Startseite Technik A survey on cationic polyelectrolytes and their applications: acrylamide derivatives
Artikel
Lizenziert
Nicht lizenziert Erfordert eine Authentifizierung

A survey on cationic polyelectrolytes and their applications: acrylamide derivatives

  • Ahmad Rabiee

    Ahmad Rabiee is an Assistant Professor at the Science Department, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute. He obtained his BSc and MSc degrees in Chemistry from Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran, and Teachers’ Training University, Tehran, Iran, respectively. He received his PhD in Polymer Industry from the Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute. Since then he has been involved in teaching different courses in Iranian universities and editing scientific publication papers. His main research interests are synthesis and characterization of different polyelectrolytes.

    EMAIL logo
    , Amir Ershad-Langroudi

    Amir Ershad-Langroudi is an Associate Professor at the Surface Coatings Department, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute. He obtained his BSc and MSc degrees in Materials Engineering from Sharif University of Technology and Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran, respectively. He received his PhD in Materials Engineering from INSA de Lyon, Lyon, France. Since then he has been involved in teaching different courses. His main research interests are synthesis and characterization of organic-inorganic hybrid nano-composite coatings.

    und Mohammad Ebrahim Zeynali

    Mohammad Ebrahim Zeynali is an Assistant Professor at the Petrochemical Department, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute. He obtained his BSc and MSc degrees in Chemical Engineering from Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. He received his PhD from UNSW (University of New South Wales) in Sydney, Australia. Since then he has lectured advanced engineering mathematics for postgraduate students. His main research interests are polymer and petrochemical preparation, especially heterogeneous catalytic systems, and mathematical modeling of chemical processes.

Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 21. April 2015
Veröffentlichen auch Sie bei De Gruyter Brill

Abstract

Cationic polyelectrolytes are water-soluble polymers bearing positive ionic groups along the backbone or in side chains. These cationic polymers are synthesized by free radical polymerization of acrylamide and their derivatives by the copolymerization method, which includes solution, precipitation, and emulsion techniques. The Mannich reaction is another important method by which the cationic polymers can be processed. In this review paper, the preparation methods, interaction mechanisms of these polymers, and their popular industrial applications are summarized. These polymers open a lot of applications in different fields such as paper-making processes, water and wastewater treatment, oil and drilling industries, mineral separation, paint and food industries, cosmetics, and pharmacy. In addition, these polymers are widely used as flocculants and rheology control agents. These polymers are especially employed in oil field operations as viscosity control agents for enhanced oil recovery, drilling fluid additives, and also for modifying flow and stability properties of aqueous solutions and gels. They are used as super-plasticizers, which affect the rheological properties of dense cement suspensions. Mining processes also benefit from the use of acrylamide derivative polymers to flocculate solids in aqueous dispersions. The cationic polymers may interact with different components in the system such as inorganic/organic particles in aqueous dispersions in several ways, which may result in the stability or instability of dispersion. The particles can be destabilized through three different main mechanisms which promote flocculation: polymer bridging, charge neutralization, and polymer adsorption.


Corresponding author: Ahmad Rabiee, Faculty of Polymer Science, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, PO Box 14965-115, Tehran, Iran, e-mail:

About the authors

Ahmad Rabiee

Ahmad Rabiee is an Assistant Professor at the Science Department, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute. He obtained his BSc and MSc degrees in Chemistry from Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran, and Teachers’ Training University, Tehran, Iran, respectively. He received his PhD in Polymer Industry from the Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute. Since then he has been involved in teaching different courses in Iranian universities and editing scientific publication papers. His main research interests are synthesis and characterization of different polyelectrolytes.

Amir Ershad-Langroudi

Amir Ershad-Langroudi is an Associate Professor at the Surface Coatings Department, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute. He obtained his BSc and MSc degrees in Materials Engineering from Sharif University of Technology and Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran, respectively. He received his PhD in Materials Engineering from INSA de Lyon, Lyon, France. Since then he has been involved in teaching different courses. His main research interests are synthesis and characterization of organic-inorganic hybrid nano-composite coatings.

Mohammad Ebrahim Zeynali

Mohammad Ebrahim Zeynali is an Assistant Professor at the Petrochemical Department, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute. He obtained his BSc and MSc degrees in Chemical Engineering from Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. He received his PhD from UNSW (University of New South Wales) in Sydney, Australia. Since then he has lectured advanced engineering mathematics for postgraduate students. His main research interests are polymer and petrochemical preparation, especially heterogeneous catalytic systems, and mathematical modeling of chemical processes.

References

Alagha L, Wang S, Yan L, Xu Z, Masliyah J. Probing adsorption of polyacrylamide-based polymers on anisotropic basal planes of kaolinite using quartz crystal microbalance. Langmuir 2013; 29: 3989–3998.10.1021/la304966vSuche in Google Scholar

Allen LH, Pelton RH. The effects of some electrolytes on flocculation with a cationic polyacrylamide. Colloid Polym Sci 1983; 261: 485–492.10.1007/BF01419832Suche in Google Scholar

Ariffin A, Shatat RSA, Nik Norulaini AR, Mohd Omar AK. Synthetic polyelectrolytes of varying charge densities but similar molar mass based on acrylamide and their applications on palm oil mill effluent treatment. Desalination 2005; 173: 201–208.10.1016/j.desal.2004.02.107Suche in Google Scholar

Behler A. Handbook of detergents: Part F. In: Zoller U, Sosis P, editors. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2004: 365.Suche in Google Scholar

Bolto BA. Soluble polymers in water purification. Prog Polym Sci 1995; 20: 987–1041.10.1016/0079-6700(95)00010-DSuche in Google Scholar

Bolto B, Gregory J. Organic polyelectrolytes in water treatment. J Water Res 2007; 41: 2301–2324.10.1016/j.watres.2007.03.012Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Bratskaya S, Avramenko V, Schwarz S, Philippova I. Enhanced flocculation of oil-in-water emulsions by hydrophobically modified chitosan derivatives. Colloids Surf A 2006; 275: 168–176.10.1016/j.colsurfa.2005.09.036Suche in Google Scholar

Brostow W, Lobland HEH, Pal S, Singh RPJ. Polymeric flocculants for wastewater and industrial effluent treatment. Mater Edu 2009; 31: 157–166.Suche in Google Scholar

Candau F, Zekhnini Z, Healtely F, Franta E. Characterization of poly(acrylamide-co-crylates) obtained by inverse microemulsion polymerization. Colloid Polym Sci 1986; 264: 676–682.10.1007/BF01469528Suche in Google Scholar

Carnali JO, Shah P. Correlation of surfactant/polymer phase behavior with adsorption on target surfaces. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112: 7171–7182.10.1021/jp801079vSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

Chatterji J, Borchardt JK. Application of water soluble polymers in the oil field. J Petr Technol 1981; 33: 2042–2056.10.2118/9288-PASuche in Google Scholar

Chauhan GS, Mahajan S, Sharma R, Kumari A, Lal H. Trends Carbohydr Chem 2001; 7: 137.Suche in Google Scholar

Chen D, Liu X, Yue Y, Zhang W, Wang P. Dispersion copolymerization of acrylamide with quaternary ammonium cationic monomer in aqueous salts solution. Euro Polym J 2006; 42: 1284–1297.10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.12.007Suche in Google Scholar

Chen HT, Ravishankar SA, Farinato RS. Rational polymer design for solid–liquid separations in mineral processing applications. Int J Min Proc 2003; 72: 75–86.10.1016/S0301-7516(03)00088-7Suche in Google Scholar

Chu CP, Lee DJ, Chang BV You CH, Liao CS, Tay JH. Anaerobic digestion of polyelectrolyte flocculated waste activated sludge. Chemosphere 2003; 53: 757–764.10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00553-8Suche in Google Scholar

Collin C. Hydro-seeding mixture. U.S. Patent 7,504,445, 2009.Suche in Google Scholar

DeBusk JA, Arogo Ogejo J, Knowlton KF, Love NG. Chemical phosphorus removal for separated flushed dairy manure. Appl Eng Agr 2008; 24: 499–506.10.13031/2013.25142Suche in Google Scholar

Doherty WOS, Fellows CM, Gorjian S, Senogles E, Cheung WH. Flocculation and sedimentation of cane sugar juice particles with cationic homo- and copolymers. J Appl Polym Sci 2003; 90: 316–325.10.1002/app.12791Suche in Google Scholar

Donaldson EC, Chilingar GV, Yen TF. Polymer flooding. Amsterdam: Elsevier, Chapter 7, 1983: 158.Suche in Google Scholar

Fair MJ, Massaro M, Crookham H, Rattinger GB, Dalton JJ, Farrell TG, Shafer G. Bars comprising benefit agent and cationic polymer. U.S. Patent 6,057,275, 2000.Suche in Google Scholar

Faraday O, Orumwense F. Dispersion – flocculation studies on a Goethite-clay system. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 1994; 60: 405–411.10.1002/jctb.280600411Suche in Google Scholar

Fares MM, El-faqeeh AS, Osman ME. Graft copolymerization onto starch: I. Synthesis and optimization of starch grafted with N-tert-butylacrylamide copolymer and its hydrogels. J Poly Res 2003; 10: 119–125.10.1023/A:1024928722345Suche in Google Scholar

Finch CA. Industrial water soluble polymers. Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1996: 62.Suche in Google Scholar

Fleer GJ, Cohen Stuart MA, Scheutjens JMHM, Cosgrove T, Vincent B. Polymers at interfaces. Cambridge, UK: Chapman and Hall, 1993.Suche in Google Scholar

Franks GV, Li H, O’Shea JP, Qiao GG. Temperature responsive polymers as multiple function reagents in mineral processing. Adv Powder Technol 2009; 20: 273–279.10.1016/j.apt.2009.02.002Suche in Google Scholar

Frazer LJ. New method accurately analyzes PHPA’s in muds. Oil Gas J 1987; 85: 39–42.Suche in Google Scholar

Ge X, Ye W, Xu M, Zhang Z. Radiation copolymerization of acrylamide and cationic monomer in an inverse emulsion. Polymer 1998; 39: 1917–1920.10.1016/S0032-3861(97)00482-5Suche in Google Scholar

Ghimici L, Bercea M, Dragan ES. Rheological behavior of some cationic polyelectrolytes. J Macrom Sci B 2009; 48: 1011–1024.10.1080/00222340903035618Suche in Google Scholar

Ghorai S, Sarkar A, Panda AB, Pal S. Evaluation of the flocculation characteristics of polyacrylamide grafted xanthan gum/silica hybrid nanocomposite. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013; 52: 9731–9740.10.1021/ie400550mSuche in Google Scholar

Gogate PR, Pandit AB. A review of imperative technologies for wastewater treatment: I. Oxidation technologies at ambient conditions. Adv Environ Res 2004; 8: 501–551.10.1016/S1093-0191(03)00032-7Suche in Google Scholar

Goodman RM. Dispersants. Kirk-Othmer: Encyclopedia of chemical technology. Toronto: Wiley, 1978: 7.Suche in Google Scholar

Goudarzian N, Rabiee A, Hamidi H. Effect of reactant ratio on gel point of sulfonated melamine formaldehyde. Iran Polym J 1996; 5: 24–29.Suche in Google Scholar

Green VS, Stott DE, Norton LD, Graveel JG. Polyacrylamide molecular weight and charge effects on infiltration under simulated rainfall. Soil Sci Soc Am J 2000; 64: 1786–1791.10.2136/sssaj2000.6451786xSuche in Google Scholar

Gregory J. Polymeric flocculants. In: Finch CA, editor. Chemistry and technology of water-soluble polymers. New York: Plenum Press, 1983: 307.Suche in Google Scholar

Guan Q, Zheng H, Zhai J, Zhao C, Zheng X, Tang XM, Chen W, Sun Y. Effect of template on structure and properties of cationic polyacrylamide: characterization and mechanism. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014; 53: 5624–5635.10.1021/ie404116kSuche in Google Scholar

Haicun Y, Weiqun Z, Ning S, Yunfei Z, Xin L. Preliminary study on mechanisms and oil displacement performance of cationic starch. J Petr Sci Technol 2009; 65: 188–192.10.1016/j.petrol.2008.12.032Suche in Google Scholar

Hale AH, Mody FK, Shell Development Company. SPE International symposium on oilfield chemistry. 2–5 March, New Orleans, LO, 1993.Suche in Google Scholar

He Y, Li G, Yang F, Yu X, Cui Y, Ren F. Precipitation polymerization of acrylamide with quaternary ammonium cationic monomer in potassium carbonate solution initiated by plasma. J Appl Polym Sci 2007; 104: 4060–4067.10.1002/app.25649Suche in Google Scholar

Heskins M, Guillet JE. Solution properties of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide). J Macromol Sci Chem 1968; A2: 1441–1455.10.1080/10601326808051910Suche in Google Scholar

Hessefort YZ, Morris JD, Carlson WM, Wei M, Quadir M, Brammer Jr, Larry E. Water soluble monomers and polymers for protecting substrates from ultraviolet light. U.S. Patent 7,008,618, 2006.Suche in Google Scholar

Hocking MB, Klimchuck KA, Lowen S. Water-soluble acrylamide copolymers: VIII. Preparation and characterization of polyacrylamide-co-N-t-butylacrylamide. J Polym Sci A 2001; 39: 1960–1977.10.1002/pola.1173Suche in Google Scholar

Jaeger W, Bohrisch J, Laschewsky A. Synthetic polymers with quaternary nitrogen atoms – synthesis and structure of the most used type of cationic polyelectrolyte. Prog Polym Sci 2010; 35: 511–577.10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.01.002Suche in Google Scholar

Ji J, Qiua J, Wai N, Wong FS, Li Y. Influence of organic and inorganic flocculants on physical-chemical properties of biomass and membrane-fouling rate. Water Res 2010; 44: 1627–1635.10.1016/j.watres.2009.11.013Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Jiang M, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Lou J. International conference on energy and environment technology. Guilin, China: ICEET, 2009; 2: 574.Suche in Google Scholar

Johnson KM, Fevola MJ, McCornick CL. Hydrophobically modified acrylamide-based polybetaines: I. Synthesis, characterization, and stimuli-responsive solution behavior. J Appl Polym Sci 2004; 92: 647–657.10.1002/app.13646Suche in Google Scholar

Kasturi C, Schafer MG, Spears MJ, Hutton HD, Sivik MR, Kluesener BW, Scheper WM. Detergent composition comprising polymeric suds enhancers which have improved mildness and skin feel. U.S. Patent 6,827,795, 2004.Suche in Google Scholar

Khai EM, Lee KE, Poh BT, Morad N, Teng TT. Synthesis and characterization of hydrophobically modified cationic polyacrylamide with low concentration of cationic monomer. J Macromol Sci A 2009; 46: 240–249.10.1080/10601320802637284Suche in Google Scholar

Khalil MI, Amal AA. Evaluation of some starch derivatives containing amide groups as flocculants. Starch/Stäke 2001a; 53: 323–329.10.1002/1521-379X(200107)53:7<323::AID-STAR323>3.0.CO;2-ZSuche in Google Scholar

Khalil MI, Amal AA. Preparation and evaluation of some cationic starch derivatives as flocculants. Starch/Stärke 2001b; 53: 84–89.10.1002/1521-379X(200102)53:2<84::AID-STAR84>3.0.CO;2-NSuche in Google Scholar

Khalil MI, Amal AA. Preparation and evaluation of some anionic starch derivatives as flocculants. Starch/Stärke 2002; 54: 132–139.10.1002/1521-379X(200204)54:3/4<132::AID-STAR132>3.0.CO;2-ESuche in Google Scholar

Khan GF, Guskey SM, Wells RL. Conditioning composition comprising cationic cross-linked thickening polymer and nonionic surfactant. U.S. Patent Application 20050002892, 2005.Suche in Google Scholar

Klimchuk KA, Hocking MB, Lowen S. Water-soluble acrylamide copolymers: IX. Preparation and characterization of the cationic derivatives of poly (acrylamide-co-n,n-dimethylacrylamide), poly(acrylamide-co-methacrylamide), and poly(acrylamide-co-n-t-butylacrylamide). J Polym Sci A 2001; 39: 2525–2535.10.1002/pola.1229Suche in Google Scholar

Koetz J, Kosmella S. Polyelectrolytes and nanoparticles. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer, 2007.Suche in Google Scholar

Kurenkov VF, Myagchenkov VA. Effects of reaction medium on the radical polymerization and copolymerization of acrylamide. Eur Polym J 1980; 16: 1229–1239.10.1016/0014-3057(80)90030-0Suche in Google Scholar

Kurenkov VF, Myagchenkov VA. Heterophase polymerization of acrylamide. Polym Plast Technol Eng 1991; 30: 367–404.10.1080/03602559108021002Suche in Google Scholar

Laue C, Hunkeler D. Chitosan-graft-acrylamide polyelectrolytes: synthesis, flocculation, and modeling. J Appl Polym Sci 2006; 102: 885–896.10.1002/app.24188Suche in Google Scholar

Lee SH, Shin WS, Shin MC, Choi SJ, Park LS. Improvement of water treatment performance by using polyamine flocculants. Environ Technol 2001; 22: 653–659.10.1080/09593332208618237Suche in Google Scholar

Leslie T, Xiao H, Dong M. Tailor-modified starch/cyclodextrin-based polymers for use in tertiary oil recovery. J Pet Sci Eng 2005; 46: 225–232.10.1016/j.petrol.2005.01.003Suche in Google Scholar

Li G, Yang C, He Y, Yang F, Yu X. Studies of precipitated polymerization of acrylamide with quaternary ammonium cationic comonomer in potassium citrate solution. J Appl Polym Sci 2007; 106: 2479–2484.10.1002/app.25645Suche in Google Scholar

Liao Y, Zheng H, Qian L, Sun Y, Dai L, Xue W. UV-initiated polymerization of hydrophobically associating cationic polyacrylamide modified by a surface-active monomer: a comparative study of synthesis, characterization, and sludge dewatering performance. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014; 53: 11193–11203.10.1021/ie5016987Suche in Google Scholar

Liu L, Yang W. Photoinitiated, inverse emulsion polymerization of acrylamide: some mechanistic and kinetic aspects. J Polym Sci A 2004; 42: 846–852.10.1002/pola.11033Suche in Google Scholar

Liu J, Takisawa N, Shirahama K. Effect of polymer size on the polyelectrolyte–surfactant interaction. J Phys Chem 1997; 101: 7520–7523.10.1021/jp971198lSuche in Google Scholar

Liu Y, Wang S, Hua J. Synthesis of complex polymeric flocculant and its application in purifying water. J Appl Polym Sci 2000; 76: 2093–2097.10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(20000628)76:14<2093::AID-APP13>3.0.CO;2-LSuche in Google Scholar

Liu X, Liu K, Gou S, Liang L, Luo C, Guo Q. Water-soluble acrylamide sulfonate copolymer for inhibiting shale hydration. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014; 53: 2903–2910.10.1021/ie403956dSuche in Google Scholar

Lochhead RY, Cosmetic nanotechnology. ACS Symp Ser 2007; 961: 3–56.10.1021/bk-2007-0961.ch001Suche in Google Scholar

Lu S, Liu R, Sun X. A study on the synthesis and application of an inverse emulsion of amphoteric polyacrylamide as a retention aid in papermaking. J Appl Polym Sci 2002; 84: 343–350.10.1002/app.10340Suche in Google Scholar

Lu S, Lin T, Cao D. Inverse emulsion of starch-graft-polyacrylamide. Starch/Stärke 2003; 55: 222–227.10.1002/star.200390041Suche in Google Scholar

Malovikova A, Hayakawa K. Surfactant-polyelectrolyte interactions: 4. Surfactant chain length dependence of the binding of alkylpyridinium cations to dextran sulfate. J Phys Chem 1984; 88: 1930–1933.10.1021/j150654a002Suche in Google Scholar

Massola CP, Chaves AP, Lima JRB, Andrade CF. Separation of silica from bauxite via froth flotation. Min Eng 2009; 22: 315–318.10.1016/j.mineng.2008.09.001Suche in Google Scholar

Matralis A, Sotiropoulou M, Bokias G, Staikos G. Water-soluble stoichiometric polyelectrolyte complexes based on cationic comb-type copolymers. Macromol Chem Phys 2006; 207: 1018–1025.10.1002/macp.200600083Suche in Google Scholar

Mayer HK. Milk species identification in cheese varieties using electrophoretic, chromatographic and PCR techniques. Int Dairy J 2005; 15: 595–604.10.1016/j.idairyj.2004.10.012Suche in Google Scholar

McDonald CJ, Beaver RH. The Mannich reaction of poly(acrylamide). Macromolecules 1979; 12: 203–208.10.1021/ma60068a007Suche in Google Scholar

Migo VP, Matsumura M, Del Rosario EJ, Kataoka H. Decolorization of molasses wastewater using an inorganic flocculant. J Ferment Bioeng 1993; 75: 438–442.10.1016/0922-338X(93)90092-MSuche in Google Scholar

Molyneux P. Water soluble synthetic polymers: properties and behavior, Vol. 2. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1984.Suche in Google Scholar

Morchat RM, Hiltz JA. A TGA study correlating polymer characteristics with smoke and flammability properties of polyester and phenolic resins. Thermochemica Acta 1991; 192: 221–231.10.1016/0040-6031(91)87164-RSuche in Google Scholar

Mortimer DA. Synthetic polyelectrolytes – a review. Polym Int 1991; 25: 29–41.10.1002/pi.4990250107Suche in Google Scholar

Niemec SM, Yeh H, Gallagher R, Hoe KL. Detergent composition with enhanced depositing, conditioning and softness capabilities. U.S. Patent 6,908,889, 2005.Suche in Google Scholar

Ochoa JR, Escudero Sanz FJ, Sasia PM, Santos García A, Díaz de Apodaca E, Río P. Synthesis of cationic flocculants by the inverse microemulsion copolymerization of acrylamide with 60% 2-acryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride in the monomer feed: II. Influence of the formulation composition, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, starting polymerization temperature, and reaction time. J Appl Polym Sci 2007; 103: 186–197.10.1002/app.25069Suche in Google Scholar

Oliver J, Hao OJ, Kim H, Chiang PC. Decolorization of Wastewater. Crit Rev Env Sci Technol 2000; 30: 449–505.10.1080/10643380091184237Suche in Google Scholar

Pazhanisamy P, Reddy BSR. Synthesis and characterization of methacrylamido propyltrimethyl ammonium chloride and N-substituted acrylamide ionomers. eXPRESS Polym Lett 2007; 1: 740–747.10.3144/expresspolymlett.2007.102Suche in Google Scholar

Pelton RH. Model cationic flocculants from the Mannich reaction of polyacrylamide model cationic flocculants from the Mannich reaction of polyacrylamide. J Polym Sci A 1984; 22: 3955–3966.Suche in Google Scholar

Pelton RH. Electrolyte effects in the adsorption and desorption of a cationic polyacrylamide on cellulose fibers. J Colloid Interface Sci 1986; 111: 475–485.10.1016/0021-9797(86)90050-0Suche in Google Scholar

Peng P, Garnier G. Effect of cationic polyacrylamide on precipitated calcium carbonate flocculation: kinetics, charge density and ionic strength. Colloid Surface A 2012; 408: 32–39.10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.05.002Suche in Google Scholar

Petroudy SRD, Syverud K, Chinga-Carrasco G, Ghasemain A, Resalati H. Effects of bagasse microfibrillated cellulose and cationic polyacrylamide on key properties of bagasse paper. Carbohyd Polym 2014; 99: 311–318.10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.07.073Suche in Google Scholar

Pojják K, Bertalanits E, Mészáros R. Effect of salt on the equilibrium and nonequilibrium features of polyelectrolyte/surfactant association. Langmuir 2011; 27: 9139–9147.10.1021/la2021353Suche in Google Scholar

Qiao R, Zhang R, Zhu W, Gong P. Lab simulation of profile modification and enhanced oil recovery with a quaternary ammonium cationic polymer. J Ind Eng Chem 2012; 18: 111–115.10.1016/j.jiec.2011.11.092Suche in Google Scholar

Qiu Y, Park K. Environment-sensitive hydrogels for drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001; 53: 321–339.10.1016/S0169-409X(01)00203-4Suche in Google Scholar

Rabiee A. Synthesis of water-soluble highly sulphonated melamine-formaldehyde resin as an effective super-plasticizer in concrete. Iran Polym J 2001; 10: 157–163.Suche in Google Scholar

Rabiee A. Acrylamide-based anionic polyelectrolytes and their applications: a survey. J Vinyl Addit Technol 2010; 16: 111–119.10.1002/vnl.20229Suche in Google Scholar

Rabiee A. Acrylamide-based cationic polyelectrolytes and their potential applications: a survey. International conference on management and service science (MASS). 12–14 Aug. 2011, Wuhan, China: IEEE, 1–3.10.1109/ICMSS.2011.5999328Suche in Google Scholar

Rabiee A, Zeynali ME, Baharvand H. Synthesis of high molecular weight partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide and investigation on its properties. Iran Polym J 2005; 14: 603–608.Suche in Google Scholar

Rabiee A, Ershad-Langroudi A, Jamshidi H. Polyacrylamide-based polyampholytes and their applications. Rev Chem Eng 2014; 30: 501–519.10.1515/revce-2014-0004Suche in Google Scholar

Riggs JP, Rodriguez F. Polymerization of acrylamide initiated by the persulfate–thiosulfate redox couple. J Polym Sci A 1967; 5: 3167–3181.10.1002/pol.1967.150051216Suche in Google Scholar

Robbins CR. Interactions of shampoo and crème rinse ingredients with human hair. Chemical and physical behavior of human hair. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2002: 193–310.10.1007/0-387-21695-2_5Suche in Google Scholar

Romero-Zeron L, Kantzas A. Evolution of foamed gel confined in pore network models. J Canad Petr Technol 2006; 45: 51–62.10.2118/06-11-07Suche in Google Scholar

Sakohara S, Nishikawa K. Compaction of TiO2 suspension utilizing hydrophilic/hydrophobic transition of cationic thermosensitive polymers. J Colloid Interface Sci 2004; 278: 304–309.10.1016/j.jcis.2004.06.002Suche in Google Scholar

Sakohara S, Ochiai E, Kusaka T. Dewatering of activated sludge by thermosensitive polymers. Sep Purif Technol 2007; 56: 296–302.10.1016/j.seppur.2007.02.004Suche in Google Scholar

Samain H, Livoreil A. Alkaline hair-relaxing in the presence of at least one high molecular weight water-soluble polymer. U.S. Patent Application 20040265256 A1, 2004.Suche in Google Scholar

Schild HG. Poly (N-isopropylacrylamide): experiment, theory and application. Prog Polym Sci 1992; 17: 163–249.10.1016/0079-6700(92)90023-RSuche in Google Scholar

Shang H, Liu H, Zheng Y, Wang L. Synthesis, characterization, and flocculation properties of poly(acrylamide-methacryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane). J Appl Polym Sci 2009; 111: 1594–1599.10.1002/app.29015Suche in Google Scholar

Shen Y, Zhang A, Wu G. Effect of polymerization method on structure and properties of cationic polyacrylamide. J Appl Polym Sci 2008; 110: 3889–3896.10.1002/app.28941Suche in Google Scholar

Shon HK, Vigneswaran S, Ngo HH, Kim JH, Kandasamy J. Effect of flocculation as a pretreatment to photocatalysis in the removal of organic matter from wastewater. J Sep Purif Technol 2007; 56: 388–391.10.1016/j.seppur.2007.04.023Suche in Google Scholar

Sojka RE, Lentz RD. Reducing furrow irrigation erosion with polyacrylamide (PAM). J Prod Agric 1997; 10: 47–52.10.2134/jpa1997.0047Suche in Google Scholar

Song H, Wu D, Zhang RQ, Qiao LY, Zhang SH, Lin S, Ye J. Synthesis and application of amphoteric starch graft polymer. J Carbohydr Polym 2009; 78: 253–257.10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.03.027Suche in Google Scholar

Soponvuttikul C, Scamehorn JF, Saiwan C. Aqueous dispersion behavior of barium chromate crystals: effect of cationic polyelectrolyte. Langmuir 2003; 19: 4402–4410.10.1021/la020850nSuche in Google Scholar

Sorbie KS. Polymer-improved OIL recovery. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1991.10.1007/978-94-011-3044-8Suche in Google Scholar

Souza CEC, Fonseca MV, Sa CH, Nascimento RSV. Inhibitive properties of cationic polymers in a borehole environment. J Appl Polym Sci 2006; 102: 2158–2163.10.1002/app.24168Suche in Google Scholar

Stechemesser H, Dobias B. Coagulation and flocculation. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2005.Suche in Google Scholar

Tadros T. Flory-Huggins interaction parameters. Encyclopedia of colloid and interface science. Heidelberg: Springer, 2013: 523–524.10.1007/978-3-642-20665-8_89Suche in Google Scholar

Taylor KC, Nasr-El-Din HA. Water-soluble hydrophobically associating polymers for improved oil recovery: a literature review. J Pet Sci Eng 1998; 19: 265–280.10.1016/S0920-4105(97)00048-XSuche in Google Scholar

Thomas WM, Wang DW. Encyclopedia of polymer science and technology, 2nd ed., Vol. 7. In: Mark HF, Bikales NM, Overberger CG, Menges G, editors. New York: Wiley, 1985: 211–229.Suche in Google Scholar

Tiwari DK, Sen P. Application of nanoparticles in waste water treatment. World Appl Sci J 2008; 3: 417–433.Suche in Google Scholar

Tripathy T, De BR. Flocculation: a new way to treat the wastewater. J Phys Sci 2006; 10: 93–127.Suche in Google Scholar

Vorchheimer N. Synthetic polyelectrolytes. In: Schwoyer WLK, editor. Polyelectrolytes for water and wastewater treatment. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1981: 1.Suche in Google Scholar

Vorob’ev PD, Krut’ko NP, Vorob’eva EV, Cherednichenko DV, Basalyga II. Peculiarities of the formation of polyacrylamide compound-based polyelectrolyte complexes in the course of the flocculation of clay-salt dispersions. Colloid J 2007; 69: 552–556.10.1134/S1061933X07050031Suche in Google Scholar

Wang WK, Huang SD. Adsorbing colloid flotation of Zn(II) with Fe(OH)3 and polyelectrolytes. Sep Sci Technol 1989; 24: 1179–1189.10.1080/01496398908049896Suche in Google Scholar

Wang LK, Wang MH, Kao JF. Application and determination of organic polymers. J Water Air Soil Pollut 1978; 9: 337–348.10.1007/BF00280682Suche in Google Scholar

Wang Y, Kotsuchibashi Y, Liu Y, Narain R. Temperature-responsive hyperbranched amine-based polymers for solid–liquid separation. Langmuir 2014; 30: 2360–2368.10.1021/la5003012Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Wanga Li J, Wanga JP, Zhanga Sj, Chena YZ, Yuana SJ, Sheng GP, Yu HQ. A water-soluble cationic flocculant synthesized by dispersion polymerization in aqueous salts solution. Sep Purif Technol 2009; 67: 331–335.10.1016/j.seppur.2009.03.044Suche in Google Scholar

Wells RL, Johnson ES. Shampoo containing a cationic guar derivative. U.S. Patent Application 6,930,078, 2005.Suche in Google Scholar

Wiśniewska M, Chibowski S, Urban T. Impact of anionic and cationic polyacrylamide on the stability of aqueous alumina suspension – comparison of adsorption mechanism. Colloid Polym Sci 2015; 293: 146–152.10.1007/s00396-015-3509-8Suche in Google Scholar

Wong SS, Teng TT, Ahmad AL, Zuhairi A, Najafpour G. Treatment of pulp and paper mill wastewater by polyacrylamide (PAM) in polymer induced flocculation. J Hazard Mater 2006; 135: 378–388.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.11.076Suche in Google Scholar

Wu YM, Chen QF, Xu J, Bi JM. Aqueous dispersion polymerization of acrylamide with quaternary ammonium cationic comonomer. J Appl Polym Sci 2008; 108: 134–139.10.1002/app.27464Suche in Google Scholar

Xu J, Zhao WP, Wang CX, Wu YM. Preparation of cationic polyacrylamide by aqueous two-phase polymerization. eXPRESS Polym Lett 2010; 4: 275–283.10.3144/expresspolymlett.2010.35Suche in Google Scholar

Xue W, Hamley IW, Castellano V, Olmsted PD. Synthesis and characterization of hydrophobically modified polyacrylamides and some observations on rheological properties. Euro Polym J 2004; 40: 47–56.10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2003.09.014Suche in Google Scholar

Xue Z, Foster E, Wang Y, Nayak S, Cheng V, Ngo VW, Pennell KD, Bielawski CW, Johnston KP. Effect of grafted copolymer composition on iron oxide nanoparticle stability and transport in porous media at high salinity. Energy Fuels 2014; 28: 3655–3665.10.1021/ef500340hSuche in Google Scholar

Yahaya GO, Ahdab AA, Sli SA, Abu-Sharkh BF, Hamad FZ. Solution behavior of hydrophobically associating water-soluble block copolymers of acrylamide and N-benzylacrylamide. Polymer 2001; 42: 3363–3372.10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00711-4Suche in Google Scholar

Yeoh T, Coffindaffer TW, Uchiyama H, Schroeder JG, Okuyama Y. Conditioning shampoo compositions having improved silicone deposition. U.S. Patent 6,200,554, 2001.Suche in Google Scholar

Zeynali ME, Rabiee A. Alkaline hydrolysis of polyacrylamide and study on poly(acrylamide-co-sodium acrylate) properties. Iran Polym J 2002; 11: 269–275.Suche in Google Scholar

Zeynali ME, Rabiee A, Baharvand H. Synthesis of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide and investigation of solution properties (viscosity behavior). Iran Polym J 2004; 13: 479–484.Suche in Google Scholar

Zhao X, Liu L, Wang Y, Dai H, Wang D, Cai H. Influences of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) residue on the flocculation behavior of oily wastewater produced from polymer flooding. Sep Purif Technol 2008; 62: 199–204.10.1016/j.seppur.2008.01.019Suche in Google Scholar

Zheng HL, Zhu JR, Jiang ZZ, Ji FY, Tan MZ, Sun YJ, Miao SX, Zheng XK. Research on preparation and application of dewatering agents for tailings water treatment. Adv Mater Res 2012; 414: 172–178.10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.414.172Suche in Google Scholar

Zheng H, Sun Y, Guo J, Li F, Fan W, Liao Y, Guan Q. Characterization and evaluation of dewatering properties of PADB, a highly efficient cationic flocculant. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014; 53: 2572–2582.10.1021/ie403635ySuche in Google Scholar

Zou C, Zhao P, Hu X, Yan X, Zhang Y, Wang X, Song R, Luo P. β-Cyclodextrin-functionalized hydrophobically associating acrylamide copolymer for enhanced oil recovery. Energy Fuels 2013; 27: 2827–2834.10.1021/ef302152tSuche in Google Scholar

Received: 2014-11-17
Accepted: 2015-2-10
Published Online: 2015-4-21
Published in Print: 2015-6-1

©2015 by De Gruyter

Heruntergeladen am 26.12.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/revce-2014-0056/html?lang=de
Button zum nach oben scrollen