Hydrodynamic cavitation: an advanced oxidation process for the degradation of bio-refractory pollutants
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Sunil Rajoriya
Sunil Rajoriya is currently a PhD scholar working under Dr. Virendra Kumar Saharan in the Chemical Engineering Department, MNIT, Jaipur. He has completed his Masters degree at Shaheed Bhagat Singh State Technical Campus, Ferozepur. He is currently working on the treatment of bio-refractory pollutants from wastewater using hydrodynamic cavitation. He has published two research articles in international journals and one at an international conference.
Jitendra Carpenter is currently a PhD scholar in the Department of Chemical Engineering working under Dr. Virendra Kumar Saharan at MNIT Jaipur. He is currently working in the area of cavitation and its application in emulsification and other chemical processes. He has completed his Masters degree in chemical engineering at Ujjain Engineering College, Ujjain, India, in 2013. He has published three research articles and presented three research papers at international conferences.
Virendra Kumar Saharan is an assistant professor at the Chemical Engineering Department, NIT Jaipur, India. He earned his PhD (Tech) degree from the Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India, in 2013. During his PhD course, he studied the application of hydrodynamic cavitation in various fields such as degradation of bio-refractory pollutants, emulsification, particle size reduction, nanomaterials synthesis, and water disinfection. His current research interest includes process intensification, sonochemistry, nanoparticle synthesis, and nanoemulsion. He has published 10 research articles in SCI journals and a book chapter and presented four papers at international conferences.
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Aniruddha B. Pandit
Aniruddha B. Pandit is a professor at the Chemical Engineering Department and Dean of Students’ Affairs and Human Resource Development (SA&HRD), Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai. He has been instrumental in starting a major activity and program in the area of hydrodynamic cavitation for intensification of physical and chemical processing applications. Prof. Pandit has authored over 300 publications, five books, and over 12 chapters with more than 13,000 citations, has five patents, and is on the editorial board of five international scientific journals. He has guided 35 PhD and 55 Masters students so far.
Abstract
In recent years, water pollution has become a major problem for the environment and human health due to the industrial effluents discharged into the water bodies. Day by day, new molecules such as pesticides, dyes, and pharmaceutical drugs are being detected in the water bodies, which are bio-refractory to microorganisms. In the last two decades, scientists have tried different advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as Fenton, photocatalytic, hydrodynamic, acoustic cavitation processes, etc. to mineralize such complex molecules. Among these processes, hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) has emerged as a new energy-efficient technology for the treatment of various bio-refractory pollutants present in aqueous effluent. In this review, various geometrical and operating parameters of HC process have been discussed emphasizing the effect and importance of these parameters in the designing of HC reactor. The advantages of combining HC with other oxidants and AOPs such as H2O2, ozone, Fenton process, and photocatalytic process have been discussed with some recommendation for large-scale operation. It has been observed that the geometry of the HC device and other operating parameters such as operating pressure and cavitation number are the key design parameters that ultimately decide the efficacy and potentiality of HC in degrading bio-refractory pollutants on an industrial scale.
About the authors
Sunil Rajoriya is currently a PhD scholar working under Dr. Virendra Kumar Saharan in the Chemical Engineering Department, MNIT, Jaipur. He has completed his Masters degree at Shaheed Bhagat Singh State Technical Campus, Ferozepur. He is currently working on the treatment of bio-refractory pollutants from wastewater using hydrodynamic cavitation. He has published two research articles in international journals and one at an international conference.
Jitendra Carpenter is currently a PhD scholar in the Department of Chemical Engineering working under Dr. Virendra Kumar Saharan at MNIT Jaipur. He is currently working in the area of cavitation and its application in emulsification and other chemical processes. He has completed his Masters degree in chemical engineering at Ujjain Engineering College, Ujjain, India, in 2013. He has published three research articles and presented three research papers at international conferences.
Virendra Kumar Saharan is an assistant professor at the Chemical Engineering Department, NIT Jaipur, India. He earned his PhD (Tech) degree from the Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India, in 2013. During his PhD course, he studied the application of hydrodynamic cavitation in various fields such as degradation of bio-refractory pollutants, emulsification, particle size reduction, nanomaterials synthesis, and water disinfection. His current research interest includes process intensification, sonochemistry, nanoparticle synthesis, and nanoemulsion. He has published 10 research articles in SCI journals and a book chapter and presented four papers at international conferences.
Aniruddha B. Pandit is a professor at the Chemical Engineering Department and Dean of Students’ Affairs and Human Resource Development (SA&HRD), Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai. He has been instrumental in starting a major activity and program in the area of hydrodynamic cavitation for intensification of physical and chemical processing applications. Prof. Pandit has authored over 300 publications, five books, and over 12 chapters with more than 13,000 citations, has five patents, and is on the editorial board of five international scientific journals. He has guided 35 PhD and 55 Masters students so far.
- Nomenclature
- H
Chydrodynamic cavitation
- AC
acoustic cavitation
- HAC
hydrodynamic acoustic cavitation
- AOPs
advanced oxidation processes
- Vo
Volumetric flow rate, m3/s
- Cv
cavitation number
- Cvi
cavitation inception number
- TOC
total organic carbon
- COD
chemical oxygen demand, mg/l
- BOD
biochemical oxygen demand, mg/l
- P2
fully recovered downstream pressure, N/m2
- UASB
up flow anaerobic sludge blanket
- Pv
vapor pressure of the liquid, N/m2
- V
velocity at the throat, m/s
- ρ
density of liquid, kg/m3
- α
the perimeter of throat to its cross-sectional area
- β
the ratio of throat area to pipe cross-sectional area
- fT
frequency of turbulence, kHz
Appendix 1: Calculation of cavitational yield for COD reduction in HC reactor
Cavitating device=circular venturi
Operating gauge pressure=5 bar
Inlet fluid pressure=601,325 Pa
Downstream pressure (p2)=101,325 Pa
Vapor pressure of water at 30°C (pv)=4242.14 Pa
Volumetric flow rate at 5 bar pressure (VO)=410 LPH
=1.14×10-4 m3/s
Number of passes=(Volumetric flow rate (VO)/Total volume of solution in the holding tank)×Time of operation
Time for 20 passes=((20×(5.75×10-3))/(1.14×10-4)
=1008.77 s=16.81 min
Energy dissipated into the system (PD, J)=Pressure drop across the cavitating device (ΔP)×Volumetric flow rate through the cavitating device (VO)×Circulation time through the device =5×105×1.14×10-4×(16.81×60) =57490.2 J
Energy delivered to the system in 20 passes time (PI, J)
=1.1 (kW)×1000×(16.81×60)
=1,109,460 J
Cavitational yield=mg of COD reduced per unit energy supplied
Mg of COD reduced=(628-495) (mg/l)×6 (l)=798 mg in 20 passes
Cavitational yield=(798/1,109,460)=7.19×10-4 (mg of COD reduced/J)
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