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Sleep disorders in Parkinson’s disease: a narrative review of the literature

  • Alberto Raggi

    Born in Romagna, Italy, Alberto Raggi studied Medicine at the University of Bologna and graduated cum Laude. He served his residency in Psychiatry at the University of Modena and in Neurology at the University of Florence. He has practiced neurology in several public hospitals in the north of Italy (Borgomanero, Faenza, Piacenza), at the Department of Clinical Neurosciences of the San Raffaele Turro Hospital in Milan – Vita Salute San Raffaele University and at the Department of Neurology of the Oasi Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging in Troina. He has taught Neurophysiology for 4 years at the Faculty of Medicine of the Milano Bicocca University. He has been working at the Neurology Unit of the Morgagni-Pierantoni Hospital of Forl ì since April 2012. His main research focus is in behavioral neurology. He is the author of publications in both international and national scientific journals. He has served as occasional reviewer for Behavioural Neurology, Neurological Sciences and the International Journal of Psychophysiology.

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    , Rita Bella

    Rita Bella, MD was born in Acicatena (Catania, Italy) on 15 May 1957. She received her Medical at the University of Catania in 1983 with a specialization in Neurology in 1988. She received her Master’s degree on ‘Cerebrovascular Diseases ’ at the Rome University ‘La Sapienza ’ in 2007. In 1992 she began her career as a Clinical Assistant at the First Neurological Clinic of the University Hospital of Catania. In 2002 she became a Researcher at the Department of Neurosciences of the University of Catania. Her main research activity was carried out in the field of cognitive and psychiatric symptoms of cerebrovascular diseases by means of transcranial magnetic stimulation. This activity is reflected in scientific publications in international journals and by communications and poster presentations in national and international meetings.

    , Giovanni Pennisi

    Giovanni Pennisi, MD was born in Acicatena (Catania, Italy) on 05 October 1950. He received his Medical degree at the University of Catania in 1974 with a specialization in Neurology in 1978 and in Forensic Medicine in 1981. He worked at the Neurological Department of the University of Torino in 1977–1978 and at the Neurological Clinic of the University of Liége (Belgium) in 1988. He began his career as a Clinical Assistant at the Clinic of Neurological and Mental diseases in 1977 and worked as a Researcher at the Neurological Clinic in 1981. He became an Associate Professor at the Department of Neurosciences of the University of Catania in 1985. His research activities include the prognostic value of transcranal magnetic stimulation in motor recovery after stroke, motor cortex excitability in dementia and behavior disorders, and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. This activity is reflected in several scientific publications in international journals and by communications and poster presentations in national and international meetings.

    , Walter Neri

    Born in Forl ì (Italy) in 1952, Walter Neri received his MD at the University of Bologna in 1977 where he also received the specialization in Neurology in 1981. Dr Neri has practiced neurology at the Morgagni-Pierantoni public hospital of Forl ì to date. He has been Chief of the Neurophysiology Laboratory for many years and he is the Director of the Unit of Neurology since 2000. He is interested in both clinical neurology and neurophysiology, with a large spectrum of interests including neuroimmunology, peripheral neuropathy, and cerebrovascular disorders. He is the author of publications in both international and national scientific journals.

    und Raffaele Ferri

    Raffaele Ferri received his MD in 1981 from the Catholic University of Rome (Italy) where he also received the specialization in Neurology in 1985. Dr. Ferri is Chief of the Sleep Research Centre and chairs the Unit of Neurology I.C., of the Oasi Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging in Troina (Italy). Dr. Ferri has been involved in the scientific study of the neurophysiological aspects of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias and is the Head of a clinical unit specifically devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions. For this reason, he has collaborated or led different research activities in this field. His specific areas of interest cover also the description, analysis and understanding of various aspects of human sleep and sleep disorders such as restless legs syndrome, narcolepsy, and REM sleep behavior disorder. Dr. Ferri has published over 300 papers in international peer-reviewed scientific journals, in addition to book chapters and abstracts. He is the current Scientific Secretary of the European Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group and is a Member-at-large of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group, and has been a member of the Board of Directors of the Italian Association of Sleep Medicine (AIMS) and also a member of the didactic committee of the AIMS, involved in the organization of the annual education course in Sleep Medicine of this Association. Dr. Ferri has been an active member of the Italian Society of Psychophysiology being a member of its Board of Directors for more than 10 years and its representative at the Federation of the European Psychophysiology Societies. He has also been the Secretary of the Federation of the European Psychophysiology Societies.

Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 11. April 2013
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Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is classically considered to be a motor system affliction; however, also non-motor alterations, including sleep disorders, are important features of the disease. The aim of this review is to provide data on sleep disturbances in PD in the following grouping: difficulty initiating sleep, frequent night-time awakening and sleep fragmentation, nocturia, restless legs syndrome/periodic limb movements, sleep breathing disorders, drug induced symptoms, parasomnias associated with rapid eye movements (REM) sleep, sleep attacks, reduced sleep efficiency and excessive daytime sleepiness. Research has characterized some of these disturbances as typical examples of dissociated states of wakefulness and sleep that are admixtures or incomplete declarations of wakefulness, REM sleep, and non-REM (NREM) sleep. Moreover, sleep disorders may precede the typical motor system impairment of PD and their ability to predict disease has important implications for development of neuroprotective treatment; in particular, REM sleep behavior disorder may herald any other clinical manifestation of PD by more than 10 years.


Corresponding author: Alberto Raggi, Neurology Unit, G.B. Morgagni-Pierantoni Hospital, 47100 Forlì, Italy

About the authors

Alberto Raggi

Born in Romagna, Italy, Alberto Raggi studied Medicine at the University of Bologna and graduated cum Laude. He served his residency in Psychiatry at the University of Modena and in Neurology at the University of Florence. He has practiced neurology in several public hospitals in the north of Italy (Borgomanero, Faenza, Piacenza), at the Department of Clinical Neurosciences of the San Raffaele Turro Hospital in Milan – Vita Salute San Raffaele University and at the Department of Neurology of the Oasi Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging in Troina. He has taught Neurophysiology for 4 years at the Faculty of Medicine of the Milano Bicocca University. He has been working at the Neurology Unit of the Morgagni-Pierantoni Hospital of Forl ì since April 2012. His main research focus is in behavioral neurology. He is the author of publications in both international and national scientific journals. He has served as occasional reviewer for Behavioural Neurology, Neurological Sciences and the International Journal of Psychophysiology.

Rita Bella

Rita Bella, MD was born in Acicatena (Catania, Italy) on 15 May 1957. She received her Medical at the University of Catania in 1983 with a specialization in Neurology in 1988. She received her Master’s degree on ‘Cerebrovascular Diseases ’ at the Rome University ‘La Sapienza ’ in 2007. In 1992 she began her career as a Clinical Assistant at the First Neurological Clinic of the University Hospital of Catania. In 2002 she became a Researcher at the Department of Neurosciences of the University of Catania. Her main research activity was carried out in the field of cognitive and psychiatric symptoms of cerebrovascular diseases by means of transcranial magnetic stimulation. This activity is reflected in scientific publications in international journals and by communications and poster presentations in national and international meetings.

Giovanni Pennisi

Giovanni Pennisi, MD was born in Acicatena (Catania, Italy) on 05 October 1950. He received his Medical degree at the University of Catania in 1974 with a specialization in Neurology in 1978 and in Forensic Medicine in 1981. He worked at the Neurological Department of the University of Torino in 1977–1978 and at the Neurological Clinic of the University of Liége (Belgium) in 1988. He began his career as a Clinical Assistant at the Clinic of Neurological and Mental diseases in 1977 and worked as a Researcher at the Neurological Clinic in 1981. He became an Associate Professor at the Department of Neurosciences of the University of Catania in 1985. His research activities include the prognostic value of transcranal magnetic stimulation in motor recovery after stroke, motor cortex excitability in dementia and behavior disorders, and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. This activity is reflected in several scientific publications in international journals and by communications and poster presentations in national and international meetings.

Walter Neri

Born in Forl ì (Italy) in 1952, Walter Neri received his MD at the University of Bologna in 1977 where he also received the specialization in Neurology in 1981. Dr Neri has practiced neurology at the Morgagni-Pierantoni public hospital of Forl ì to date. He has been Chief of the Neurophysiology Laboratory for many years and he is the Director of the Unit of Neurology since 2000. He is interested in both clinical neurology and neurophysiology, with a large spectrum of interests including neuroimmunology, peripheral neuropathy, and cerebrovascular disorders. He is the author of publications in both international and national scientific journals.

Raffaele Ferri

Raffaele Ferri received his MD in 1981 from the Catholic University of Rome (Italy) where he also received the specialization in Neurology in 1985. Dr. Ferri is Chief of the Sleep Research Centre and chairs the Unit of Neurology I.C., of the Oasi Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging in Troina (Italy). Dr. Ferri has been involved in the scientific study of the neurophysiological aspects of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias and is the Head of a clinical unit specifically devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions. For this reason, he has collaborated or led different research activities in this field. His specific areas of interest cover also the description, analysis and understanding of various aspects of human sleep and sleep disorders such as restless legs syndrome, narcolepsy, and REM sleep behavior disorder. Dr. Ferri has published over 300 papers in international peer-reviewed scientific journals, in addition to book chapters and abstracts. He is the current Scientific Secretary of the European Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group and is a Member-at-large of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group, and has been a member of the Board of Directors of the Italian Association of Sleep Medicine (AIMS) and also a member of the didactic committee of the AIMS, involved in the organization of the annual education course in Sleep Medicine of this Association. Dr. Ferri has been an active member of the Italian Society of Psychophysiology being a member of its Board of Directors for more than 10 years and its representative at the Federation of the European Psychophysiology Societies. He has also been the Secretary of the Federation of the European Psychophysiology Societies.

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Received: 2013-2-6
Accepted: 2013-3-14
Published Online: 2013-04-11
Published in Print: 2013-06-01

©2013 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin Boston

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