Accumulation and health effects of metals in selected urban groundwater
-
Adeleke Adeniyi
and
Olayiwola Giwa
Abstract
The contamination of water sources as a result of man’s activities is of concern because of its potential impact on the health of humans. Samples of groundwater were collected from four households within metropolitan Lagos between the months of April and August, 2019. The samples were analyzed for cadmium, calcium, iron, lead, manganese and zinc using atomic absorption spectrometry. Structured questionnaire was administered to the residents in households where the water samples were collected. Results obtained were compared with global background values and WHO guidelines for drinking water. The pH values ranged from 5.16 ± 0.26 to 5.29 ± 0.44, whereas, the control pH values were within the WHO guidelines of 6.5–8.5. The concentrations (mg/L) ranged from 2.04 ± 1.01–23.48 ± 8.81 (calcium); 3.35 ± 1.94–3.60 ± 2.25 (iron); 0.31 ± 0.42–0.47 ± 0.51 (manganese) and 0.27 ± 0.04–0.77 ± 0.69 (zinc), respectively. Cadmium and lead were not detected. The health risk indices (HRI) values were found to be in the order of Fe > Zn > Mn and were below the threshold value of 1. Statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to ascertain statistical significant differences of metal concentrations in the four locations. Metal pollution source control and periodic water quality monitoring is recommended.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the Department of Chemistry, Lagos State University for providing most of the facilities. We are equally grateful to Dr. Ojo Oluwole and Mr. Mutiu Sowemimo for valuable assistance.
-
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
References
1. Fienen, MN, Arshad, M. The international scale of groundwater issue. In: Jakeman, AJ, Barreteau, O, Hunt, RJ, Rinaudo, JD, Ross, A, editors. Integrated groundwater management. Cham: Springer; 2016.10.1007/978-3-319-23576-9_2Search in Google Scholar
2. Foster, S. Global policy overview of groundwater in urban development – a tale of 10 cities. Water 2020;12:456–63. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020456.Search in Google Scholar
3. Chaturvedi, A, Bhattacharjee, S, Kumar, V, Singh, AK. A study on the interdependence of heavy metals while contributing to groundwater pollution index. Environ Sci Pollut Res 2021;66:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12352-8.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
4. Adeniyi, AA, Yusuf, KA, Okedeyi, O, Sowemimo, M. Classification and health risk assessment for borehole water contaminated by metals in selected households in south west Nigeria. J Water Resour Protect 2016;8:459–71. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2016.84039.Search in Google Scholar
5. Adeniran, A. Assessment of water quality in slum area Ibadan. Hydrol Curr Res 2018;9:8.10.4172/2157-7587.1000296Search in Google Scholar
6. Belkhiri, L, Tiri, A, Mouni, L. Assessment of heavy metals contamination in groundwater: a case study of the south of Setif area, East Algeria. In: Komatina, D, editor. Achievements and challenges of integrated river basin management. London: IntechOpen; 2018.10.5772/intechopen.75734Search in Google Scholar
7. Vetrimuruga, E, Brindha, K, Elango, L, Ndwandiwe, OM. Human exposure risk to heavy metals through groundwater used for drinking in an intensively irrigated river delta. Appl Water Sci 2017;7:326–3280.10.1007/s13201-016-0472-6Search in Google Scholar
8. Cunningham, WP, Cunningham, MA. Environmental science: a global concern. New York: McGraw- Hill; 2014.Search in Google Scholar
9. Boretti, A, Rosa, L. Reassessing the projections of the world water development report. Clean Water 2019;2. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-019-0039-9.Search in Google Scholar
10. Vaishaly, AG, Mathew, BB, Krishnamurthy, NB. Health effects caused by metal contaminated groundwater. Int J Adv Sci Res 2015;1:60–4.10.7439/ijasr.v1i2.1798Search in Google Scholar
11. Liu, Y, Ma, R. Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in groundwater in Luan river catchment within the North China plain. Geofluids 2020;2020:7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8391793.Search in Google Scholar
12. United Nations. Sustainable development goal 6. New York: Synthesis report on water and sanitation; 2018.Search in Google Scholar
13. Raja, U, Lakshmi, RV, Sekar, CP, Chidamaran, S, Neelakantan, MA. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in groundwater of industrial township Virudhunager, Tamil Nadu, India. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2021;80:144–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-020-00795-y.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
14. Ighalo, JO, Adeniyi, AG. A comprehensive review of water quality monitoring and assessment in Nigeria. Chemosphere 2020;260:127569. https://doi.org/10.1016/2020.127569.Search in Google Scholar
15. Balogun, II, Sojobi, AO, Galkaye, E. Public water supply in Lagos State, Nigeria: review of importance and challenges, status and concerns and pragmatic solutions. Congent Engin 2017;4. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2017.1329776.Search in Google Scholar
16. Shiru, MS, Shahid, S, Shiru, S, Chung, ES, Alias, N, Ahmed, K, et al.. Challenges in water resources of Lagos mega city of Nigeria in the context of climate change. J Water Clim Change 2019;11:1067–83. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2019.047.Search in Google Scholar
17. Singha, S, Pasupuleti, S, Singha, SS, Kumar, S. Effectiveness of groundwater heavy metal pollution indices studies by deep-learning. J Contam Hydrol 2020;235:103718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2020.103718.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
18. America Public Health Association. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, APHA, AWWA and WPCE, 20th ed. Springfield, Byrd Progress: American Public Health Association; 1998.Search in Google Scholar
19. WHO. Guidelines for drinking water quality, 4th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.Search in Google Scholar
20. Chanpiwat, P, Lee, B, Kim, K, Sthiannopkao, S. Human health risk assessment for ingestion exposure to groundwater contaminated by naturally occurring mixtures of toxic heavy metals in the Lao PDR. Environ Monit Assess 2014;186:4905–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-3747-0.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
21. Sheng, D, Wu, J, Wen, X, Wu, M, Zhang, C. Contamination and ecological risk of heavy metals in groundwater of a typical agricultural area in NW China. Geochem Explor Environ Anal 2020;20:440–50. https://doi.org/10.1144/geochem2020-014.Search in Google Scholar
22. Javed, M, Usmani, N. Accumulation of heavy metals and human risk assessment via the consumption of freshwater fish Mastacembelus armatus inhabiting, thermal power plant effluent loaded canal. SpringerPlus 2016;5:776. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2471-3.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
23. Grimason, AM, Morse, TD, Beattie, TK, Masangwi, SJ, Jabu, GC, Taulo, SC, et al.. Classification and quality of groundwater supplies in the lower Shire valley, Malawi—part 1: physico-chemical quality of borehole water supplies in Chikhwawa, Malawi. Water SA 2013;39:563–72. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v39i4.16.Search in Google Scholar
24. Nwakor, EK, Ogbu, KN, Orakwe, CC, Chukwuma, EC, Nwachukwu, CP. Assessment of seasonal groundwater quality for domestic use in Akure metropolis, Ondo State, Nigeria. Int J Agric Biosci 2013;3:16.Search in Google Scholar
25. Kempster, PL, Van Vliet, HR, Kuhn, A. The need for guidelines to bridge the gap between ideal drinking-water quality and that quality which is practically available and acceptable. Water SA 1997;23:163–7.Search in Google Scholar
26. Ho, KC, Chow, YL, Yau, JTS. Chemical and microbiological qualities of the east river (Dongjiang) water, with particular reference to drinking water supply in Hong Kong. Chemosphere 2003;52:1441–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(03)00481-8.Search in Google Scholar
27. McGowan, W. Water processing: residential, commercial, light-industrial, 3rd ed. Lisle, Illinois: Water Quality Association; 2000.Search in Google Scholar
28. Adeniyi, AA, Yusuf, KA, Okedeyi, OO. Assessment of the exposure of two fish species to metals pollution in the Ogun river catchments, Ketu, Lagos, Nigeria. Environ Monit Assess 2008;137:451–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9780-5.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
29. Okonkwo, A. A re-appraisal of groundwater quality in parts of central Benue trough, Nigeria. Int J Advan Mat Res. 2015;1:102–12.Search in Google Scholar
30. Brindha, K, Kavitha, R. Hydrochemical assessment of surface water and groundwater quality along Uyyakondan channel, south India. Environ Earth Sci 2015;73:5383–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3793-5.Search in Google Scholar
31. Moyosore, JO, Coker, AO, Sridhar, MKC, Adejumo, M. Iron and manganese levels of groundwater in selected areas in Ibadan and feasible engineering solutions. Euro Sci J 2014;10:11.Search in Google Scholar
32. Sridhar, SGD, Sakthivel, AM, Sangunathan, U, Balasubramanian, M, Jenefer, S, Mohamed, RM, et al.. Heavy metal concentration in groundwater from Besant Nagar to Sathankuppam, south Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Appl Water Sci 2017;7:4651–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-017-0628-z.Search in Google Scholar
33. Fahad, NA. Assessment of the levels of some heavy metals in water in Alahsa Oasis farms, Saudi Arabia, with analysis by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Arabian J Chem 2015;8:240–5.10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.08.018Search in Google Scholar
34. Rezaei, A, Hassani, H, Hassani, S, Jabbari, N, Mousavi, SF, Rezaei, S. Evaluation of groundwater quality and heavy metal pollution indices in Bazman basin, southeastern Ira. Groundwater Sustain Dev 2019;9:100245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2019.100245.Search in Google Scholar
35. Majolagbe, AO, Adeyi, AA, Osibanjo, O, Adams, AO, Ojuri, OO. Pollution vulnerability and health risk assessment of groundwater around an engineering landfill in Lagos, Nigeria. Chem Inter 2017;3:58–68.Search in Google Scholar
36. Oyem, HH, Oyem, IM, Usese, AI. Iron, manganese, cadmium, chromium, zinc and arsenic groundwater contents of Agbor and Owa communities of Nigeria. SpringerPlus 2015;4:104. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-0867-0.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
37. McMahon, PB, Belitz, K, Reddy, JE, Johnson, TD. Elevated manganese concentrations in United States groundwater, role of land surface–soil–aquifer connections. Environ Sci Tech 2019;53:29–38. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b04055.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Reviews
- Evaluation of the Chemistry curriculum at the lower secondary level: feedback from educators
- Polymers, plastics, & more – educating post-secondary students from different disciplines with polymer science
- Quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and sector field ICP-MS: a comparison of analytical methods for the quantification of As, Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn, and U in drinking water
- Development of reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for determination of selected antihypertensive active flavonoids (rutin, myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol) in medicinal plants found in Botswana
- Accumulation and health effects of metals in selected urban groundwater
- Phytochemical and antioxidant activity of Cadaba farinosa Forssk stem bark extracts
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Reviews
- Evaluation of the Chemistry curriculum at the lower secondary level: feedback from educators
- Polymers, plastics, & more – educating post-secondary students from different disciplines with polymer science
- Quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and sector field ICP-MS: a comparison of analytical methods for the quantification of As, Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn, and U in drinking water
- Development of reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for determination of selected antihypertensive active flavonoids (rutin, myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol) in medicinal plants found in Botswana
- Accumulation and health effects of metals in selected urban groundwater
- Phytochemical and antioxidant activity of Cadaba farinosa Forssk stem bark extracts
