Hydrogen production from glycerol reforming: conventional and green production
-
Tumelo Seadira
Tumelo Seadira is a PhD student at the Department of Civil and Chemical Engineering, University of South Africa. He received his MTech degree from Vaal University of Technology in 2015. He is a member of South African Institute of Chemical Engineers. His research interests include catalysis, catalytic reforming of biomass into H2, and wastewater treatment via advanced oxidation process (AOP).
Gullapelli Sadanandam received his PhD in chemistry from the Kakatiya University/Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT; Telangana, India) and is currently a postdoctoral fellow at the University of South Africa. He has extensive experience in heterogeneous catalysis, photocatalysis, and materials science, with interests in the synthesis, characterization, and application of heterogeneous catalysts for various applications such as H2 from the photocatalytic conversion of biomass, methane steam reforming, CO oxidation, and photocatalytic degradation of pollutants.
Thabang Abraham Ntho is a senior research scientist at the Advanced Materials Division (AMD) at Mintek, which is an autonomous research and development organization specializing in all aspects of mineral processing, extractive metallurgy, and related technology. He obtained his PhD in chemistry in 2007 from the University of the Witwatersrand. He is a member of the South African Chemical Institute. His research interests include the design, synthesis, and characterization of stable novel gold-based heterogeneous catalysts, suitable high-temperature applications, hydrogenation of CO2 to useful intermediates such as DME, NO
x reduction for autoemission applications, solid-state H2 storage, unraveling of reaction mechanisms via DFT methods, and physical chemistry of the solid state.Xiaojun Lu is a senior researcher at the Process and Material Synthesis Engineering Unit, University of South Africa. He obtained his PhD from the University of the Witwatersrand and Master’s from East China University of Science and Technology. His research and professional interests include catalysis, reaction engineering, reactor development, and industrialization of coal, natural gas, biomass, and waste-to-liquid fuels. He specializes in synthetic fuel production, including catalysis and processes.
Cornelius M. Masuku is an Associate Professor at the Department of Civil and Chemical Engineering, University of South Africa. He obtained his PhD from the University of the Witwatersrand (Johannesburg, South Africa). His research and professional interests include catalysis and reaction engineering, process systems design, and commercialization of fuel technologies, including synthetic fuels and processes for the catalytic production and upgrading of fuels; direct conversion of natural gas and C1 chemistry, including methanol and dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis, conversion routes to hydrocarbons via methanol and DME, catalytic processing in the petroleum, chemical and energy fields, and catalytic processing of biomass.
Mike Scurrell is a Research Professor at the Department of Civil and Chemical Engineering, University of South Africa and an Emeritus Professor at the University of the Witwatersrand. He obtained his PhD and DSc from the University of Nottingham. He is a fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (UK) and Chartered Chemist and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of South Africa in 2006. His research and professional interests include catalysis and surface chemistry, engineering aspects of catalytic technologies, synthetic fuels and processes for the catalytic production and upgrading of fuels, direct conversion of natural gas and C1 chemistry, including methanol and DME synthesis, conversion routes to hydrocarbons via methanol and DME, catalytic processing in the petroleum, chemical, and energy fields, catalytic processing of biomass, physical chemistry of the solid state and solid-state transformation processes, including minerals processing, application of spectroscopic methods to the characterization of the bulk and surface and catalytic properties of solids, novel technologies for the fabrication of microstructures, and the processing of solids.
Abstract
The use of biomass to produce transportation and related fuels is of increasing interest. In the traditional approach of converting oils and fats to fuels, transesterification processes yield a very large coproduction of glycerol. Initially, this coproduct was largely ignored and then considered as a useful feedstock for conversion to various chemicals. However, because of the intrinsic large production, any chemical feedstock role would consume only a fraction of the glycerol produced, so other options had to be considered. The reforming of glycerol was examined for syngas production, but more recently the use of photocatalytic decomposition to hydrogen (H2) is of major concern and several approaches have been proposed. The subject of this review is this greener photocatalytic route, especially involving the use of solar energy and visible light. Several different catalyst designs are considered, together with a very wide range of secured rates of H2 production spanning several orders of magnitude, depending on the catalytic system and the process conditions employed. H2 production is especially high when used in glycerol-water mixtures.
About the authors
Tumelo Seadira is a PhD student at the Department of Civil and Chemical Engineering, University of South Africa. He received his MTech degree from Vaal University of Technology in 2015. He is a member of South African Institute of Chemical Engineers. His research interests include catalysis, catalytic reforming of biomass into H2, and wastewater treatment via advanced oxidation process (AOP).
Gullapelli Sadanandam received his PhD in chemistry from the Kakatiya University/Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT; Telangana, India) and is currently a postdoctoral fellow at the University of South Africa. He has extensive experience in heterogeneous catalysis, photocatalysis, and materials science, with interests in the synthesis, characterization, and application of heterogeneous catalysts for various applications such as H2 from the photocatalytic conversion of biomass, methane steam reforming, CO oxidation, and photocatalytic degradation of pollutants.
Thabang Abraham Ntho is a senior research scientist at the Advanced Materials Division (AMD) at Mintek, which is an autonomous research and development organization specializing in all aspects of mineral processing, extractive metallurgy, and related technology. He obtained his PhD in chemistry in 2007 from the University of the Witwatersrand. He is a member of the South African Chemical Institute. His research interests include the design, synthesis, and characterization of stable novel gold-based heterogeneous catalysts, suitable high-temperature applications, hydrogenation of CO2 to useful intermediates such as DME, NOx reduction for autoemission applications, solid-state H2 storage, unraveling of reaction mechanisms via DFT methods, and physical chemistry of the solid state.
Xiaojun Lu is a senior researcher at the Process and Material Synthesis Engineering Unit, University of South Africa. He obtained his PhD from the University of the Witwatersrand and Master’s from East China University of Science and Technology. His research and professional interests include catalysis, reaction engineering, reactor development, and industrialization of coal, natural gas, biomass, and waste-to-liquid fuels. He specializes in synthetic fuel production, including catalysis and processes.
Cornelius M. Masuku is an Associate Professor at the Department of Civil and Chemical Engineering, University of South Africa. He obtained his PhD from the University of the Witwatersrand (Johannesburg, South Africa). His research and professional interests include catalysis and reaction engineering, process systems design, and commercialization of fuel technologies, including synthetic fuels and processes for the catalytic production and upgrading of fuels; direct conversion of natural gas and C1 chemistry, including methanol and dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis, conversion routes to hydrocarbons via methanol and DME, catalytic processing in the petroleum, chemical and energy fields, and catalytic processing of biomass.
Mike Scurrell is a Research Professor at the Department of Civil and Chemical Engineering, University of South Africa and an Emeritus Professor at the University of the Witwatersrand. He obtained his PhD and DSc from the University of Nottingham. He is a fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (UK) and Chartered Chemist and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of South Africa in 2006. His research and professional interests include catalysis and surface chemistry, engineering aspects of catalytic technologies, synthetic fuels and processes for the catalytic production and upgrading of fuels, direct conversion of natural gas and C1 chemistry, including methanol and DME synthesis, conversion routes to hydrocarbons via methanol and DME, catalytic processing in the petroleum, chemical, and energy fields, catalytic processing of biomass, physical chemistry of the solid state and solid-state transformation processes, including minerals processing, application of spectroscopic methods to the characterization of the bulk and surface and catalytic properties of solids, novel technologies for the fabrication of microstructures, and the processing of solids.
References
Abd-Alla MH, Morsy FM, Enany AWE. Hydrogen production from rotten dates by sequential three stages fermentation. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2011; 36: 13518–13527.10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.07.098Suche in Google Scholar
Adhikari S, Fernando SD, Haryanto A. Kinetics and reactor modelling of hydrogen production from glycerol via steam reforming process over Ni/CeO2 catalysts. Chem Eng Technol 2009; 32: 541–547.10.1002/ceat.200800462Suche in Google Scholar
Authayanun S, Arpornwichanop A, Paengjuntuek W, Assabumrungrat S. Thermodynamic study of hydrogen production from crude glycerol autothermal reforming for fuel cell applications. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2010; 35: 6617–6623.10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.04.050Suche in Google Scholar
Baber AE, Yang X, Kim HY, Mudiyanselage K, Soldemo M, Weissenrieder J, Senanayake SD, Al-Mahboob A, Sadowski JT, Evans J, Rodriguez JA, Liu P, Hoffmann FM, Chen JG, Stacchiola DJ. Stabilization of catalytically active Cu+ surface sites on titanium-copper-mixed-oxide films. Angew Chem Int Ed 2014; 53: 5336–5340.10.1002/anie.201402435Suche in Google Scholar
Babu SG, Vinoth R, Kumar DP, Shankar MV, Chou HL, Vinodgopal K, Neppolian B. Influence of electron storing, transferring and shuttling assets of reduced graphene oxide at the interfacial copper doped TiO2 p-n heterojunction for increased hydrogen production. Nanoscale 2015; 7: 7849–7857.10.1039/C5NR00504CSuche in Google Scholar
Bahruji H, Bowker M, Davies PR, Al-Mazroai LS, Dickinson A, Greaves J, James D, Millard L, Pedrono F. Sustainable H2 gas production by photocatalysis. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2010; 216: 115–118.10.1016/j.jphotochem.2010.06.022Suche in Google Scholar
Bamwenda GR, Tsubota S, Nakamura T, Haruta M. Photoassisted hydrogen production from a water-ethanol solution: a comparison of activities of Au/TiO2 and Pt/TiO2. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1995; 89: 177–189.10.1016/1010-6030(95)04039-ISuche in Google Scholar
Bao ZQ, Xie H, Zhu Q, Qian J, Ruan P, Zhou X. Microsphere assembly of TiO2 with tube-in-tube nanostructures: anisotropic etching and photovoltaic enhancement. Crystal Eng Commun 2013; 15: 8972–8978.10.1039/c3ce41259hSuche in Google Scholar
Barbier E. Geothermal energy technology and current status: an overview. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2002; 6: 3–65.10.1016/S1364-0321(02)00002-3Suche in Google Scholar
Bowker M. Photocatalytic hydrogen production and oxygenates photoreforming. Catal Lett 2012; 142: 923–929.10.1007/s10562-012-0875-4Suche in Google Scholar
Chen QF, Ma WH, Chen CC, Ji HW, Zhao JC. Anatase TiO2 mesocrystals enclosed by {001} and {101} facets: synergistic effects between Ti3+ and facets for their photocatalytic performance. Chemistry 2012; 18: 12584–12589.10.1002/chem.201201178Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Cihlar J, Kasparek V, Kralova M, Castkova K. Biphasic anatase-brookite nanoparticles prepared by sol-gel complex synthesis and their photocatalytic activity in hydrogen production. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2015; 40: 2950–2962.10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.01.008Suche in Google Scholar
Colon G, Hildago MC, Munuera G, Ferino I, Cutrufello MG, Navio JA. Structural and surface approach to the enhanced photocatalytic activity of sulphated TiO2 photocatalyst. Catal Today 2006; 63: 45–59.10.1016/j.apcatb.2005.09.008Suche in Google Scholar
Cong Y, Li X, Qin Y, Dong Z, Yuan G, Cui Z, Lai X. Carbon-doped TiO2 coating on multiwalled carbon nanotubes with higher visible light photocatalytic activity. Appl Catal B Environ 2011; 107: 128–134.10.1016/j.apcatb.2011.07.005Suche in Google Scholar
Cong S, Xu Y. Explaining the high photocatalytic activity of a mixed phase TiO2: a combined effect of O2 and crystallinity. J Phys Chem C 2011; 115: 21161–21168.10.1021/jp2055206Suche in Google Scholar
Crişan M, Zaharescu M, Kumari VD, Subrahmanyam M, Crişan D, Drăgan N, Răileanu M, Jitianu M, Rusu A, Sadanandam G, Reddy JK. Sol–gel based alumina powders with catalytic applications. Appl Surf Sci 2011; 258: 448–455.10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.08.104Suche in Google Scholar
Daskalaki VM, Antoniadou M, Li-Puma G, Kondarides DI, Lianos P. Solar light responsive Pt/CdS/TiO2 photocatalysts for hydrogen production and simultaneous degradation of inorganic or organic sacrificial agents in wastewater. Environ Sci Technol 2010; 44: 7200–7205.10.1021/es9038962Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Dauenhauer PJ, Salge JR, Schimidt LD. Renewable hydrogen by autothermal steam reforming of volatile carbohydrates. J Catal 2006; 244: 238–247.10.1016/j.jcat.2006.09.011Suche in Google Scholar
Ding Z, Lu GQ, Greenfield PF. Role of the crystallite phase of TiO2 in heterogeneous photocatalysis for phenol oxidation in water. J Phys Chem 2000; 104: 4815–4820.10.1021/jp993819bSuche in Google Scholar
Ding SJ, Chen JS, Wang ZY, Cheah YL, Madhavi S, Hu XA, Lou XW. TiO2 hollow spheres with large amount of exposed (001) facets for fast reversible lithium storage. J Mater Chem 2011; 21: 1677–1680.10.1039/C0JM03650ASuche in Google Scholar
Du X, He JH, Zhao YQ. Facile preparation of F and N Co-doped pinecoke-like titania hollow microparticles with visible light photocatalytic activity. J Phys Chem C 2009; 113: 14151–14158.10.1021/jp9056175Suche in Google Scholar
Ebshish A, Yaakob Z, Taufiq-Yap YH, Bshish A, Tasirin SM. Review of hydrogen production via glycerol reforming. Proc IME Pt A J Power Energy 2012; 226: 1060–1075.10.1177/0957650912464624Suche in Google Scholar
Ferber J, Luther J. Computer simulations of light scattering and adsorption in dye-sensitized solar cells. Solar Energy Mater Solar Cells 1998; 54: 265–275.10.1016/S0927-0248(98)00078-6Suche in Google Scholar
Field CB, Behrenfeld MJ, Randerson JT, Falkowski P. Primary production of the biosphere: integrating terrestrial and oceanic components. Science 1998; 281: 237–240.10.1126/science.281.5374.237Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Fujishima A, Honda K. Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. Nature 1972; 238: 37–38.10.1038/238037a0Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Gil G, Marques PAAP, Granadeiro CM, Nogueira HIS, Singh MK, Gracio J. Surface modification of graphene nanosheets with gold nanoparticles: the role of oxygen moieties at graphene surface on gold nucleation and growth. Chem Mater 2009; 21: 4796–4802.10.1021/cm901052sSuche in Google Scholar
Gombac V, Montini T, Polizzi S, Delgado JJ, Hameed A, Fornasiero P. Photocatalytic production of hydrogen over tailored Cu-embedded TiO2. Nanosci Nanotechnol Lett 2009; 1: 128–133.10.1166/nnl.2009.1017Suche in Google Scholar
Gombac V, Sordelli L, Montini T, Delgado JJ, Adamski A, Adami G, Cargnello M, Bernal S, Fornasiero P. CuOx -TiO2 photocatalysts for H2 production from ethanol and glycerol solutions. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114: 3916–3925.10.1021/jp907242qSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
Gratzel M. Review article. Photoelectrochemical cells. Nature 2001; 51: 338–344.10.1038/35104607Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Guan YF, Deng MC, Yu XJ, Zhang W. Two-stage photobiological production of hydrogen by marine green alga Platymonas subcordiformis. Biochem Eng 2004; 19: 69–73.10.1016/j.bej.2003.10.006Suche in Google Scholar
Hamal DB, Klabunde KJ. Valence state and catalytic role of cobalt ions in cobalt TiO2 nanoparticles photocatalysts for acetaldehyde degradation under visible light. J Phys Chem C 2011; 115: 17359–17367.10.1021/jp200405ySuche in Google Scholar
Hanaor DA, Chironi I, Karatchevtseva Triani G, Sorrell CC. Single and mixed phase TiO2 powders by excess hydrolysis of titanium alkoxide. Adv Appl Ceram 2013; 111: 149–158.10.1179/1743676111Y.0000000059Suche in Google Scholar
Hidalgo MC, Aguilar M, Maicu M, Navio JA, Colon G. Hydrothermal preparation of highly photoactive TiO2 nanoparticles. Catal Today 2007; 129: 50–58.10.1016/j.cattod.2007.06.053Suche in Google Scholar
Hou K, Hughes R. The kinetics of methane steam reforming over a Ni/α-Al2O3 catalyst. Chem Eng J 2001; 82: 311–328.10.1016/S1385-8947(00)00367-3Suche in Google Scholar
Huang C, Liu X, Liu Y, Wang Y. Room temperature ferromagnetism of Co-doped TiO2 nanotube arrays prepared by sol-gel template synthesis. Chem Phys Lett 2006; 432: 469–472.10.1016/j.cplett.2006.10.010Suche in Google Scholar
Hummers WS, Offeman RE. Preparation of graphitic oxide. J Am Chem Soc 1958; 80: 1339–1339.10.1021/ja01539a017Suche in Google Scholar
Hurum DC, Agrios AG, Gray KA. Explaining the enhanced photocatalytic activity of Degussa P25 mixed phase TiO2 using EPR. J Phys Chem B 2003; 107: 4545–4549.10.1021/jp0273934Suche in Google Scholar
International Energy Agency. Available at: http://www.iea.org. Accessed 20 March 2017.Suche in Google Scholar
Irie H, Miura S, Kamiya K, Hashimoto K. Efficient visible light-sensitive photocatalysts: grafting Cu(II) ions onto TiO2 and WO3 photocatalysts. Chem Phys Lett 2008; 457: 202–205.10.1016/j.cplett.2008.04.006Suche in Google Scholar
Jiang T, Xie T, Chen L, Fu Z, Wang D. Carrier concentration-dependent electron transfer in Cu2O/ZnO nanorod arrays and their photocatalytic performance. Nanoscale 2013; 5: 2938–2944.10.1039/c3nr34219kSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
Jing L, Fu H, Wang B, Wang D, Xin B, Li S, Sun J. Effects of Sn dopant on the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanoparticles. Appl Catal B Environ 2005; 62: 282–291.10.1016/j.apcatb.2005.08.012Suche in Google Scholar
Jun Y-W, Casula MF, Sim J-H, Kim SY, Cheon J, Alivisatos AP. Surfactant-assisted elimination of high energy facet as a means of controlling the shapes of TiO2 nanocrystals. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125: 15981–15985.10.1021/ja0369515Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Jung M, Hart JN, Boensch D, Scott J, Ng YH, Amal R. Hydrogen evolution via glycerol photoreforming over Cu–Pt nanoalloys on TiO2. Appl Catal A Gen 2016; 518: 221–230.10.1016/j.apcata.2015.10.040Suche in Google Scholar
Kabra K, Chaudhary R, Sawhney RL. Treatment of hazardous organic and inorganic compounds through aqueous-phase photocatalysis: a review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2004; 43: 7683–7696.10.1021/ie0498551Suche in Google Scholar
Kanki T, Yoneda H, Sano N, Toyoda A, Nagai C. Photocatalytic reduction and deposition of metallic ions in aqueous phase. Chem Eng J 2004; 97: 77–81.10.1016/S1385-8947(03)00112-8Suche in Google Scholar
Kocsisova T, Cvengos J. G-phase from methyl ester production-splitting and refining. Petroleum and Coal, 2006; 48: 1–5.Suche in Google Scholar
Kondarides DI, Daskalaki VM, Patsoura A, Verykios XE. Hydrogen production by photo-induced reforming of biomass components and derivatives at ambient conditions. Catal Lett 2008; 122: 26–32.10.1007/s10562-007-9330-3Suche in Google Scholar
Kondarides DI, Patsoura A, Verykios XE. Anaerobic photocatalytic oxidation of carbohydrates in aqueous Pt/TiO2 suspensions with simultaneous production of hydrogen. J Adv Oxid Technol 2010; 13: 116–123.10.1515/jaots-2010-0115Suche in Google Scholar
Krishna-Reddy J, Lalitha K, Laxma Reddy PV, Sadanandam G, Subrahmanyam M, Durga Kumari V. Fe/TiO2: a visible light active photocatalyst for the continuous production of hydrogen from water splitting under solar irradiation. Catal Lett 2014; 144: 340–346.10.1007/s10562-013-1112-5Suche in Google Scholar
Kubacka A, Colon G, Fernandez-Garcia M. Cationic (V, Mo, Nb, W) doping of TiO2-anatase: a real alternative for visible light-driven photocatalysts. Catal Today 2009; 143: 286–292.10.1016/j.cattod.2008.09.028Suche in Google Scholar
Kubacka A, Bachiller-Baeza A, Colon G, Fernandez-Garcia M. Doping level effect on sunlight driven W, N-Co-doped TiO2-anatase photo-catalysts for aromatic hydrocarbon partial oxidation. Appl Catal B Environ 2010; 93: 274–281.10.1016/j.apcatb.2009.09.039Suche in Google Scholar
Kumar DP, Shankar MV, Kumari MM, Sadanandam G, Srinivas Durgakumari V. Nano-size effects on CuO/TiO2 catalysts for highly efficient H2 production under solar light irradiation. Chem Commun 2013; 49: 9443–9445.10.1039/c3cc44742aSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
Kumar DP, Reddy NL, Karthik M, Neppolian B, Madhavan J, Shankar MV. Solar light sensitized p-Ag2O/n-TiO2 nanotubes heterojunction photocatalysts for enhanced hydrogen production in aqueous-glycerol solution. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 2016; 154: 78–87.10.1016/j.solmat.2016.04.033Suche in Google Scholar
Lalitha K, Krishna-Reddy J, Phanikrishna-Sharma MV, Durga-Kumari V, Subrahmanyam M. Continuous hydrogen production activity over finely dispersed Ag2/TiO2 catalysts from methanol:water mixtures under solar irradiation: a structure-activity correlation. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2009; 35: 3991–4001.10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.01.106Suche in Google Scholar
Lalitha K, Sadanandam G, Durgakumari V, Subrahmanyam M, Sreedhar B, Hebalkar NY. Highly stabilized and finely dispersed Cu2O/TiO2: a promising visible sensitive photocatalyst for continuous production of hydrogen from glycerol:water mixtures. J Phys Chem C 2010; 114: 22181–22189.10.1021/jp107405uSuche in Google Scholar
Li JG, Ishigaki T, Sun XD. Anatase, brookite, and rutile nanocrystals via redox reactions under mild hydrothermal conditions: phase-selectivity synthesis and physiocochemical properties. J Phys Chem C 2007; 111: 4946–4976.10.1021/jp0673258Suche in Google Scholar
Li JG, Buchel R, Isobe M, Mori T, Ishigaki T. Cobalt-doped TiO2 nanocrystallites: radio-frequency thermal plasma processing, phase structure, and magnetic properties. J Phys Chem C 2009; 113: 8009–8015.10.1021/jp8080047Suche in Google Scholar
Li J, Defang W, Hui L, Zuoli H, Zhenfeng Z. Synthesis of fluorinated TiO2 hollow microspheres and their photocatalytic activity under visible light. Appl Surf Sci 2011; 257: 5879–5884.10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.01.130Suche in Google Scholar
Li H, Xu B, Fan Y. Dramatic activity of mixed-phase TiO2 photocatalyst synthesized by hydrothermal method. Chem Phys Lett 2013; 558: 66–71.10.1016/j.cplett.2013.01.001Suche in Google Scholar
Linsebigler AL, Lu G, Yates JT. Photocatalysis on TiO2 surfaces: principles, mechanisms, and selected results. Chem Rev 1995; 95: 735–758.10.1021/cr00035a013Suche in Google Scholar
Liu B, Wang X, Cai G, Wen L, Song Y, Zhao X. Low temperature fabrication of V-doped TiO2 nanoparticles, structure and photocatalytic studies. J Hazard Mater 2009; 169: 1112–1118.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.068Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Liu SW, Yu JG, Jaroniec M. Tunable photocatalytic selectivity of hollow TiO2 microspheres composed of anatase polyhedral with exposed facets. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132: 11914–11916.10.1021/ja105283sSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
Liu S, Yu J, Jaroniec M. Anatase TiO2 with dominant high-energy {001} facets: synthesis, properties, and applications. Chem Mater 2011; 23: 4085–4093.10.1021/cm200597mSuche in Google Scholar
Liu L, Gao F, Zhao H, Li Y. Tailoring Cu valence and oxygen vacancy in Cu/TiO2 catalysts for enhanced CO2 photoreduction efficiency. Appl Catal B Environ 2013; 134: 349–358.10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.01.040Suche in Google Scholar
Liu R, Yoshida H, Fujita S, Arai M. Photocatalytic hydrogen production from glycerol and water with NiOx /TiO2. Appl Catal B Environ 2014; 144: 41–45.10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.06.024Suche in Google Scholar
Mahshid S, Ghamsari MS, Askari M, Afshar N, Lahuti S. Synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles by hydrolysis and peptization of titanium isopropoxide solution. Semicond Phys Quant Electron Optoelectron 2006; 9: 65–68.10.15407/spqeo9.02.065Suche in Google Scholar
Maris EP, Davis RJ. Hydrogenolysis of glycerol over carbon-supported Ru and Pt catalysts. J Catal 2007; 249: 328–337.10.1016/j.jcat.2007.05.008Suche in Google Scholar
Mattos LV, Jacobs G, Davis BH, Noronha FB. Production of hydrogen from ethanol: review of reaction mechanism and catalyst deactivation. Chem Rev 2012; 112: 4094–4123.10.1021/cr2000114Suche in Google Scholar
McKendry P. Energy production from biomass (part 1): overview of biomass. Bioresour Technol 2002; 83: 37–46.10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00118-3Suche in Google Scholar
Melero JA, Iglesias J, Garcia A. Biomass as renewable feedstock in standard refinery opportunities and challenges. Energy Environ Sci 2012; 5: 7393–7420.10.1039/c2ee21231eSuche in Google Scholar
Melian EP, Lopez CR, Mendez AO, Diaz OG, Suarez MN, Dona-Rodriguez JM. Hydrogen production using Pt-loaded TiO2 photocatalyst. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2013; 38: 11737–11748.10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.07.006Suche in Google Scholar
Mino L, Spoto G, Bordiga S, Zecchina A. Particles morphology and surface properties as investigated by HRTEM, FTIR, and periodic DFT calculations: from pyrogenic TiO2 (P25) to nanoanatase. J Phys Chem 2012; 116: 17008–17018.10.1021/jp303942hSuche in Google Scholar
Mino L, Spoto G, Bordiga S, Zecchina A. Rutile surface properties beyond the single crystal approach: new insights from the experimental investigation of different polycrystalline samples and periodic DFT calculations. J Phys Chem 2013; 117: 11186–11196.10.1021/jp401916qSuche in Google Scholar
Montes-Navajas P, Serra M, Corma A, Garcia H. Contrasting photocatalytic activity of commercial TiO2 samples for hydrogen generation. Catal Today 2014; 225: 52–54.10.1016/j.cattod.2013.09.025Suche in Google Scholar
Montini T, Gombac V, Sordelli L, Delgado G, Chen X, Adami G. Nanostructured Cu/TiO2 photocatalysts for H2 production from ethanol and glycerol. ChemCatChem 2010; 3: 574–577.10.1002/cctc.201000289Suche in Google Scholar
Montini T, Monai M, Beltram A, Romero-Ocana Fornasiero P. H2 production by photocatalytic reforming of oxygenated compounds using TiO2-based materials. Mater Sci Semi-Cond Process 2016; 42: 122–130.10.1016/j.mssp.2015.06.069Suche in Google Scholar
Moon GD, Joo JB, Lee I, Yin Y. Chemical transformation of nanostructured materials. Nanoscale 2014; 6: 12002–12008.10.1016/j.nantod.2011.02.006Suche in Google Scholar
Moulder J, Stickle WF, Sobol PE, Bomben KD. Handbook of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Waltham, MA, USA: PerkinElmer Corporation, 1993.Suche in Google Scholar
Murakami N, Kurihara Y, Tsubota T, Ohno T. Shape-controlled anatase titanium (IV) oxide particles prepared by hydrothermal treatment of peroxo titanic acid in the presence of polyvinyl alcohol. J Phys Chem 2009; 113: 3062–3069.10.1021/jp809104tSuche in Google Scholar
Nair RG, Paul S, Samdarshi SK. High UV/visible light activity of mixed-phase titania: a generic mechanism. Solar Energy Mater Solar Cells 2011; 95: 1901–1907.10.1016/j.solmat.2011.02.017Suche in Google Scholar
Nowotny J, Sorrell CC, Sheppard LR, Bak T. Solar-hydrogen: environmentally safe fuel for the future. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2005; 30: 521–544.10.1016/j.ijhydene.2004.06.012Suche in Google Scholar
Obregón S, Munoz-Batista MJ, Fernández-García M, Kubacka A, Colón G. Cu–TiO2 systems for the photocatalytic H2 production: influence of structural and surface support features. Appl Catal B Environ 2015; 179: 468–478.10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.05.043Suche in Google Scholar
Ocana IR, Beltram A, Jaen JJD, Adami G, Montini T, Fornasiero P. Photocatalytic H2 production by methanol photodehydrogenation: effect of anatase/brookite nanocomposites composition. Inorg Chim Acta 2015; 431: 197–205.10.1016/j.ica.2015.01.033Suche in Google Scholar
Ohno T, Sarukawa K, Tokieda K, Matsumura M. Morphology of a TiO2 photocatalyst (Degussa, P-25) consisting of anatase and rutile crystalline phases. J Catal 2001; 203: 82–86.10.1006/jcat.2001.3316Suche in Google Scholar
Ohtani B, Handa J, Nishimoto S, Kagiya T. Highly-active semiconductor – extra-fine crystallite of brookite TiO2 for redox reaction in aqueous propan-2-ol and or silver sulfate-solution. Chem Phys Lett 1985; 120: 292–294.10.1016/0009-2614(85)87060-3Suche in Google Scholar
Pan J, Liu G, Lu GM, Cheng HM. On the true photoreactivity order of {001}, and {010} facets of anatase TiO2 crystals. Angew Chem 2011; 50: 2133–2137.10.1002/anie.201006057Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Parida B, Iniyan S, Gioc R. A review of solar photovoltaic technologies. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2011; 15: 1625–1636.10.1016/j.rser.2010.11.032Suche in Google Scholar
Primio RD, Horsfield B, Guzman-Vega MA. Determining the temperature of petroleum formation from the kinetic properties of petroleum asphaltenes. Nature 2000; 406: 173–176.10.1038/35018046Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Puddu V, Choi H, Dionysiou DD, Puma GL. TiO2 photocatalysis for indoor air remediation: influence of crystallinity, crystal phase, and UV radiation intensity on trichloroethylene degradation. Appl Catal B Environ 2010; 94: 211–218.10.1016/j.apcatb.2009.08.003Suche in Google Scholar
Qian J, Liu P, Xiao Y, Jiang Y, Cao Y, Ai X, Yang H. TiO2-coated multi-layered SnO2 hollow microspheres for dye-sensitized solar cells. Adv Mater 2009; 21: 3663–3667.10.1002/adma.200900525Suche in Google Scholar
Reddy NL, Reddy GK, Basha KM, Mounika PK, Shankar MV. Highly efficient hydrogen production using Bi2O3/TiO2 nanostructured photocatalysts under led light irradiation. Mater Today Proc 2016; 3: 1351–1358.10.1016/j.matpr.2016.04.014Suche in Google Scholar
Rennard DC, Kruger JS, Schmidt LD. Autothermal catalytic partial oxidation of glycerol to syngas and to non-equilibrium products. ChemSusChem 2009; 2: 89–98.10.1002/cssc.200800200Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Rossetti I. Hydrogen production by photoreforming of renewable substrates. ISRN Chem Eng 2012; 2012. Article ID 964936.10.5402/2012/964936Suche in Google Scholar
Rossetti I, Biffi C, Biachi CL, Nichele V, Signoretto M, Menegazzo F, Finocchio E, Ramis G, Di Michele A. Ni/ZrO2 catalysts in ethanol steam reforming: inhibition of coke formation by CaO-doping. Appl Catal B Environ 2014; 150–151: 12–20.10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.11.037Suche in Google Scholar
Roy N, Sohn Y, Pradhan D. Synergy of low-density {101} and high-energy {001} TiO2 crystal facets for enhanced photocatalysis. ACS Nano 2013; 7: 2532–2540.10.1021/nn305877vSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
Sadanandam G, Lalitha K, Kumari VD, Shankar MV, Subrahmanyam M. Cobalt doped TiO2: a stable and efficient photocatalyst for continuous hydrogen production from glycerol: water mixtures under solar light irradiation. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2013; 38: 9655–9664.10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.05.116Suche in Google Scholar
Sadanandam G, Valluri DK, Scurrell MS. Highly stabilized Ag2O-loaded nano TiO2 for hydrogen production from glycerol:water mixtures under solar light irradiation. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2016; 42: 307–320.10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.10.131Suche in Google Scholar
Sadanandam G, Scurrell MS, Kumari VD. Photocatalytic H2 production from glycerol-water mixtures over Ni/γ-Al2O3 and TiO2 composite systems. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2017. In press.Suche in Google Scholar
Salge JR. Autothermal hydrogen from renewable fuels in millisecond reactors. Thesis. University of Minnesota, 2006.Suche in Google Scholar
Sanchez EA, D’Angelo MA, Comelli RI. Hydrogen production from glycerol on Ni/Al2O3 catalyst. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2010; 57: 5902–5907.10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.12.115Suche in Google Scholar
Sarkar S, Kumar A. Large-scale biohydrogen production from bio-oil. Bioresour Technol 2010; 101: 7350–7361.10.1016/j.biortech.2010.04.038Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Sarma SJ, Brar SK, Sydney EB, Biham YL, Buelana G, Soccol CR. Microbial hydrogen production by bioconversion of crude glycerol: a review. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2012; 37: 6473–6490.10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.01.050Suche in Google Scholar
Selcuk MZ, Boroglu MS, Boz I. Hydrogen production by photocatalytic water-splitting using nitrogen and metal Co-doped TiO2 powder photocatalyst. React Kinet Mech Catal 2006; 106: 217–222.10.1007/s11144-012-0434-4Suche in Google Scholar
Selloni A. Crystal growth: anatase shows its reactive side. Nat Mater 2008; 7: 613–615.10.1038/nmat2241Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Shabaker JW, Huber GW, Dumesic JA. Aqueous-phase reforming of oxygenated hydrocarbons over Sn-modified Ni catalysts. J Catal 2004; 222: 180–191.10.1016/j.jcat.2003.10.022Suche in Google Scholar
Shang S, Jiao X, Chen D. Template-free fabrication of TiO2 hollow spheres and their photocatalytic properties. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2012; 4: 860–865.10.1021/am201535uSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
Shrestha S, Choi WC, Song W, Kwon YT, Shrestha SP, Park CY. Preparation and field emission properties of Er-decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Carbon 2010; 48: 54–59.10.1016/j.carbon.2009.08.029Suche in Google Scholar
Solomon S, Plattner GK, Knutti R, Friedlingstein P. Irreversible climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106: 1704–1709.10.1073/pnas.0812721106Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Sorantin PI, Schwarz K. Chemical bonding in rutile-type compounds. Inorg Chem 1992; 179: 567–576.10.1021/ic00030a009Suche in Google Scholar
Steinfeld A. Solar hydrogen production via a two-step water-splitting thermochemical cycle based on Zn/ZnO redox reactions. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2002; 27: 611–619.10.1016/S0360-3199(01)00177-XSuche in Google Scholar
Strataki N, Bekiari V, Kondarides DI, Lianos P. Hydrogen production by photocatalytic alcohol reforming employing highly efficient nanocrystalline titania films. Appl Catal B Environ 2007; 77: 184–189.10.1016/j.apcatb.2007.07.015Suche in Google Scholar
Su R, Bechstein R, So L, Vang RT, Sillassen M, Ebsjornsson B, Palmqvist A, Besenbacher F. How the anatase-to-rutile influences the photoreactivity of TiO2. J Phys Chem 2011; 115: 24287–24292.10.1021/jp2086768Suche in Google Scholar
Sun Z, Liao T, Kim JG, Liu K, Jiang L, Kim JH. Architecture designed ZnO hollow microspheres with wide-range visible light photoresponses. J Mater Chem C 2013; 1: 6924–6929.10.1039/c3tc31649aSuche in Google Scholar
Swami SM, Abraham MA. Integrated catalytic process for conversion of biomass to hydrogen. Energy Fuels 2006; 20: 2616–2622.10.1021/ef060054fSuche in Google Scholar
Tachikawa T, Yamashita S, Majima T. Evidence for crystal-face-dependent TiO2 photocatalysis from single-molecule imaging and kinetic analysis. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133: 7197–7204.10.1021/ja201415jSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
Tang HY. Reactor controller design for steam and autothermal reforming for fuel cell applications. Thesis. Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of California, 2009.Suche in Google Scholar
Tay Q, Liu X, Tang Y, Jiang Z, Sum TC, Chen Z. Enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production with synergistic two-phase anatase/brookite TiO2 nanostructures. J Phys Chem C 2013; 117: 14973–14982.10.1021/jp4040979Suche in Google Scholar
Thanh LT, Okitsu K, Sadananga Y, Takenaka N, Maeda Y, Bandow H. A two-step continuous ultrasound assisted production of biodiesel fuel from waste cooking oils: a practical and economical approach to produce high quality biodiesel fuel. Bioresour Technol 2010; 101: 5394–5401.10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.060Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Thompson JC, He BB. Characterization of crude glycerol from biodiesel production from multiple feedstocks. Appl Eng Agric 2006; 22: 261–265.10.13031/2013.20272Suche in Google Scholar
Tian H, Zhao G, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Cao T. Hierarchical (001) facet anatase/rutile TiO2 heterojunction photoanode with enhanced photoelectrocatalytic performance. Electrochim Acta 2013; 96: 199–205.10.1016/j.electacta.2013.02.090Suche in Google Scholar
Wang Q, Wen ZH, Li JH. A hybrid supercapacitor fabricated with a carbon nanotube cathode and a TiO2–B nanowire anode. Adv Funct Mater 2006; 16: 2141–2146.10.1002/adfm.200500937Suche in Google Scholar
Wang C, Ao YH, Wang PF, Hou J, Qian J, Zhang SH. Preparation, characterization, photocatalytic properties of titania hollow spheres doped with cerium. J Hazard Mater 2010; 178: 517–521.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.01.111Suche in Google Scholar
Wang JG, Yang Y, Huang ZH, Kang FY. Interfacial synthesis of mesopoorous MnO2/polyaniline hollow spheres and application in the electrochemical capacitors. J Power Sources 2012; 204: 236–243.10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.12.057Suche in Google Scholar
Wang D, Kanhere P, Li M, Tay Q, Tang Y, Huang Y, Sum TC, Mathews N, Sritharan T, Chen Z. Improving photocatalytic H2 evolution of TiO2 via formation of {001}-{010} quasi-heterojunctions. J Phys Chem C 2013; 117: 22894–22902.10.1021/jp407508nSuche in Google Scholar
Wang B, Lu X-Y, Yu LK, Xuan J, Leung MKH, Guo H. Facile synthesis of TiO2 hollow spheres composed of high percentage of reactive facets for enhanced photocatalytic activity. Crystal Eng Commun 2014; 16: 10046–10055.10.1039/C4CE00826JSuche in Google Scholar
Watts RJ, Kong S, Lee W. Sedimentation and reuse of titanium dioxide: application to suspended photocatalyst reactors. J Environ Eng 1995; 121: 730–735.10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1995)121:10(730)Suche in Google Scholar
Wen G, Xu Y, Ma H, Xu Z, Tiam Z. Production of hydrogen from aqueous-reforming of glycerol. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2008; 33: 6657–6666.10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.07.072Suche in Google Scholar
Wu G, Chen Tu, Su W, Zhou G, Zong X, Lei Z. Hydrogen production with ultra-low CO selectivity via photocatalytic reforming of methanol on Au/TiO2 catalyst. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2008; 33: 1243–1251.10.1016/j.ijhydene.2007.12.020Suche in Google Scholar
Xie WT, Dai YJ, Wang RZ, Sumathy K. Concentrated solar energy applications using Fresnel lenses: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2011; 15: 2588–2606.10.1016/j.rser.2011.03.031Suche in Google Scholar
Xua Q, Ma Y, Zhang J, Wang X, Feng Z, Li C. Enhancing hydrogen production activity and suppressing CO formation from photocatalytic biomass reforming on Pt/TiO2 by optimizing anatase-rutile phase structure. J Catal 2011; 278: 329–335.10.1016/j.jcat.2011.01.001Suche in Google Scholar
Yang Z, Niu Z, Lu Y, Hu Z, Han CC. Templated synthesis of inorganic hollow spheres with a tunable cavity size onto core-shell gel-particles. Angew Chem Int Ed 2003; 42: 1943–1945.10.1002/anie.200250443Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Yang WG, Li JM, Wang YL, Zhu F, Shi WM, Wan FR, Xu DS. A facile synthesis if anatase TiO2 nanosheets-based hierarchical spheres with over {001} facets for dye-sensitized solar cells. Chem Commun 2011; 47: 1809–1811.10.1039/C0CC03312JSuche in Google Scholar
Yazdani SS, Gonzalez R. Anaerobic fermentation of glycerol: a path to economic viability for the biofuels industry. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2007; 18: 213–219.10.1016/j.copbio.2007.05.002Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Yu J, Hai Y, Jaroniec M. Photocatalytic hydrogen production over CuO-modified titania. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 357: 223–228.10.1016/j.jcis.2011.01.101Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Yuksel I. Hydropower for sustainable water and energy development. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2010; 14: 462–460.10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.025Suche in Google Scholar
Zachariah A, Baiju KV, Shukla S, Deepa KS, James J, Warrier KGK. Synergistic effect in photocatalysis as observed for mixed-phase nanocrystalline titania processed via sol-gel solvent mixing and calcination. J Phys Chem 2008; 112: 11345–11356.10.1021/jp712174ySuche in Google Scholar
Zheng ZK, Huang BB, Lu JB, Qin XY, Zhang XY, Dai Y. Hierarchical TiO2 microspheres: synergetic effect of {001} and {101} facets for enhanced photocatalytic activity. Chemistry 2011; 17: 15032–15038.10.1002/chem.201101466Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Zhu M, Du ML, Yu DL, Wang Y, Wang NL, Zou ML, Zhang M, Fu YQ. A new strategy for the surface-free-energy-distribution induced selective growth and controlled formation of Cu2O-Au hierarchical heterostructures with a series of morphological evolutions. J Mater Chem A 2013; 1: 919–923.10.1039/C2TA00591CSuche in Google Scholar
©2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- In this issue
- Reviews
- Heterogeneous catalysts for gas-phase conversion of ethylene to higher olefins
- Application and modification of polysulfone membranes
- Hydrogen production from glycerol reforming: conventional and green production
- Synthesis of organophosphorus compounds using ionic liquids
- Erratum
- Erratum to: Monolithic substrate support catalyst design considerations for steam methane reforming operation
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- In this issue
- Reviews
- Heterogeneous catalysts for gas-phase conversion of ethylene to higher olefins
- Application and modification of polysulfone membranes
- Hydrogen production from glycerol reforming: conventional and green production
- Synthesis of organophosphorus compounds using ionic liquids
- Erratum
- Erratum to: Monolithic substrate support catalyst design considerations for steam methane reforming operation
