Protection of wood against bio-attack and research of new effective and environmental friendly fungicides
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Kazeem A. Alabi
,
Ibrahim O. Abdulsalami
Abstract
This research investigated the design, chemical modification, characterization and biocidal evaluation of waxes. Tallow (animal fat), bee-wax (insect) and shea butter (plant fat) were first converted to carboxylates by metathesis and later transformed into urea and thiourea complexes. The transformation was monitored using UV–visible, FT-IR and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. They were also screened for biocidal activities using two white rots (Pleurotus sajor-cajor and Pleurotus oestratus), two brown rots (Sclerotium rolfsii and Rhizotonia solanii) and a soft rot (Cheatomium globosum). The UV–visible absorption peaks shifted to a longer wavelength for the complexes in relation to the carboxylates signifying lower energy and higher activities. Carboxylates showed very sharp peaks around 1700 cm−1 attributable to the carbonyl functional group (C=O) (Scheme 1), the carbonyl (C=O) peaks in the carboxylates were replaced by the appearance of another peaks in the urea and thiourea complexes at around 1600 cm−1 attributable to azomethine (C=N) (Scheme 2 and 3). None of the surface morphologies of the samples (crystalline) is identical. This result further confirmed the formation of the products. The result of fungi assay showed that tallow based carboxylate, urea and thiourea complexes greatly inhibited the growth of all the fungi species used. However, bees wax based carboxylate and its complexes as well as plant-fat based carboxylate and its complexes could not inhibit the growth of Sclerotium rolfsii. For insect and plant-based urea complexes, there were tiny growths (pin head) seen on the plates inoculated with P. sajor-cajor and P. oestratus, respectively. The findings of this work showed that urea and thiourea complexes performed better than carboxylates in fungi inhibition. Tallow-based products (carboxylates, urea and thiourea) showed the greatest anti-fungi properties.
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Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
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Research funding: None declared.
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Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
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© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Reviews
- Modern analytical approach in biopolymer characterization
- Development of nanocellulose fiber reinforced starch biopolymer composites: a review
- Recent developments in sago starch thermoplastic bio-composites
- Mechanical degradation of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch (TPS)/poly (lactic acid) (PLA) blend bionanocomposites in aqueous environments
- Computational design of the novel building blocks for the metal-organic frameworks based on the organic ligand protected Cu4 cluster
- Highly functional nanocellulose-reinforced thermoplastic starch-based nanocomposites
- Spectral peak areas do not vary according to spectral averaging scheme used in functional MRS experiments at 3 T with interleaved visual stimulation
- Triterpenoids of antibacterial extracts from the leaves of Bersama abyssinica Fresen (Francoaceae)
- Immediate effects of atrazine application on soil organic carbon and selected macronutrients and amelioration by sawdust biochar pretreatment
- Process configuration of combined ozonolysis and anaerobic digestion for wastewater treatment
- Concentration levels and risk assessment of organochlorine and organophosphate pesticide residue in selected cereals and legumes sold in Anambra State, south-eastern Nigeria
- XRD and cytotoxicity assay of submitted nanomaterial industrial samples in the Philippines
- Comparative study of the photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline under visible light irradiation using Bi24O31Br11-anchored carbonaceous and silicates catalyst support
- Xanthoangelol, geranilated chalcone compound, isolation from pudau leaves (Artocarpus kemando Miq.) as antibacterial and anticancer
- Barley thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose
- Integration of chemo- and bio-catalysis to intensify bioprocesses
- Fabrication of starch-based packaging materials
- Potato thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose
- Review on sago thermoplastic starch composite films reinforced with nanocellulose
- Wheat thermoplastic starch composite films reinforced with nanocellulose
- Synergistic effect in bimetallic gold catalysts: recent trends and prospects
- Simultaneous removal of methylene blue, copper Cu(II), and cadmium Cd(II) from synthetic wastewater using fennel-based adsorbents
- The investigation of the physical properties of an electrical porcelain insulator manufactured from locally sourced materials
- Concentration evaluation and risk assessment of pesticide residues in selected vegetables sold in major markets of Port Harcourt South-South Nigeria
- Detection of iodine in aqueous extract of plants through modified Mohr’s method
- Exploration of bioactive compounds from Mangifera indica (Mango) as probable inhibitors of thymidylate synthase and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-Κb) in colorectal cancer management
- A new sphingoid derivative from Acacia hockii De Wild (Fabaceae) with antimicrobial and insecticidal properties
- Protection of wood against bio-attack and research of new effective and environmental friendly fungicides
- Computational investigation of Arbutus serratifolia Salisb molecules as new potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors
- Exploring the solvation of water molecules around radioactive elements in nuclear waste water treatment
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Reviews
- Modern analytical approach in biopolymer characterization
- Development of nanocellulose fiber reinforced starch biopolymer composites: a review
- Recent developments in sago starch thermoplastic bio-composites
- Mechanical degradation of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch (TPS)/poly (lactic acid) (PLA) blend bionanocomposites in aqueous environments
- Computational design of the novel building blocks for the metal-organic frameworks based on the organic ligand protected Cu4 cluster
- Highly functional nanocellulose-reinforced thermoplastic starch-based nanocomposites
- Spectral peak areas do not vary according to spectral averaging scheme used in functional MRS experiments at 3 T with interleaved visual stimulation
- Triterpenoids of antibacterial extracts from the leaves of Bersama abyssinica Fresen (Francoaceae)
- Immediate effects of atrazine application on soil organic carbon and selected macronutrients and amelioration by sawdust biochar pretreatment
- Process configuration of combined ozonolysis and anaerobic digestion for wastewater treatment
- Concentration levels and risk assessment of organochlorine and organophosphate pesticide residue in selected cereals and legumes sold in Anambra State, south-eastern Nigeria
- XRD and cytotoxicity assay of submitted nanomaterial industrial samples in the Philippines
- Comparative study of the photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline under visible light irradiation using Bi24O31Br11-anchored carbonaceous and silicates catalyst support
- Xanthoangelol, geranilated chalcone compound, isolation from pudau leaves (Artocarpus kemando Miq.) as antibacterial and anticancer
- Barley thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose
- Integration of chemo- and bio-catalysis to intensify bioprocesses
- Fabrication of starch-based packaging materials
- Potato thermoplastic starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose
- Review on sago thermoplastic starch composite films reinforced with nanocellulose
- Wheat thermoplastic starch composite films reinforced with nanocellulose
- Synergistic effect in bimetallic gold catalysts: recent trends and prospects
- Simultaneous removal of methylene blue, copper Cu(II), and cadmium Cd(II) from synthetic wastewater using fennel-based adsorbents
- The investigation of the physical properties of an electrical porcelain insulator manufactured from locally sourced materials
- Concentration evaluation and risk assessment of pesticide residues in selected vegetables sold in major markets of Port Harcourt South-South Nigeria
- Detection of iodine in aqueous extract of plants through modified Mohr’s method
- Exploration of bioactive compounds from Mangifera indica (Mango) as probable inhibitors of thymidylate synthase and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-Κb) in colorectal cancer management
- A new sphingoid derivative from Acacia hockii De Wild (Fabaceae) with antimicrobial and insecticidal properties
- Protection of wood against bio-attack and research of new effective and environmental friendly fungicides
- Computational investigation of Arbutus serratifolia Salisb molecules as new potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors
- Exploring the solvation of water molecules around radioactive elements in nuclear waste water treatment
