Abstract
Metal base nanoparticles are widely produced all over the world and used in many fields and products such as medicine, electronics, cosmetics, paints, ceramics, toys, kitchen utensils and toothpastes. They are able to enter the body through digestive, respiratory, and alimentary systems. These nanoparticles can also cross the blood brain barrier, enter the brain and aggregate in the hippocampus. After entering the hippocampus, they induce oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and gene expression alteration in hippocampal cells, which finally lead to neuronal apoptosis. Metal base nanoparticles can also affect hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity that both of them play crucial role in memory and learning. On the one hand, hippocampal cells are severely vulnerable due to their high metabolic activity, and on the other hand, metal base nanoparticles have high potential to damage hippocampus through variety of mechanisms and affect its functions. This review discusses, in detail, nanoparticles’ detrimental effects on the hippocampus in cellular, molecular and functional levels to reveal that according to the present information, which types of nanoparticles have more potential to induce hippocampal toxicity and psychiatric disorders and which types should be more evaluated in the future studies.
Funding source: Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Acknowledgment
We express our sincere gratitude for the support provided by the Vice Chancellor for Research, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Research funding: The funding provided by the Vice Chancellor for Research, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
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Competing interests: Authors state no conflict of interest.
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Informed consent: Not applicable.
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Ethical approval: The ethical approvement is not applicable as the local Institutional Review Board deemed the study exempt from review.
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- Letter to the Editor
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Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Mini Reviews
- Environmental and occupational exposure to metals (manganese, mercury, iron) and Parkinson’s disease in low and middle-income countries: a narrative review
- Novel study on microbial fuel cells via a comprehensive bibliometric and dynamic approach
- The aflatoxin B1 content of peanut-based foods in Iran: a systematic review
- Review Articles
- Hippocampal toxicity of metal base nanoparticles. Is there a relationship between nanoparticles and psychiatric disorders?
- Heat exposure and workers’ health: a systematic review
- Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants as a risk factor of offspring metabolic syndrome development during childhood
- Adverse effects of PM2.5 on cardiovascular diseases
- Effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields on flora and fauna, part 1. Rising ambient EMF levels in the environment
- The prevalence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in conventional and industrial dairy products (yogurt, cheese, kashk and dough) of Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- A systematic review on the metabolic effects of chlorpyrifos
- Letter to the Editor
- 5G wireless communication and health effects: a commentary