Startseite Electronic cigarettes in the indoor environment
Artikel
Lizenziert
Nicht lizenziert Erfordert eine Authentifizierung

Electronic cigarettes in the indoor environment

  • Cheryl L. Marcham ORCID logo EMAIL logo und John P. Springston
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 21. Mai 2019
Reviews on Environmental Health
Aus der Zeitschrift Reviews on Environmental Health Band 34 Heft 2

Abstract

The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes or “vaping”) has seen an unprecedented increase worldwide. Vaping has been promoted as a beneficial smoking cessation tool and an alternative nicotine delivery device that contains no combustion by-products. However, nicotine is highly addictive, and the increased use of nicotine-containing e-cigarettes among teens and individuals who are not in need of smoking cessation may lead to overall greater nicotine dependence in the population. Furthermore, available research indicates that vaping solutions and their emissions may contain much more than just nicotine, including aerosolized flavorings, propylene glycol (PG), and other intentional and unintentional contaminants. These materials could present undefined potential health hazards to both e-cigarette users and bystanders, the full extent of which is not well understood at this time. Whereas e-cigarette usage and exposures may lower some or most of the risks associated with conventional cigarette use, the health effects of nicotine and aerosol exposures from e-cigarettes are not well understood. Research indicates that vaping aerosols are not benign, especially for nearby people in areas with limited ventilation and people with compromised health conditions. In addition, e-juice liquids have already been responsible for an increase in accidental poisonings in children. Because the magnitude of health and safety hazards that vaping may present to nonusers remains unclear, it is prudent to manage and control vaping in indoor locations where smoking is currently restricted. Based on a review of current scientific information, the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) recommends that e-cigarettes should be considered a source of aerosols, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and particulates in the indoor environment that have not been thoroughly characterized or evaluated for health risk or safety.

Keywords: acetaldehyde; acrolein; e-cigarettes; formaldehyde; indoor environmental quality; nicotine

Acknowledgments

The following are team members who participated in either the original development of the 2014 AIHA White Paper on Electronic Cigarettes in the Indoor Environment or the 2019 update: Alan Rossner, PhD, CIH, CSP, FAIHA, Clarkson University, Pottsdam, NY, USA; Mitch Bergner, CIH, Connestoga-Rovers & Associates, St. Paul, MN, USA; J. David Krause, PhD, MSPH, CIH, Forensic Analytical, Tallahassee, FL, USA; Timothy Froehlig, CIH, Amtrak, Washington, DC, USA; Mary O’Reilly, PhD, CIH, CPE, FAIHA, School of Public Health, SUNY at Albany, Manilius, NY, USA; Ralph A. Froehlich, CIH, CSP, QEP, FAIHA, Helix Environmental Inc., Dayton, OJ, USA; Dora Gosen, CSP, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA; Pamela Williams, MS, ScD, CIH, E Risk Sciences, LLP, Lafayette, CO, USA; Veronica Stanley, Hygiene Health and Safety Consulting LLC, Brookville, MD, USA; Ellen Gunderson, CIH, CSP, University of Washington, Bainbridge Island, WA, USA; Patrick Breysse, PhD, CIH, Bloomberg School of Public Health/National Center for Environmental Health/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA, USA; Warren Friedman, PhD, CIH, FAIHA, HUD Office of Lead Hazard Control and Healthy Homes,Washington, DC, USA. Evan L. Floyd, PhD, CIH, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.

  1. Research funding: None declared.

  2. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  3. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  4. Ethical approval: Not applicable.

References

1. Smokeless non-tobacco cigarette. Available at www.google.com/patents/US3200819.Suche in Google Scholar

2. PR Newswire. CASAA: New study confirms that chemicals in electronic cigarettes pose minimal health risk. 2013. Available at www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/casaa-new-study-confirms-that-chemicals-in-electronic-cigarettes-pose-minimal-health-risk-218843731.html.Suche in Google Scholar

3. Burstyn I. Peering through the mist: what does the chemistry of contaminants in electronic cigarettes tell us about health risks? 2013. Available at http://publichealth.drexel.edu/SiteData/docs/ms08/f90349264250e603/ms08.pdf.Suche in Google Scholar

4. Gennimata S-A, Palamidas A, Kaltsakas G, Tsikrika S, Vakali S, Gratziou C, et al. Acute effect of e-cigarette on pulmonary function in healthy subjects and smokers. Eur Respir J 2012;40(Suppl 56).Suche in Google Scholar

5. Vardasvas CI, Anagnostopous N, Kougas M, Evangelopou V, Connolly GN, Behrakis PK. Short-term pulmonary effects of using an electronic cigarette: impact on respiratory flow resistance, impedance, and exhaled nitric oxide. Chest 2012;141(6):1400–6.10.1378/chest.11-2443Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

6. Chen I. FDA summary of adverse events on electronic cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2012;15(2):615–6.10.1093/ntr/nts145Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

7. Ganapathy V, Manyanga J, Brame L, McGuire D, Sadhasivam B, Floyd E, et al. Electronic cigarette aerosols suppress cellular antioxidant defenses and induce significant oxidative DNA damage. PLoS One 2017;12(5):e0177780.10.1371/journal.pone.0177780Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

8. Food and Drug Administration. FDA and public health experts warn about electronic cigarettes. 2009. Available at www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/ucm173222.htm.Suche in Google Scholar

9. World Health Organization. Questions and answers on electronic cigarettes or electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). 2013. Available at www.who.int/tobacco/communications/statements/eletronic_cigarettes/en/.Suche in Google Scholar

10. American Lung Association. American Lung Association statement on e-cigarettes. 2019. Available at www.lung.org/stop-smoking/tobacco-control-advocacy/federal/e-cigarettes.html.Suche in Google Scholar

11. American Association of Poison Control Centers. E-cigarette devices and liquid nicotine. (n.d.). Available at www.aapcc.org/alerts/e-cigarettes/.Suche in Google Scholar

12. Brown JE, Luo W, Isabelle LM, Pankow JF. Candy flavorings in tobacco (Letter to the Editor). New Engl J Med 2014;370(23):2250–2.10.1056/NEJMc1403015Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

13. Ziernike K. ‘I can’t stop’: schools struggle with vaping explosion. New York Times. April 2, 2018. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/health/vaping-ecigarettes-addiction-teen.html.Suche in Google Scholar

14. Willett JG, Bennett M, Hair EC, Xiao H, Greenberg MS, Harvey E, et al. Recognition, use and perceptions of JUUL among youth and young adults. Tob Control 2018. Available at https://doi.org/ 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054273.10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054273Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

15. Trehy ML, Ye W, Hadwiger ME, Moore TW, Allgire JF, Woodruff JT, et al. Analysis of electronic cigarette cartridges, refill solutions, and smoke for nicotine and nicotine related impurities. J Liq Chromatogr R T 2011;34(14):1442–58.10.1080/10826076.2011.572213Suche in Google Scholar

16. Foulds J, Veldheer S, Berg A. Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs): views of aficionados and clinical/public health perspectives. Int J Clin Pract 2011;65(10):1037–42.10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02751.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

17. Flouris AD, Chorti MS, Poulianiti KP, Jamurtas AZ, Kostikas K, Tzatzarakis MN, et al. Acute impact of active and passive electronic cigarette smoking on serum cotinine and lung function. Inhal Toxicol 2013;25(2):91–101.10.3109/08958378.2012.758197Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

18. Riker CA, Lee K, Darville A, Hahn EJ. E-cigarettes: promise or peril? Nurs Clin N Am 2012;47(1):159–71.10.1016/j.cnur.2011.10.002Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

19. Cahn Z, Siegel M. Electronic cigarettes as a harm reduction strategy for tobacco control: a step forward or a repeat of past mistakes? J Public Health Pol 2011;32(1):16–31.10.1057/jphp.2010.41Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

20. Schripp T, Markewitz D, Uhde E, Salthammer T. Does e-cigarette consumption cause passive vaping? Indoor Air 2013;23(1):25–31.10.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00792.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

21. McAuley TR, Hopke P, Zhao J, Babaian S. Comparison of the effects of e-cigarette vapor and cigarette smoke on indoor air quality. Inhal Toxicol 2012;24(12):850–7.10.3109/08958378.2012.724728Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

22. Williams M, Villarreal A, Bozhilov K, Lin S, Talbot P. Metal and silicate particles including nanoparticles are present in electronic cigarette cartomizer fluid and aerosol. PLoS One 2013;8(3):e57987.10.1371/journal.pone.0057987Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

23. Food and Drug Administration. Summary of results: laboratory analysis of electronic cigarettes conducted by FDA. 2009. Available at www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ucm173146.htm.Suche in Google Scholar

24. Czogala J, Goniewicz ML, Fidelus B, Zielinska-Danch W, Travers MJ, Sobczak A. Secondhand exposure to vapors from electronic cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2014;16(6):655–62.10.1093/ntr/ntt203Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

25. Villa AF, Sauvic P, Gazin V, Garnier R. Electronic cigarettes: risk assessment. Clin Toxicol 2012;50(4):309–10.Suche in Google Scholar

26. Trtchounian A, Talbot P. Electronic nicotine delivery systems: is there a need for regulation? Tob Control 2011;20(1):47–52.10.1136/tc.2010.037259Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

27. Goniewicz ML, Kuma T, Gawron M, Knysak J, Kosmider L. Nicotine levels in electronic cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2013;15(1):158–66.10.1093/ntr/nts103Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

28. Etter JF, Zather E, Svensson S. Analysis of refill liquids for electronic cigarettes. Addiction 2013;108(9):1671–9.10.1111/add.12235Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

29. Haass M, Kubler W. Nicotine and sympathetic neurotransmission. Cardiovasc Drug Ther 1997;10(6):657–65.10.1007/BF00053022Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Nicotine: Systemic Agent. 2013. Available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/EmergencyResponseCard_29750028.html.Suche in Google Scholar

31. Davis R, Rizwani W, Banerjee S, Kovacs M, Haura E, Coppola D, et al. Nicotine promotes tumor growth and metastasis in mouse models of lung cancer. PLoS One 2009;4(10):e7524.10.1371/journal.pone.0007524Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

32. Heeschen C, Jang JJ, Weis M, Pathak A, Kaji S, Hu RS, et al. Nicotine stimulates angiogenesis and promotes tumor growth and atherosclerosis. Nat Med 2001;7(7):833–9.10.1038/89961Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

33. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Occupational health guideline for nicotine. 1978. Available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/81-123/pdfs/0446.pdf.Suche in Google Scholar

34. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Tobacco addiction (nicotine). (n.d.). Available at www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/tobacco-addiction-nicotine.Suche in Google Scholar

35. DiFranza JR, Savageau JA, Fletcher K, O’Loughlin J, Pbert L, Ockene JK, et al. Symptoms of tobacco dependence after brief intermittent use: the development and assessment of nicotine dependence in youth-2 study. Arch Pediat Adol Med 2007;161(7):704–10.10.1001/archpedi.161.7.704Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

36. Wickstrom R. Effects of nicotine during pregnancy: human and experimental evidence. Curr Neuropharmacol 2007;5(3):213–22.10.2174/157015907781695955Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

37. Environmental Protection Agency. Final report: Developmental neurotoxicity in offspring induced by combined maternal exposure of rats to nicotine and chlorpyrifos. (n.d.). Available at http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.abstractDetail/abstract/1756/report/F.Suche in Google Scholar

38. Slotkin TA. Fetal nicotine or cocaine exposure: which one is worse? J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998;285(3):931–45.Suche in Google Scholar

39. Schober W, Szendrei K, Matzen W, Osiander-Fuchs H, Heitmann D, Schettgen T, et al. Use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) impairs indoor air quality and increases FeNO levels of e-cigarette consumers. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2014;217(6):628–37.10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.11.003Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

40. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Nicotine. (n.d.). Available at www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_256500.html.Suche in Google Scholar

41. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers: ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1–2016 – Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE, 2016.Suche in Google Scholar

42. Wagener TL, Siegel M, Borrelli B. Electronic cigarettes: achieving a balanced perspective. Addiction 2012;107(9):1545–8.10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03826.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

43. Custom e-liquid blends and mixture ingredients for custom blending. (n.d.). Available at www.myfreedomsmokes.com/.Suche in Google Scholar

44. E-juice recipe calculator. (n.d.). Available at www.todmuller.com/ejuice/ejuice.php.Suche in Google Scholar

45. Pellegrino RM, Tinghino B, Mangiaracina G, Marani A, Vitali M, Protano C, et al. Electronic cigarettes: an evaluation of exposure to chemicals and fine particulate matter (PM). Ann Ig 2012;24(4):279–88.Suche in Google Scholar

46. American Chemistry Council. Propylene glycol information update. Available at www.lyondellbasell.com/techlit/techlit/2280.pdf.Suche in Google Scholar

47. Varughese S, Teschke K, Brauer M, Chow Y, van Netten C, Kennedy SM. Effects of theatrical smokes and fogs on respiratory health in the entertainment industry. Am J Ind Med 2005;47(5):411–8.10.1002/ajim.20151Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

48. What is propylene glycol? (n.d.). Available at www.discountvapers.com/what-is-propylene-glycol/.Suche in Google Scholar

49. McCauley L, Markin C, Hosmer D. An unexpected consequence of electronic cigarette use. Chest 2012;141(4):1110–3.10.1378/chest.11-1334Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

50. Goniewicz ML, Knysak J, Gawron M, Kosmider L, Sobczak A, Kurek J, et al. Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes. Tob Control 2013:tobaccocontrol-2012-050859.10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050859Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

51. Geiss O, Bianchi I, Barahona F, Barrero-Moreno J. Characterisation of mainstream and passive vapours emitted by selected electronic cigarettes. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2015;218(1):169–80.10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.10.001Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

52. Uchiyama S, Ohta K, Inaba Y, Kunugita N. Determination of carbonyl compounds generated from the E-cigarette using coupled silica cartridges impregnated with hydroquinone and 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Ana Sci 2013;29(12):1219–22.10.2116/analsci.29.1219Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

53. Aryal S. Real world evaluation of second generation electronic cigarette batteries. Oklahoma City, OK: University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; 2015.Suche in Google Scholar

54. Kosmider L, Sobczak A, Fik M, Knysak J, Zaciera M, Kurek J, et al. Carbonyl compounds in electronic cigarette vapors: effects of nicotine solvent and battery output voltage. Nicotine Tob Res 2014;16(10):1319–26.10.1093/ntr/ntu078Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

55. Jensen RP, Luo W, Pankow JF, Strongin RM, Peyton DH. Hidden formaldehyde in E-cigarette aerosols. N Engl J Med 2015;372(4):392–4.10.1056/NEJMc1413069Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

56. Cavender FL, Sowincki EJ. Glycols. In: Clayton GD, Sowicki EJ, editors. Patty’s industrial hygiene and toxicology. New York: John Wiley; 1982. p. 4657–62.Suche in Google Scholar

57. Zhu S-H, Sun JY, Bonnevie E, Cummins SE, Gamst A, Yin L, et al. Four hundred and sixty brands of e-cigarettes and counting: implications for product regulation. Tob Control 2014;23(suppl 3):iii3–9.10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051670Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

58. Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association. Safety assessment and regulatory authority to use flavors: focus on e-cigarettes. (n.d.). Available at www.femaflavor.org/safety-assessment-and-regulatory-authority-use-flavors-focus-e-cigarettes.Suche in Google Scholar

59. Behar RZ, Luo W, Lin SC, Wang Y, Valle J, Pankow JF, et al. Distribution, quantification and toxicity of cinnamaldehyde in electronic cigarette refill fluids and aerosols. Tob Control 2016;25(Suppl 2):ii94–102.10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053224Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

60. Fetterman JL, Weisbrod RM, Feng B, Bastin R, Tuttle ST, Holbrook M, et al. Flavorings in tobacco products induce endothelial cell dysfunction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018;38(7):1607–15.10.1161/ATVBAHA.118.311156Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

61. Moline JM, Golden AL, Highland JH, Wilmarth KR, Kao AS. Health effects evaluation of theatrical smoke, haze and pyrotechnics. 2000. Available at www.actorsequity.org/docs/safesan/finalreport.pdf.Suche in Google Scholar

62. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Flavorings-related lung disease. 2011. Available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/flavorings/.Suche in Google Scholar

63. Farsalinos KE, Kistler KA, Gillman G, Voudris V. Evaluation of electronic cigarette liquids and aerosol for the presence of selected inhalation toxins. Nicotine Tob Res 2015;17(2):168–74.10.1093/ntr/ntu176Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

64. Hubbs AF, Cumpston AM, Goldsmith WT, Battelli LA, Kashon ML, Jackson MC, et al. Respiratory and olfactory cytotoxicity of inhaled 2,3-pentanedione in Sprague-Dawley rats. Am J Pathol 2012;181(3):829–44.10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.05.021Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

65. Allen JG, Flanigan SS, LeBlanc M, Vallarino J, MacNaughton P, Stewart JH, et al. Flavoring chemicals in e-cigarettes: diacetyl, 2,3-pentanedione, and acetoin in a sample of 51 products, including fruit-, candy-, and cocktail-flavored e-cigarettes. Environ Health Perspect 2016;124(6):733–9.10.1289/ehp.1510185Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

66. Olmedo P, Goessler W, Tanda S, Grau-Perez M, Jarmul S, Aherrera A, et al. Metal concentrations in e-cigarette liquid and aerosol samples: the contribution of metallic coils. Environ Health Perspect 2018;126(2):027010.10.1289/EHP2175Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

67. Williams M, Bozhilov K, Ghai S, Talbot P. Elements including metals in the atomizer and aerosol of disposable electronic cigarettes and electronic hookahs. PLoS One 2017;12(4):e0175430.10.1371/journal.pone.0175430Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

68. Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry. Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. 2012. Available at www.atsdr.cdc.gov/substances/toxorganlisting.asp?sysid=24.Suche in Google Scholar

69. Wichmann HE, Spix C, Tuch T, Wolke G, Peters A, Heinrich J, et al. Daily mortality and fine and ultrafine particles in Erfurt, Germany part I: role of particle number and particle mass. Res Rep Health Eff Inst 2000(98):5–86; discussion 7–94.Suche in Google Scholar

70. Ingebrethsen BJ, Cole SK, Alderman SL. Electronic cigarette aerosol particle size distribution measurements. Inhal Toxicol 2012;24(14):976–84.10.3109/08958378.2012.744781Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

71. Zhang Y, Sumner W, Chen DR. In vitro particle size distributions in electronic and conventional cigarette aerosols suggest comparable deposition patterns. Nicotine Tob Res 2013;15(2):501–8.10.1093/ntr/nts165Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

72. Marini S, Buonanno G, Stabile L, Ficco G. Short-term effects of electronic and tobacco cigarettes on exhaled nitric oxide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014;278(1):9–15.10.1016/j.taap.2014.04.004Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

73. Floyd EL, Queimado L, Wang J, Regens JL, Johnson DL. Electronic cigarette power affects count concentration and particle size distribution of vaping aerosol. PLoS One 2018;13(12):e0210147.10.1371/journal.pone.0210147Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

74. Mikheev VB, Brinkman MC, Granville CA, Gordon SM, Clark PI. Real-time measurement of electronic cigarette aerosol size distribution and metals content analysis. Nicotine Tob Res 2016;18(9):1895–902.10.1093/ntr/ntw128Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

75. Schulz H, Harder V, Ibald-Mulli A, Khandoga A, Koenig W, Krombach F, et al. Cardiovascular effects of fine and ultrafine particles. J Aerosol Med 2005;18(1):1–22.10.1089/jam.2005.18.1Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

76. Sleiman M, Gundel LA, Pankow JF, Jacob P, Singer BC, Destaillats H. Formation of carcinogens indoors by surface-mediated reactions of nicotine with nitrous acid, leading to potential thirdhand smoke hazards. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2010;107(15):6576–81.10.1073/pnas.0912820107Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

77. Ashley DL, O’Connor RJ, Bernert JT, Watson CH, Polzin GM, Jain RB, et al. Effect of differing levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in cigarette smoke on the levels of biomarkers in smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19(6):1389–98.10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0084Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

78. Johnson Creek. Allergies health & ingredients. (n.d.). Available at www.johnsoncreeksmokejuice.co+m/learn/general-faqshtml.Suche in Google Scholar

79. Blundell MS, Dargan PI, Wood DM. The dark cloud of recreational drugs and vaping. QJM 2018;111(3):145–8.10.1093/qjmed/hcx049Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

80. 10TV. Police warn of new way to use drugs in plain sight. 2013 Oct 1. Available at www.10tv.com/content/stories/2013/10/01/Columbus_Electronic_Cigarettes.html.Suche in Google Scholar

81. Gray E. Smokers are using e-cigarettes to get high. Time. 2013 Oct 1. Available at http://nation.time.com/2013/10/11/smokers-are-using-e-cigarettes-to-get-high/.Suche in Google Scholar

82. Hua M, Alfi M, Talbot P. Health-related effects reported by electronic cigarette users in online forums. J Med Internet Res 2013;15(4):e59.10.2196/jmir.2324Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

83. Vansickel AR, Cobb CO, Weaver MF, Eissenberg TE. A clinical laboratory model for evaluating the acute effects of electronic “cigarettes”: nicotine delivery profile and cardiovascular and subjective effects. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19(8):1945–53.10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0288Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

84. Bahl V, Lin S, Xu N, Davis B, Wang YH, Talbot P. Comparison of electronic cigarette refill fluid cytotoxicity using embryonic and adult models. Reprod Toxicol 2012;34(4):529–37.10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.08.001Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

85. Cressey D. E-cigarettes affect cells: questions raised over health effects of devices. Nature 2014;508(7495):159.10.1038/508159aSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

86. Flouris AD, Poulianiti KP, Chorti MS, Jamurtas AZ, Kouretas D, Owolabi EO, et al. Acute effects of electronic and tobacco cigarette smoking on complete blood count. Food Chem Toxicol 2012;50(10):3600–3.10.1016/j.fct.2012.07.025Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

87. Farsalinos KE, Tsiapras D, Kyrzopoulos S, Savvopoulou M, Voudris V. Acute effects of using an electronic nicotine-delivery device (electronic cigarette) on myocardial function: comparison with the effects of regular cigarettes. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2014;14:78.10.1186/1471-2261-14-78Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

88. Lin V, Raju VS, Tang L, Li Y, Wilson L, Berryhill T, et al. New mechanisms and therapies in COPD: role of acrolein in cigarette smoke-induced mucociliary clearance defects. Am J Resp Crit Care 2017;195(1):A6265.Suche in Google Scholar

89. Munkholm M, Mortensen J. Mucociliary clearance: pathophysiological aspects. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2014;34(3):171–7.10.1111/cpf.12085Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

90. Flo-Neyret C, Lorenzi-Filho G, Macchione M, Garcia ML, Saldiva PH. Effects of formaldehyde on the frog’s mucociliary epithelium as a surrogate to evaluate air pollution effects on the respiratory epithelium. Braz J Med Biol Res 2001;34(5):639–43.10.1590/S0100-879X2001000500012Suche in Google Scholar

91. Sisson JH, Tuma DJ, Rennard SI. Acetaldehyde-mediated cilia dysfunction in bovine bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Physiol 1991;260(2 Pt 1):L29–36.10.1152/ajplung.1991.260.2.L29Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

92. Laube BL, Afshar-Mohajer N, Koehler K, Chen G, Lazarus P, Collaco JM, et al. Acute and chronic in vivo effects of exposure to nicotine and propylene glycol from an E-cigarette on mucociliary clearance in a murine model. Inhal Toxicol 2017;29(5):197–205.10.1080/08958378.2017.1336585Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

93. Moses E, Wang T, Corbett S, Jackson GR, Drizik E, Perdomo C, et al. Molecular impact of electronic cigarette aerosol exposure in human bronchial epithelium. Toxicol Sci 2017;155(1):248–57.10.1093/toxsci/kfw198Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

94. Sussan TE, Gajghate S, Thimmulappa RK, Ma J, Kim JH, Sudini K, et al. Exposure to electronic cigarettes impairs pulmonary anti-bacterial and anti-viral defenses in a mouse model. PLoS One 2015;10(2):e0116861.10.1371/journal.pone.0116861Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

95. St Helen G, Havel C, Dempsey DA, Jacob P, Benowitz NL. Nicotine delivery, retention and pharmacokinetics from various electronic cigarettes. Addiction 2016;111(3):535–44.10.1111/add.13183Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

96. Goniewicz ML, Lee L. Electronic cigarettes are a source of thirdhand exposure to nicotine. Nicotine Tob Res 2015;17(2):256–8.10.1093/ntr/ntu152Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

97. Bush D, Goniewicz ML. A pilot study on nicotine residues in houses of electronic cigarette users, tobacco smokers, and non-users of nicotine-containing products. Int J Drug Policy 2015;26(6):609–11.10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.03.003Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

98. Marcham C, Floyd E. Exposure implications of electronic cigarette surface contamination. Paper presented at: American Industrial Hygiene Conference and Exposition; 2018 May 21; Philadelphia, PA.Suche in Google Scholar

99. Floyd E. When cloud chasing spills over: A different kind of ‘vapor intrusion’. Paper presented at: American Industrial Hygiene Conference and Exposition; 2017 Jun 6; Seattle, WA.Suche in Google Scholar

100. Benowitz NL. Smokeless tobacco as a nicotine delivery device: harm or harm reduction? Clin Pharmacol Ther 2011;90(4):491–3.10.1038/clpt.2011.191Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

101. Wagner DD, Dal Cin S, Sargent JD, Kelley WM, Heatherton TF. Spontaneous action representation in smokers when watching movie characters smoke. J Neurosci 2011;31(3):894–8.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5174-10.2011Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

102. West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service. Advice to e-cigarette users this Christmas. Available at www.westyorksfire.gov.uk/news/advice-to-e-cigarette-users-this-christmas.Suche in Google Scholar

103. Electronic Cigarette Consumer Reviews. Do e-cigarettes set off smoke alarms or smoke detectors? Available at www.electroniccigaretteconsumerreviews.com/do-e-cigarettes-set-off-smoke-alarms-or-smoke-detectors/.Suche in Google Scholar

104. Can e-cigarettes set off smoke detectors? The definitive answer. Available at https://www.ecigarettedirect.co.uk/ashtray-blog/2015/05/electronic-cigarettes-smoke-detector-warning.html.Suche in Google Scholar

105. Robinson D, Bond S. WHO plans to regulate e-cigarettes in same way as normal tobacco. Financial Times. 2014 Apr 13. Available at www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/d822d056-c1c3-11e3-83af-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2zctUtLoI.Suche in Google Scholar

106. World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Electronic nicotine delivery systems and electronic non-nicotine delivery systems (ENDS/ENNDS). 2016. Available at http://www.who.int/fctc/cop/cop7/FCTC_COP_7_11_EN.pdf.Suche in Google Scholar

107. Freiberg M. Options for state and local governments to regulate non-cigarette tobacco products. Ann Health Law 2012;21:407–45.Suche in Google Scholar

108. Food and Drug Administration. Extending authorities to all tobacco products, including e-cigarettes, cigars, and hookah. 2016. Available at http://www.fda.gov/TobaccoProducts/Labeling/ucm388395.htm.Suche in Google Scholar

109. British Medical Association. E-cigarettes: balancing risks and opportunities. 2017. Available at https://www.bma.org.uk/-/media/files/pdfs/collective%20voice/policy%20research/public%20and%20population%20health/e-cigarettes-position-paper-v3.pdf?la=en.Suche in Google Scholar

110. Hirschler B. Britain to regulate e-cigarettes as medicine from 2016. Reuters. 2013 Jun 12. Available at www.reuters.com/assets/print?aid=USBRE95B0HL20130612.Suche in Google Scholar

111. DeSoto County bans use of e-cigarettes. The Dispatch. 2014 Mar 21. Available at www.cdispatch.com/news/article.asp?aid=32019.Suche in Google Scholar

112. O’Connor L. San Francisco is the latest city to restrict e-cigarettes under anti-smoking laws. Huffington Post. 2014 Mar 21. Available at www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/19/e-cigarettes-ban-san-francisco_n_4995546.html.Suche in Google Scholar

113. Ross J. Duluth says no to e-cigarettes; State says it will consider options. Star Tribune. 2013 Sep 11. Available at www.startribune.com/local/223235121.html.Suche in Google Scholar

114. Fallin M. Executive Order 2013–43. Available at www.sos.ok.gov/documents/Executive/923.pdf.Suche in Google Scholar

115. National Conference of State Legislatures. Alternate nicotine products: e-cigarettes. 2017 Mar 3. Available at www.ncsl.org/research/health/alternative-nicotine-products-e-cigarettes.aspx.Suche in Google Scholar

116. Drill S. FDA discusses banning online sales of e-cigarettes. Wall Street Journal. 2013 Aug 23. Available at http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323980604579028872575240180.html.Suche in Google Scholar

117. Smoking ban: air carriers. Code of Federal Regulations Title 14, Part 252.4.2016. Available at https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/E-Cigarette_Final_Rule_0.pdf.Suche in Google Scholar

118. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. DOT issues new flight safety rules for e-cigarettes. 2015. Available at http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/hazmat/dot-issues-new-flight-safety-rule-for-e-cigarettes.Suche in Google Scholar

119. Miles H. Smoking your e-cigarette on an airplane. Available at https://cloudnineecigreviews.com/electronic-cigarettes/smoking-your-electronic-cigarette-on-an-airplane/.Suche in Google Scholar

120. Electronic Cigarette Review. Electronic cigarette smoking on planes. Available at www.electroniccigarettereview.com/smoking-on-planes/.Suche in Google Scholar

121. Amtrak. Smoking policy. Available at www.amtrak.com/smoking-policy.Suche in Google Scholar

122. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Sorry, no smoking (including e-cigs). Train Talk. 2013 Jul. Available at http://web.mta.info/lirr/TrainTalk/2013/07-2013.htm.Suche in Google Scholar

123. Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Executive Management and Audit Committee. Customer Code of Conduct Amendments — Transit Court. Amended LACMTA Administrative Code Sec. 6–05–110 to add a prohibition against “vaping.” 2014 Mar 20. Available at http://media.metro.net/board/Items/2014/03_march/20140327rbmitem36.pdf.Suche in Google Scholar

124. Sneider J. Transit-rail agencies adapt smoking policies to cover e-cigarettes. Progressive Railroading. 2014. Available at www.progressiverailroading.com/passenger_rail/article/Transitrail-agencies-adapt-smoking-policies-to-cover-ecigarettes--40172.Suche in Google Scholar

125. Megabus. Terms & conditions. 2017. Available at http://us.megabus.com/terms.aspx.Suche in Google Scholar

126. Boltbus. Terms and conditions. Available at https://www.boltbus.com/Terms.aspx.Suche in Google Scholar

127. Greyhound. Your rights and rules on board. Available at https://www.greyhound.com/en/help-and-info/travel-info/your-rights-rules-on-board.Suche in Google Scholar

128. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Current intelligence bulletin 67: promoting health and preventing disease and injury through workplace tobacco policies (NIOSH Publication No. 2015‒113). 2015. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2015-113/pdfs/fy15_cib-67_2015-113_v3.pdf.Suche in Google Scholar

129. American National Standards Institute/American Society for Heating Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers. ANSI/ASHRAE Addenda a, c, j, k, q, r, and s to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1‒2013: Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality. 2013. Available at https://www.ashrae.org/File%20Library/Technical%20Resources/Standards%20and%20Guidelines/Standards%20Addenda/62_1_2013_2015Supplement_20150203.pdf.Suche in Google Scholar

130. Boelter F, Jayjock M, Hearl F, Laszcz-Davis C, Logan P, McLaughlin C, et al. Human health risk assessment. In: Rose V, editor. Patty’s industrial hygiene and toxicology, 6th ed. New York: John Wiley, 2010:695–826.Suche in Google Scholar

131. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Electronic cigarettes. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/index.htm.Suche in Google Scholar

132. Leventhal AM, Strong DR, Kirkpatrick MG, Unger JB, Sussman S, Riggs NR, et al. Association of electronic cigarette use with initiation of combustible tobacco product smoking in early adolescence. J Am Med Assoc 2015;314(7):700–7.10.1001/jama.2015.8950Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

133. Conner M, Grogan S, Simms-Ellis R, Flett K, Sykes-Muskett B, Cowap L, et al. Do electronic cigarettes increase cigarette smoking in UK adolescents? Evidence from a 12-month prospective study. Tob Control 2017. Available at https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053539.10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053539Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

134. Environmental Protection Agency. Hazardous waste status of e-cigarettes under RCRA. 2015 May 8. Available at https://rcrapublic.epa.gov/files/14850.pdf.Suche in Google Scholar

Article note

The copyright owner, the American Industrial Hygiene Association, granted permission to re-print this White Paper in Reviews on Environmental Health.

Received: 2019-02-21
Accepted: 2019-03-05
Published Online: 2019-05-21
Published in Print: 2019-06-26

©2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review Articles
  3. Electronic cigarettes in the indoor environment
  4. Impact of ambient air pollution and wheeze-associated disorders in children in Southeast Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  5. An overview of radioactivity measurement studies in Pakistan
  6. Obstructive sleep apnea: personal, societal, public health, and legal implications
  7. Environmental and health impacts of industrial wastewater effluents in Pakistan: a review
  8. Mini Reviews
  9. Early life exposure to lead (Pb) and changes in DNA methylation: relevance to Alzheimer’s disease
  10. Pyrethroid pesticide exposure and hematological cancer: epidemiological, biological and molecular evidence
  11. Original Article
  12. Ambient air pollution exposure and lung function assessment of filling station attendants in Ibadan, Nigeria
  13. Short Communication
  14. Web medical information produces anxiety in parents of infants with suspected galactosemia
  15. Letter to the Editor
  16. Health/nutritional status of immigrant Pakistani laborers working in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2019-0012
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
acetaldehyde; acrolein; e-cigarettes; formaldehyde; indoor environmental quality; nicotine

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review Articles
  3. Electronic cigarettes in the indoor environment
  4. Impact of ambient air pollution and wheeze-associated disorders in children in Southeast Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  5. An overview of radioactivity measurement studies in Pakistan
  6. Obstructive sleep apnea: personal, societal, public health, and legal implications
  7. Environmental and health impacts of industrial wastewater effluents in Pakistan: a review
  8. Mini Reviews
  9. Early life exposure to lead (Pb) and changes in DNA methylation: relevance to Alzheimer’s disease
  10. Pyrethroid pesticide exposure and hematological cancer: epidemiological, biological and molecular evidence
  11. Original Article
  12. Ambient air pollution exposure and lung function assessment of filling station attendants in Ibadan, Nigeria
  13. Short Communication
  14. Web medical information produces anxiety in parents of infants with suspected galactosemia
  15. Letter to the Editor
  16. Health/nutritional status of immigrant Pakistani laborers working in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Jetzt anmelden und 20% sparen
Institutioneller Zugang
Wie funktioniert Authentifizierung?
Haben Sie eine Idee, wie wir unsere Website verbessern können?
Bitte schreiben Sie uns.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Heruntergeladen am 10.11.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/reveh-2019-0012/html?lang=de
Button zum nach oben scrollen