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Current scenario of catalysts for biodiesel production: a critical review

  • Farrukh Jamil

    Farrukh Jamil received his BS (Hons) in chemical engineering from COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Pakistan, and his MS in chemical engineering from Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia. Currently, he is pursuing his PhD at Sultan Qaboos University, Oman. His research interests include biofuels, catalysis, and materials.

    , Lamya Al-Haj

    Lamya Al-Haj currently holds an assistant professor position at the College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman. She obtained her PhD in structural and molecular biology from University College London, UK, in 2014. Dr. Al-Haj is very passionate about renewable, clean energy and has a vision of being the first Omani to do research on the production of biofuel and high value products using algae.

    , Ala’a H. Al-Muhtaseb

    Ala’a H. Al-Muhtaseb currently holds an associate professor position at the Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman. He obtained his PhD in chemical engineering from Queen’s University Belfast, UK, in 2004. Currently, the overarching aim of his research is on catalysis and its applications in biofuels and wastewater treatment. He has over 70 publications in several peer-reviewed journals.

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    , Mohab A. Al-Hinai

    Mohab Ali Al-Hinai is currently an assistant professor at the Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman. His current research interest includes the isolation and identification of novel microorganisms from various Omani ecosystems to investigate and assess their potential for industrial and biotechnological applications. He has published numerous research papers in addition to holding a patent from the USA.

    , Mahad Baawain

    Mahad Said Baawain is an associate professor at the Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman. He obtained his BSc in civil engineering from Sultan Qaboos University in 1998; his MSc in environmental engineering from Imperial College, UK, in 2000; and his PhD in environmental engineering from University of Alberta, Canada, in 2007. His research interests cover several areas in environmental engineering and management.

    , Umer Rashid

    Umer Rashid earned his PhD degree in analytical chemistry from the University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, in 2009. Currently, he is working as a fellow researcher (associate professor) at the Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra, Malaysia. His research interests are development of new heterogeneous catalysts from waste biomass and exploration and characterization of vegetable oil-derived diesel fuels (biodiesel) from discarded oils/fats.

    and Mohammad N.M. Ahmad

    Mohammad N.M. Ahmad is a professor of chemical engineering and Chair of the Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The American University Beirut, Lebanon. He is also the Chair of the Research Committee at The Faculty of Engineering and Architecture. Dr. Ahmad’s research areas include solid waste management, biofuels production from solid waste, and heterogeneous catalysis and simulation and modeling.

Published/Copyright: March 22, 2017
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Abstract

Due to increasing concerns about global warming and dwindling oil supplies, the world’s attention is turning to green processes that use sustainable and environmentally friendly feedstock to produce renewable energy such as biofuels. Among them, biodiesel, which is made from nontoxic, biodegradable, renewable sources such as refined and used vegetable oils and animal fats, is a renewable substitute fuel for petroleum diesel fuel. Biodiesel is produced by transesterification in which oil or fat is reacted with short chain alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. The process of transesterification is affected by the mode of reaction, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, type of alcohol, nature and amount of catalysts, reaction time, and temperature. Various studies have been carried out using different oils as the raw material; different alcohols (methanol, ethanol, butanol); different catalysts; notably homogeneous catalysts such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, and supercritical fluids; or, in some cases, enzymes such as lipases. This article focuses on the application of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production because of their environmental and economic advantages. This review contains a detailed discussion on the advantages and feasibility of catalysts for biodiesel production, which are both environmentally and economically viable as compared to conventional homogeneous catalysts. The classification of catalysts into different categories based on a catalyst’s activity, feasibility, and lifetime is also briefly discussed. Furthermore, recommendations have been made for the most suitable catalyst (bifunctional catalyst) for low-cost oils to valuable biodiesel and the challenges faced by the biodiesel industry with some possible solutions.

About the authors

Farrukh Jamil

Farrukh Jamil received his BS (Hons) in chemical engineering from COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Pakistan, and his MS in chemical engineering from Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia. Currently, he is pursuing his PhD at Sultan Qaboos University, Oman. His research interests include biofuels, catalysis, and materials.

Lamya Al-Haj

Lamya Al-Haj currently holds an assistant professor position at the College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman. She obtained her PhD in structural and molecular biology from University College London, UK, in 2014. Dr. Al-Haj is very passionate about renewable, clean energy and has a vision of being the first Omani to do research on the production of biofuel and high value products using algae.

Ala’a H. Al-Muhtaseb

Ala’a H. Al-Muhtaseb currently holds an associate professor position at the Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman. He obtained his PhD in chemical engineering from Queen’s University Belfast, UK, in 2004. Currently, the overarching aim of his research is on catalysis and its applications in biofuels and wastewater treatment. He has over 70 publications in several peer-reviewed journals.

Mohab A. Al-Hinai

Mohab Ali Al-Hinai is currently an assistant professor at the Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman. His current research interest includes the isolation and identification of novel microorganisms from various Omani ecosystems to investigate and assess their potential for industrial and biotechnological applications. He has published numerous research papers in addition to holding a patent from the USA.

Mahad Baawain

Mahad Said Baawain is an associate professor at the Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman. He obtained his BSc in civil engineering from Sultan Qaboos University in 1998; his MSc in environmental engineering from Imperial College, UK, in 2000; and his PhD in environmental engineering from University of Alberta, Canada, in 2007. His research interests cover several areas in environmental engineering and management.

Umer Rashid

Umer Rashid earned his PhD degree in analytical chemistry from the University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, in 2009. Currently, he is working as a fellow researcher (associate professor) at the Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra, Malaysia. His research interests are development of new heterogeneous catalysts from waste biomass and exploration and characterization of vegetable oil-derived diesel fuels (biodiesel) from discarded oils/fats.

Mohammad N.M. Ahmad

Mohammad N.M. Ahmad is a professor of chemical engineering and Chair of the Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The American University Beirut, Lebanon. He is also the Chair of the Research Committee at The Faculty of Engineering and Architecture. Dr. Ahmad’s research areas include solid waste management, biofuels production from solid waste, and heterogeneous catalysis and simulation and modeling.

  1. Funding: The Research Council, Oman, (Grant/Award Number: “RC/ENG/PCED/14/01”).

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Received: 2016-6-11
Accepted: 2017-1-6
Published Online: 2017-3-22
Published in Print: 2018-2-23

©2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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