porta, A., Malliani, A., Abboud, F.M., Birkett, C., and Somers, V.K. (1997). Relationship between spectral components of cardiovascular variabilities and direct measures of muscle sympathetic nerve activity in humans. Circulation 95, 1441–1448.10.1161/01.CIR.95.6.1441Suche in Google Scholar

Pall, M.L. (2000). Elevated, sustained peroxynitrite levels as the cause of chronic fatigue syndrome. Med. Hypotheses 54, 115–125.10.1054/mehy.1998.0825Suche in Google Scholar

Peltier, S.J., LaConte, S.M., Niyazov, D.M., Liu, J.Z., Sahgal, V., Yue, G.H., and Hu, X.P. (2005). Reductions in interhemispheric motor cortex functional connectivity after muscle fatigue. Brain Res. 1057, 10–16.10.1016/j.brainres.2005.06.078Suche in Google Scholar

Petzold, A., Eikelenboom, M.J., Keir, G., Grant, D., Lazeron, R.H., Polman, C.H., Uitdehaag, B.M., Thompson, E.J., and Giovannoni, G. (2005). Axonal damage accumulates in the progressive phase of multiple sclerosis: three year follow up study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 76, 206–211.10.1136/jnnp.2004.043315Suche in Google Scholar

Piko, B.F. (2002). Socio-cultural stress in modern societies and the myth of anxiety in Eastern Europe. Adm. Policy Ment. Health 29, 275–280.10.1023/A:1015199727651Suche in Google Scholar

Pollock, K. (1998). On the nature of social stress: production of a modern mythology. Soc. Sci. Med. 26, 381–392.10.1016/0277-9536(88)90404-2Suche in Google Scholar

Pomeranz, B., Macaulay, R.J., Caudill, M.A., Kutz, I., Adam, D., Gordon, D., Kilborn, K.M., Barger, A.C., Shannon, D.C., Cohen, R.J., et al. (1985). Assessment of autonomic function in humans by heart rate spectral analysis. Am. J. Physiol. 248, 151–153.10.1152/ajpheart.1985.248.1.H151Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Post, M., Steens, A., Renken, R., Maurits, N.M., and Zijdewind, I. (2009). Voluntary activation and cortical activity during a sustained maximal contraction: an fMRI study. Hum. Brain Mapp. 30, 1014–1027.10.1002/hbm.20562Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Ray, C., Phillips, L., and Weir, W.R. (1993). Quality of attention in chronic fatigue syndrome: subjective reports of everyday attention and cognitive difficulty, and performance on tasks of focused attention. Br. J. Clin. Psychol. 32, 357–364.10.1111/j.2044-8260.1993.tb01068.xSuche in Google Scholar

Reeves, W.C., Lloyd, A., Vernon, S.D., Klimas, N., Jason, L.A., Bleijenberg, G., Evengard, B., White, P.D., Nisenbaum, R., and Unger, E.R. (2003). International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group. Identification of ambiguities in the 1994 chronic fatigue syndrome research case definition and recommendations for resolution. BMC. Health Serv. Res. 3, 25.Suche in Google Scholar

Rhen, T. and Cidlowski, J.A. (2005). Antiinflammatory action of glucocorticoids – new mechanisms for old drugs. N. Engl. J. Med. 353, 1711–1723.10.1056/NEJMra050541Suche in Google Scholar

Robinson, M., Gray, S.R., Watson, M.S., Kennedy, G., Hill, A., Belch, J.J., and Nimmo, M.A. (2010). Plasma IL-6, its soluble receptors and F2-isoprostanes at rest and during exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 20, 282–290.10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00895.xSuche in Google Scholar

Roelcke, U., Kappos, L., Lechner-Scott, J., Brunnschweiler, H., Huber, S., Ammann, W., Plohmann, A., Dellas, S., Maguire, R.P., and Missimer, J. (1997). Reduced glucose metabolism in the frontal cortex and basal ganglia of multiple sclerosis patients with fatigue: a ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography study. Neurology 48, 1566–1571.10.1212/WNL.48.6.1566Suche in Google Scholar

Shigihara, Y., Tanaka, M., and Watanabe, Y. (2010). Relationship between fatigue and photosensitivity. Behav. Med. 36, 109–112.10.1080/08964289.2010.489079Suche in Google Scholar

Shigihara, Y., Tanaka, M., Mizuno, K., Ishii, A., Yamano, E., Funakura, M., Kanai, E., and Watanabe, Y. (2012). Effects of daily levels of fatigue and acutely induced fatigue on the visual evoked magnetic response. Brain Res. 1457, 44–50.10.1016/j.brainres.2012.03.056Suche in Google Scholar

Shigihara, Y., Tanaka, M., Ishii A., Kanai, E., Funakura, M., and Watanabe, Y. (2013). Two types of mental fatigue affect spontaneous oscillatory brain activities in different ways. Behav. Brain Funct. 9, 2.10.1186/1744-9081-9-2Suche in Google Scholar

Siegel, M., Donner, T.H., and Engel, A.K. (2012). Spectral fingerprints of large-scale neuronal interactions. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 13, 121–134.10.1038/nrn3137Suche in Google Scholar

Siessmeier, T., Nix, W.A., Hardt, J., Schreckenberger, M., Egle, U.T., and Bartenstein, P. (2003). Observer independent analysis of cerebral glucose metabolism in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 74, 922–928.10.1136/jnnp.74.7.922Suche in Google Scholar

Sisto, S.A., LaManca, J., Cordero, D.L., Bergen, M.T., Ellis, S.P., Drastal, S., Boda, W.L., Tapp, W.N., and Natelson, B.H. (1996). Metabolic and cardiovascular effects of a progressive exercise test in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Am. J. Med. 100, 634–640.10.1016/S0002-9343(96)00041-1Suche in Google Scholar

Smith, E.E. and Jonides, J. (1999). Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes. Science 283, 1657–1661.10.1126/science.283.5408.1657Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Takahashi, M. and Arito, H. (1996). Effects of single and repeated cognitive tasks on autonomic balance as observed by an analysis of R-R intervals. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 72, 316–322.10.1007/BF00599691Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Tanaka, M. and Watanabe, Y. (2008). Reduced energy utilization in the brain is a feature of an animal model of fatigue. Int. J. Neurosci. 118, 683–692.10.1080/00207450701242974Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Tanaka, M. and Watanabe, Y. (2010). A new hypothesis of chronic fatigue syndrome: co-conditioning theory. Med. Hypotheses 75, 244–249.10.1016/j.mehy.2010.02.032Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Tanaka, M. and Watanabe, Y. (2011). Neural compensation mechanisms to regulate motor output during physical fatigue. Brain Res. 1395, 46–52.10.1016/j.brainres.2011.04.041Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Tanaka, M. and Watanabe, Y. (2012a). Supraspinal regulation of physical fatigue. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 36, 727–734.10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.10.004Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Tanaka, M. and Watanabe, Y. (2012b). Risk-management syndrome. Int. J. Psychiatry Clin. Pract. 16, 312–315.10.3109/13651501.2011.653378Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Tanaka, M., Nakamura, F., Mizokawa, S., Matsumura, A., Nozaki, S., and Watanabe, Y. (2003). Establishment and assessment of a rat model of fatigue. Neurosci. Lett. 352, 159–162.10.1016/j.neulet.2003.08.051Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Tanaka, M., Sadato, N., Okada, T., Mizuno, K., Sasabe, T., Tanabe, H.C., Saito, D.N., Onoe, H., Kuratsune, H., and Watanabe, Y. (2006). Reduced responsiveness is an essential feature of chronic fatigue syndrome: a fMRI study. BMC. Neurol. 6, 9.10.1186/1471-2377-6-9Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Tanaka, M., Mizuno, K., Yamaguti, K., Kuratsune, H., Fujii, A., Baba, H., Matsuda, K., Nishimae, A., Takesaka, T., and Watanabe, Y. (2011a). Autonomic nervous alterations associated with daily level of fatigue. Behav. Brain Funct. 7, 46.10.1186/1744-9081-7-46Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Tanaka, M., Shigihara, Y., and Watanabe, Y. (2011b). Central inhibition regulates motor output during physical fatigue. Brain Res. 1412, 37–43.10.1016/j.brainres.2011.07.021Suche in Google Scholar

Tanaka, M., Shigihara, Y., Funakura, M., Kanai, E., and Watanabe, Y. (2012). Fatigue-associated alterations of cognitive function and electroencephalographic power densities. PLoS One 7, 34774.10.1371/journal.pone.0034774Suche in Google Scholar

Tanaka, M., Ishii, A., Watanabe, Y. (2013). Neural correlates of central inhibition during physical fatigue. PLoS One 8, 70949.10.1371/journal.pone.0070949Suche in Google Scholar

Tang, Y.Y., Ma, Y., Fan, Y., Feng, H., Wang, J., Feng, S., Lu, Q., Hu, B., Lin, Y., Li, J., et al. (2009). Central and autonomic nervous system interaction is altered by short-term meditation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 8865–8870.10.1073/pnas.0904031106Suche in Google Scholar

Taylor, J.L. and Gandevia, S.C. (2008). A comparison of central aspects of fatigue in submaximal and maximal voluntary contractions. J. Appl. Physiol. 104, 542–550.10.1152/japplphysiol.01053.2007Suche in Google Scholar

Taylor, J.L., Butler, J.E., Allen, G.M., and Gandevia, S.C. (1996). Changes in motor cortical excitability during human muscle fatigue. J. Physiol. 490, 519–528.10.1113/jphysiol.1996.sp021163Suche in Google Scholar

Thayer, J.F. (2006). On the importance of inhibition: central and peripheral manifestations of nonlinear inhibitory processes in neural systems. Dose Response 4, 2–21.10.2203/dose-response.004.01.002.ThayerSuche in Google Scholar

Thayer, J.F. and Sternberg, E. (2006). Beyond heart rate variability: vagal regulation of allostatic systems. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1088, 361–372.10.1196/annals.1366.014Suche in Google Scholar

Tirelli, U., Chierichetti, F., Tavio, M., Simonelli, C., Bianchin, G., Zanco, P., and Ferlin, G. (1998). Brain positron emission tomography (PET) in chronic fatigue syndrome: preliminary data. Am. J. Med. 105, 54–58.10.1016/S0002-9343(98)00179-XSuche in Google Scholar

Uehata, T. (2005). Karoshi. Nippon Rinsho 63, 1249–1253 (In Japanese).Suche in Google Scholar

Varela, F., Lachaux, J.P., Rodriguez, E., and Martinerie, J. (2001). The brainweb: phase synchronization and large-scale integration. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2, 229–239.10.1038/35067550Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

von Stein, A. and Sarnthein, J. (2000). Different frequencies for different scales of cortical integration: from local gamma to long range alpha/theta synchronization. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 38, 301–313.10.1016/S0167-8760(00)00172-0Suche in Google Scholar

Wallman, K.E., Morton, A.R., Goodman, C., Grove, R., and Guilfoyle, A.M. (2004). Randomised controlled trial of graded exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome. Med. J. Aust. 180, 444–448.10.5694/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06019.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

Watanabe, Y. (2007). Preface and mini-review: fatigue science for human health, In: Watanabe, Y., Evengård, B., Natelson, B.H., Jason, L.A., Kuratsune, H., eds., Fatigue Science for Human Health. New York: Springer Inc., pp. 5–11.Suche in Google Scholar

White, A.T., Lee, J.N., Light, A.R., and Light, K.C. (2009). Brain activation in multiple sclerosis: a BOLD fMRI study of the effects of fatiguing hand exercise. Mult. Scler. 15, 580–586.10.1177/1352458508100034Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Wolpe, J. (1961). The systematic desensitization treatment of neuroses. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 132, 189–203.10.1097/00005053-196103000-00001Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Wyller, V.B., Saul, J.P., Amlie, J.P., and Thaulow, E. (2007). Sympathetic predominance of cardiovascular regulation during mild orthostatic stress in adolescents with chronic fatigue. Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging 27, 231–238.10.1111/j.1475-097X.2007.00743.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed