Startseite Clause Structure and Illocutionary Force in Medieval Gallo-Romance: Clitic Position in Old Occitan and Early Old French Sentential Coordination
Artikel
Lizenziert
Nicht lizenziert Erfordert eine Authentifizierung

Clause Structure and Illocutionary Force in Medieval Gallo-Romance: Clitic Position in Old Occitan and Early Old French Sentential Coordination

  • Bryan Donaldson EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 9. April 2021
Veröffentlichen auch Sie bei De Gruyter Brill
Probus
Aus der Zeitschrift Probus Band 33 Heft 1

Abstract

This paper analyzes the position of object and adverbial clitic pronouns in coordinated affirmative verb-first declaratives introduced by e(t) “and” in Old Occitan and early Old French, a context in which clitics are variably preverbal or postverbal. An empirical study reveals that this variation is principled and reflects semantico-discursive properties in the same way in these two related and grammatically similar medieval Gallo-Romance varieties. On a theoretical level, I posit that preverbal clitics occur when conjunction occurs at the TP level, and postverbal clitics occur when conjunction occurs at the CP level, and that the choice of clause structure (TP vs. CP) for second conjunct clauses depends on illocutionary force, which in turn depends on discourse coherence relations and the semantics of verba dicendi (verbs of utterance).


Corresponding author: Bryan Donaldson, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA, E-mail:

Acknowledgments

I wish to thank the three anonymous Probus reviewers, Pranav Anand, Barbara Vance, and the audiences at Indiana University, Bloomington and the 50th Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages (University of Texas at Austin) for valuable discussion and suggestions on previous versions of this work. All shortcomings remain my own.

Texts used

Boutière, Jean (ed.). 1964. Biographies des troubadours: Textes provençaux des XIIIe et XIVe siècles. Paris: A.-G. Nizet.Suche in Google Scholar

Chrétien, de Troyes. 2009. Erec et Enide. Pierre Kunstmann, Ottawa/Nancy (eds.), Université d’Ottawa / Laboratoire de français ancien. Published online by ENS de Lyon in the Base de français medieval. http://catalog.bfm-corpus.org/erec.Suche in Google Scholar

Curtius, Ernst R. (ed.). 1911. Li quatre livre des reis. Dresden: Max Niemeyer.Suche in Google Scholar

De Poerck, Guy, R. van Deyck & R. Zwaenepoel (eds.). 1970. Le charroi de Nîmes: Chanson de geste. Saint-Aquilin-de-Pacy: Mallier.Suche in Google Scholar

Foster, Brian & Ian Short (eds.). 1976–1977. The Anglo-Norman Alexander: Le roman de toute chevalerie. London: Anglo-Norman Text Society.Suche in Google Scholar

Gautier, d’Arras. 1976. Eracle. Guy Raynaud de Lage (ed.). Paris: Champion Published online by the ENS de Lyon in the Base de français medieval. http://catalog.bfm-corpus.org/eracle.Suche in Google Scholar

Gout, Raoul (ed.). 1927. La vie de Sainte Douceline. Paris: Ars et Fides.Suche in Google Scholar

Harf-Lancner, Laurence (ed.). 1994. Le Roman d’Alexandre. Paris: Librairie Générale Française.Suche in Google Scholar

Koschwitz, Eduard (ed.). 1964. La vie de Saint Léger (Les plus anciens monuments de la langue française), 6th edn. Munich: Max Hueber Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar

Langlois, Ernest (ed.). 1968. Le couronnement de Louis, chanson de geste du XIIe siècle. Paris: Honoré Champion.Suche in Google Scholar

Leclenche, Jean-Luc (ed.). 2003. Le conte de Floire et Blanchefleur. Paris: Honoré Champion.Suche in Google Scholar

Lee, Charmaine (ed.). 2000. Jaufre (edizione critica). Available at: http://www.rialc.unina.it/jaufre-i.htm.Suche in Google Scholar

Manetti, Roberta (ed.). 2008. Flamenca: Romanzo occitano del XIII secolo. Modena: Mucchi Editore.Suche in Google Scholar

Martin, Jean-Pierre (ed.). 2002. Orson de Beauvais: Chanson de gest du XIIe siècle. Paris: Honoré Champion.Suche in Google Scholar

Michel, Francisque (ed.). 1876. Psautier de Cambridge. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. Published online by ENS de Lyon in the Base de français medieval. http://catalog.bfm-corpus.org/cambps.Suche in Google Scholar

Muret, Ernest & L. M. Defourques (eds.). 1974. Le roman de Tristan: Poème du XIIe siècle. Paris: Honoré Champion.Suche in Google Scholar

Perugi, Maurizio (ed.). 2000. La vie de Saint Alexis. Geneva: Droz.Suche in Google Scholar

Petit, Aimé (ed.). 2008. Le roman de Thèbes. Paris: Honoré Champion.Suche in Google Scholar

Régnier, Claude (ed.). 2007. Aliscans. Paris: Honoré Champion.Suche in Google Scholar

Salverda de Grave, Jean-Jacques (ed.). 1964. Enéas: Roman du XIIe siècle. Paris: Honoré Champion.Suche in Google Scholar

Samaran, Charles (ed.). 1929. Psautier de l’Orne. Paris: Société des amis de la Romania. Published online by ENS de Lyon in the Base de français medieval. http://catalog.bfm-corpus.org/PsOrne.Suche in Google Scholar

Schneegans, Friedrich (ed.). 1898. Gesta Karoli Magni ad Carcassonam et Narbonam. Halle: Max Niemeyer Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar

Segre, Cesare. (ed.). 1971. La chanson de Roland. Milan: Riccardo Ricciardi.Suche in Google Scholar

Short, Ian & Brian S. Merrilees (eds.). 1979. The Anglo-Norman voyage of St Brendan. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Suche in Google Scholar

Suard, François (ed.). 2008. La chanson de Guillaume. Paris: Librairie Générale Française.Suche in Google Scholar

Wace. 1938-1940. Brut. Ivan D. O. Arnold (ed.). Oxford: Anglo-Norman Text Society. Published online by ENS de Lyon in the Base de français medieval. http://catalog.bfm-corpus.org/brut.Suche in Google Scholar

Walberg, Emmanuel. (ed.). 1964. La vie de Saint Thomas Becket. Paris: Honoré Champion.Suche in Google Scholar

References

Adams, Marianne. 1987. From Old French to the theory of pro-drop. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 5. 1–33.10.1007/BF00161866Suche in Google Scholar

Alboiu, Gabriela, Virginia Hill & Ioanna Sitaridou. 2015. Discourse-drive V-to-C in early modern Romanian. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 33. 1057–1088.10.1007/s11049-014-9270-8Suche in Google Scholar

Asher, Nicholas & Laure Vieu. 2005. Subordinating and coordinating discourse relations. Lingua 115. 591–610.10.1016/j.lingua.2003.09.017Suche in Google Scholar

Benincà, Paola. 1983-1984. Un’ipotesi sulla sintassi delle lingue romanze medievali. Quaderni Patamini di Linguistica 4(1). 3–19.Suche in Google Scholar

Benincà, Paola. 1995. Complement clitics in medieval Romance: The Tobler-Mussafia law. In A. Battye & I. Roberts (eds.), Clause structure and language change, 325–344. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780195086324.003.0012Suche in Google Scholar

Benincà, Paola. 2006. A detailed map of the left periphery of medieval Romance. In R. Zanuttini, H. Campos, E. Herburger & P. Portner (eds.), Crosslinguistic research in syntax and semantics: Negation, tense, and clausal architecture, 53–86. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Suche in Google Scholar

Buridant, Claude. 2000. Grammaire nouvelle de l’ancien français. Paris: Sedes.Suche in Google Scholar

De Dardel, Robert & Ans De Kok. 1996. La position des pronoms régimes atones, personnels et adverbiaux, en protoroman. Geneva: Droz.Suche in Google Scholar

De Dardel, Robert. 1983. Déclaratives romanes à verbe initial. Vox Romanica 42. 1–37.Suche in Google Scholar

De Kok, Ans. 1985. La place du pronom personnel régime conjoint en français: une étude diachronique. Amsterdam: Rodopi.10.1163/9789004649576Suche in Google Scholar

Donaldson, Bryan. 2016. Preverbal subjects, information structure, and object clitic position in Old Occitan. Journal of Linguistics 52(1). 37–69.10.1017/S0022226714000619Suche in Google Scholar

Donaldson, Bryan. 2020. Clitic position in Old Occitan affirmative verb-first declaratives coordinated by e: A variationist analysis. Journal of Historical Linguistics 10(3). 389–427.10.1075/jhl.19002.donSuche in Google Scholar

Donaldson, Bryan & Barbara Vance. 2017. La place des pronoms clitiques en ancien occitan: Analyse des déclaratives affirmatives à verbe initial coordonnées par e. 12th Congrès de l’Association d’Études Occitanes. France: Albi.Suche in Google Scholar

Fontana, Josep M. 1993. Phrase structure and the syntax of clitics in the history of Spanish. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Pennsylvania.Suche in Google Scholar

Foulet, Lucien. 1928. Petite syntaxe de l’ancien français, 3rd ed. Paris: Honoré Champion.Suche in Google Scholar

Herman, József. 1954. Recherches sur l’ordre des mots dans les plus anciens textes français en prose. Acta Linguistica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 4(69–93). 351–379.Suche in Google Scholar

Hinzelin, Marc-Olivier. 2007. Die Stellung der klitischen Objektpronomina in den romanischen Sprachen. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.Suche in Google Scholar

Hirschbühler, Paul & Marie-Odile Junker. 1988. Remarques sur les sujets nuls en subordonnées en ancient et en moyen français. Revue Québécoise de Linguistique Théorique et Appliquée 7(3). 63–84.Suche in Google Scholar

Hobbs, Jerry R. 1985. On the coherence and structure of discourse. Report No. CSLI-85-37. Center for the Study of Language and Information.Suche in Google Scholar

Holmberg, Anders. 2015. Verb second. In T. Kiss & A. Alexiadou (eds.), Syntax – Theory and analysis: An international handbook, vol. 1, 342–383. Berlin: De Gruyter.10.1515/9783110377408.342Suche in Google Scholar

Jensen, Frede. 1986. The syntax of medieval Occitan. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag.10.1515/9783111329277Suche in Google Scholar

Jensen, Frede. 1994. Syntaxe de l’ancien occitan. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag.10.1515/9783110936148Suche in Google Scholar

Kaiser, Georg A. 2002. Verbstellung und Verbstellungswandel in den romansichen Sprachen. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag.10.1515/9783110911640Suche in Google Scholar

Kearns, John T. 2006. Conditional assertion, denial, and supposition as illocutionary acts. Linguistics and Philosophy 29. 455–485.10.1007/s10988-006-0007-ySuche in Google Scholar

Kunert, Hans P. 2003. L’ordine degli elementi della frase in Occitano antico. Romanische Forschungen 115. 194–209.Suche in Google Scholar

Labelle, Marie & Paul Hirschbühler. 2005. Changes in clausal organization and the position of clitics in Old French. In M. Battlori, M.-L. Hernanz, C. Picallo & F. Roca (eds.), Grammaticalization and parametric variation, 60–71. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199272129.003.0004Suche in Google Scholar

Labelle, Marie. 2007. Clausal architecture in early Old French. Lingua 117. 289–316.10.1016/j.lingua.2006.01.004Suche in Google Scholar

Lafont, Robert. 1967. La phrase occitane: Essai d’analyse systématique. Montpellier: Presses Universitaires de France.Suche in Google Scholar

Lascarides, Alex & Nicholas Asher. 1993. Temporal interpretation, discourse relations and commonsense entailment. Linguistics and Philosophy 16(5). 437–493.10.1007/BF00986208Suche in Google Scholar

Ledgeway, Adam. 2008. Satisfying V2 in early Romance: Merge vs. move. Journal of Linguistics 44. 437–470.10.1017/S0022226708005173Suche in Google Scholar

Marchello-Nizia, Christiane. 1995. L’évolution du français: Ordre des mots, démonstratifs, accent tonique. Paris: Armand Colin.Suche in Google Scholar

Marchello-Nizia, C. 2012. L’oral représenté en français médiéval, un accès construit à une face cachée des langues mortes. In C. Guillot, B. Combettes, A. Lavrentiev & E. Oppermann-Marsaux (eds.), Le changement en français: études de linguistique diachronique, 247–264. Peter Lang: Bern.Suche in Google Scholar

Mathieu, Eric. 2013. The left periphery in Old French. In D. Arteaga (ed.), Research on Old French: The state of the art, 327–350. Dordrecht: Springer.10.1007/978-94-007-4768-5_17Suche in Google Scholar

Ménard, Philippe. 1988. Syntaxe de l’ancien français. Pompignac, France: Editions Bière.Suche in Google Scholar

Mériz, Diana T. 1978. Observations on object pronoun collocation with finite verb-parts in medieval Occitan (to 1300). Romania 99(145–182). 289–310.10.3406/roma.1978.1917Suche in Google Scholar

Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm. 1897. Zur Stellung der tonlosen Objektspronomina. Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie 21. 313–334.10.1515/zrph.1897.21.3.313Suche in Google Scholar

Mussafia, Adolfo. 1886. Una particolaritá sintattica della lingua italiana dei primi secoli. In Miscellanea di folologica e linguistica: Dedicata alla memoria di Napoleone Caix e Ugo Angelo Canello, 255–261. Firenze: Le Monnier.Suche in Google Scholar

Poletto, Cecilia. 2005. Sì and e as CP expletives in Old Italian. In Montserrat Batllori, Maria-Lluïsa Hernanz, Carme Picallo & Francesc Roca (eds.), Grammaticalization and parametric variation, 206–235. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199272129.003.0013Suche in Google Scholar

Poletto, Cecilia. 2009. Two instances of a broken cycle: Sentential particles in Old Italian. In E. van Gelderen (ed.), Cyclical change, 185–206. Amsterdam: Benjamins.10.1075/la.146.11polSuche in Google Scholar

Poletto, Cecilia. 2014. Word order in Old Italian. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199660247.001.0001Suche in Google Scholar

Poole, Geoffrey. 2006. Interpolation and the left periphery in Old Spanish. Newcastle Working Papers in Linguistics 12–13. 188–216.Suche in Google Scholar

Ramsden, Herbert. 1963. Weak-pronoun position in the early Romance languages. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Suche in Google Scholar

Reinhart, Tanya. 1984. Principles of gestalt perception in the temporal organization of narrative texts. Linguistics 22. 779–809.10.1515/ling.1984.22.6.779Suche in Google Scholar

Reis, Marga. 1995. Wer glaubst du hat recht? On so-called extractions from verb-second clauses and verb-first parenthetical constructions in German. Sprache und Pragmatik 36. 27–83.Suche in Google Scholar

Rivero, María-Luisa. 1972. Remarks on operators and modalities. Foundations of Language 9. 209–241.Suche in Google Scholar

Rizzi, Luigi. 1997. The fine structure of the left periphery. In L. Haegeman (ed.), Elements of grammar, 281–337. Dordrecht: Kluwer.10.1007/978-94-011-5420-8_7Suche in Google Scholar

Roberts, Ian G. 1993. Verbs and diachronic syntax: A comparative history of English and French. Dordrecht: Kluwer.10.1007/978-94-011-2910-7Suche in Google Scholar

Roberts, Ian G. 2012. Phases, head movement and second-position effects. In Á. J. Gallego (ed.), Phases: Developing the framework, 385–440. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton.10.1515/9783110264104.385Suche in Google Scholar

Rohlfs, Gerhard. 1970. From Vulgar Latin to Old French. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press.Suche in Google Scholar

Romieu, Maurice & André Bianchi. 1999. La lenga del trobar: Précis de grammatica d’occitan ancian. Bordeaux: Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux.Suche in Google Scholar

Romieu, Maurice & André Bianchi. 2002. Iniciacion a l’occitan ancian: Dètz e nòu tèxtes de l’Edat Mejana comentats. Bordeaux: Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux.Suche in Google Scholar

Ross, John R. 1970. On declarative sentences. In R. A. Jacobs & P. S. Rosenbaum (eds.), Readings in English transformational grammar, 222–277. Waltham, MA: Ginn and Company.Suche in Google Scholar

Rouveret, Alain. 2004. Les clitiques pronominaux et la périphérie gauche en ancien français. Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 99. 181–237.10.2143/BSL.99.1.541914Suche in Google Scholar

Salvi, Giampaolo. 2000. La formazione del sistema V2 delle lingue romanze antiche. Lingua e Stile 35. 665–692.Suche in Google Scholar

Simonenko, Alexandra & Paul Hirschbühler. 2012. Placement de clitiques dans les propositions V1 et évolution de la structure de la proposition en ancien français. In M. Dufresne (ed.), Typologie, ordre des mots et groupe verbal en français médiéval, 11–53. Laval, Quebec: Presses de l’Université Laval.10.1515/9782763709369-002Suche in Google Scholar

Sitaridou, Ioanna. 2005. A corpus-based study of null subjects in Old French and Old Occitan. In Claus D. Pusch, Johannes Kabatek and Wolfgang Raible (eds.), Romance corpus linguistics II: Corpora and diachronic linguistics, 359–374. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.Suche in Google Scholar

Skårup, Povl. 1975. Les premières zones de la proposition en ancien français [Special issue #6]. Revue Romane.Suche in Google Scholar

Skårup, Povl. 1997. Morphologie élémentaire de l’ancien occitan. Copenhagen: Museum Tusulanums Forlag.Suche in Google Scholar

Smith, Nathaniel B. & Thomas G. Bergin. 1984. An Old Provençal primer. New York: Garland.Suche in Google Scholar

Thurneysen, Rudolf. 1892. Die Stellung des Verbums in Altfranzösischen. Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie 16. 289–307.10.1515/zrph.1892.16.1-4.289Suche in Google Scholar

Tobler, Adolf. 1875. Review of J. J. Le Coultre, De l’ordre des mots dans Chrétien de Troyes, 1875. Göttingische Gelehrte Anzeigen 34. 1057–1082.Suche in Google Scholar

Vance, Barbara. 1997. Syntactic change in medieval French: Verb-second and null subjects. Dordrecht: Kluwer.10.1007/978-94-015-8843-0Suche in Google Scholar

Vance, Barbara. 2014. La syntaxe des pronoms d’objet clitiques de l’ancien occitan: Système stable ou dynamique? In Carmen Alén Garabato, Claire Torreilles & Marie-Jeanne Verny (eds.), Los qui fan viure et treslusir l’occitan: Actes du Xe Congrès de l’AIEO, 202–212. Limoges: Lambert-Lucas.Suche in Google Scholar

Vance, Barbara, Bryan Donaldson & B. Devan Steiner. 2010. V2 loss in Old French and Old Occitan: The role of fronted clauses. In Sonia Colina, Antxon Olarrea & Ana Maria Carvalho (eds.), Romance linguistics 2009: Selected Papers from the 39th Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages, 301–320. Amsterdam: Benjamins.10.1075/cilt.315.18vanSuche in Google Scholar

Vanelli, Laura, Lorenzo Renzi & Paola Benincà. 1985. Typologie des pronoms sujets dans les langues romanes. In Actes du XVIIe Congrès International de Linguistique et Philologie Romanes, vol. 3, 163–176. Aix: Université de Provence.Suche in Google Scholar

Wolfe, Sam. 2016. A comparative perspective on the evolution of Romance clausal structure. Diachronica 33(4). 461–502.10.1075/dia.33.4.02wolSuche in Google Scholar

Wolfe, Sam. 2018. Occitan, verb second, and the Medieval Romance word order debate. In J. Berns, H. Jacobs & D. Nouveau (eds.), Romance languages and linguistic theory 13: Selected papers from ‘Going Romance’ 29, Nijmegen, 315–336. Amsterdam: Benjamins.10.1075/rllt.13.19wolSuche in Google Scholar

Wolfe, Sam. 2019. Verb second in Medieval Romance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780198804673.001.0001Suche in Google Scholar

Zimmermann, Michael & Georg A. Kaiser. 2010. Much ado about nothing? On the categorial status of et and ne in medieval French. Corpus 9. 265–290.10.4000/corpus.1941Suche in Google Scholar

Published Online: 2021-04-09
Published in Print: 2021-05-26

© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Heruntergeladen am 1.10.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/prbs-2020-0009/html?lang=de
Button zum nach oben scrollen