Home Physical Sciences Sodium-alginate/poly (acrylamide co-acrylic acid) semi-interpenetrating hydrogels for removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Sodium-alginate/poly (acrylamide co-acrylic acid) semi-interpenetrating hydrogels for removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions

  • Taha Yakoub Bakel , Yassine Berbar , Naima Bouslah EMAIL logo , Miguel Díaz-Sánchez ORCID logo , Nabila Haddadine , Santiago Gómez-Ruiz and Mohamed Trari
Published/Copyright: April 7, 2025
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Journal of Polymer Engineering
From the journal Journal of Polymer Engineering Volume 45 Issue 5

Abstract

Water contamination by heavy metals is a serious ecological problem due to their toxicity to humans, animals and plants. The synthesis of new low-cost adsorbents used in the treatment of polluted water is therefore generating growing interest. In this work, the synthesis of semi-interpenetrating network (SIPN) hydrogels by in-situ free radical polymerization was carried out. Materials based on poly(acrylamide-co- acrylic acid) and different ratios of sodium alginate (Alg-Na) have been prepared to examine their potential use in wastewater treatment. The swelling capabilities of these materials were evaluated observing a general trend of low swelling in acidic pH solutions and more significant swelling in solutions with a pH above 5. The structure and morphology of the hydrogels were investigated using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The adsorption capacity of the hydrogels for metal ions Pb2+, Cd2+, and Cr3+ was studied in aqueous media containing different concentrations of these ions (25–100 ppm). The results showed that the hydrogels have great potential for heavy metal removal from aqueous solutions concluding also that the addition of Alg-Na enhances the metal uptake.

Keywords: alginate; acrylamide; acrylic acid; biopolymers; swelling; environment
Corresponding author: Naima Bouslah, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Thio-Organic Macromolecular Synthesis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediène USTHB, BP 32 El Alia, 16111 Algiers, Algeria, E-mail:

Funding source: funding from the research project PID2022-136417NB-I00 financed by MCIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ and “ERDF A way of making Europe

Award Identifier / Grant number: funding from the research project PID2022-136417NB

Acknowledgments

Taha. Yakoub. Bakel would like to thank Prof. Arous Omar for the constructive discussions. The authors are grateful to the DGRSDT/MESRS in Algeria for supporting this research.

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: The authors like to thank funding from the research project PID2022-136417NB-I00 financed by MCIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ and “ERDF A way of making Europe”.

  7. Data availability: Not applicable.

References

1. Zhang, P.; Yang, M.; Lan, J.; Huang, Y.; Zhang, J.; Huang, S.; Yang, Y.; Ru, J. Water Quality Degradation Due to Heavy Metal Contamination: Health Impacts and Eco-Friendly Approaches for Heavy Metal Remediation. Toxics 2023, 11 (10), 828. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100828.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

2. Lin, L.; Yang, H.; Xu, X. Effects of Water Pollution on Human Health and Disease Heterogeneity: A Review. Front. Environ. Sci. 2022, 10, 880246. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.880246.Search in Google Scholar

3. Patil, S.; Singh, P.; Kumar, P.; Pooja, D. Sensors in Water Pollutants Monitoring: Role of Material, 1st ed.; Springer: Singapore, 2020.Search in Google Scholar

4. Saravanan, A.; Kumar, P. S.; Jeevanantham, S.; Karishma, S.; Tajsabreen, B.; Yaashikaa, P. R.; Reshma, B. Effective Water/Wastewater Treatment Methodologies for Toxic Pollutants Removal: Processes and Applications towards Sustainable Development. Chemosphere 2021, 280, 130595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130595.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

5. Kılıç, Z. Water Pollution: Causes, Negative Effects and Prevention Methods. İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi Fen Bilim. Enstitüsü Derg 2021, 3 (2), 129–132. https://doi.org/10.47769/izufbed.862679.Search in Google Scholar

6. Zamora-Ledezma, C.; Negrete-Bolagay, D.; Figueroa, F.; Zamora-Ledezma, E.; Ni, M.; Alexis, F.; Guerrero, V. H. Heavy Metal Water Pollution: A Fresh Look about Hazards, Novel and Conventional Remediation Methods. Environ. Technol. Innov. 2021, 22, 101504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.101504.Search in Google Scholar

7. Morin-Crini, N.; Lichtfouse, E.; Liu, G.; Balaram, V.; Ribeiro, A. R. L.; Lu, Z.; Stock, F.; Carmona, E.; Teixeira, M. R.; Picos-Corrales, L. A.; Moreno-Piraján, J. C.; Giraldo, L.; Pandey, A.; Hocquet, D.; Torri, G.; Crini, G. Worldwide Cases of Water Pollution by Emerging Contaminants: A Review. Environ. Chem. Lett. 2022, 20 (4), 2311–2338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01447-4.Search in Google Scholar

8. Hanafi, M. F.; Sapawe, N. A Review on the Water Problem Associate with Organic Pollutants Derived from Phenol, Methyl Orange, and Remazol Brilliant Blue Dyes. Mater. Today Proc. 2020, 31, A141–A150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.01.258.Search in Google Scholar

9. Qasem, N. A. A.; Mohammed, R. H.; Lawal, D. U. Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Wastewater: A Comprehensive and Critical Review. Npj Clean Water 2021, 4 (1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-021-00127-0.Search in Google Scholar

10. Xiang, H.; Min, X.; Tang, C.-J.; Sillanpää, M.; Zhao, F. Recent Advances in Membrane Filtration for Heavy Metal Removal from Wastewater: A Mini Review. J. Water Process Eng. 2022, 49, 103023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.103023.Search in Google Scholar

11. Rajendran, S.; Priya, A. K.; Kumar, P. S.; Hoang, T. K. A.; Sekar, K.; Chong, K. Y.; Khoo, K. S.; Ng, H. S.; Show, P. L. A Critical and Recent Developments on Adsorption Technique for Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater-A Review. Chemosphere 2022, 303, 135146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135146.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

12. Hussain, S. T.; Ali, S. A. K. Removal of Heavy Metal by Ion Exchange Using Bentonite Clay. J. Ecol. Eng. 2021, 22 (1), 104–111. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/128865.Search in Google Scholar

13. Yang, L.; Hu, W.; Chang, Z.; Liu, T.; Fang, D.; Shao, P.; Shi, H.; Luo, X. Electrochemical Recovery and High Value-Added Reutilization of Heavy Metal Ions from Wastewater: Recent Advances and Future Trends. Environ. Int. 2021, 152, 106512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106512.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

14. Seida, Y.; Tokuyama, H. Hydrogel Adsorbents for the Removal of Hazardous Pollutants–Requirements and Available Functions as Adsorbent. Gels 2022, 8 (4), 220. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8040220.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

15. Rani, P.; Pal, P.; Panday, J. P.; Mishra, S.; Sen, G. Alginic Acid Derivatives: Synthesis, Characterization and Application in Wastewater Treatment. J. Polym. Environ. 2019, 27 (12), 2769–2783. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-019-01553-5.Search in Google Scholar

16. Ahmad, S.; Ahmad, M.; Manzoor, K.; Purwar, R.; Ikram, S. A Review on Latest Innovations in Natural Gums Based Hydrogels: Preparations & Applications. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019, 870–890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.113.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

17. Erceg, T.; Cakić, S.; Cvetinov, M.; Dapčević-Hadnađev, T.; Budinski-Simendić, J.; Ristić, I. The Properties of Conventionally and Microwave Synthesized Poly(acrylamide-Co-Acrylic Acid) Hydrogels. Polym. Bull. 2020, 77 (4), 2089–2110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-019-02840-w.Search in Google Scholar

18. Bashir, S.; Teo, Y. Y.; Ramesh, S.; Ramesh, K. Physico-Chemical Characterization of pH-Sensitive N-Succinyl Chitosan-G-Poly (Acrylamide-Co-Acrylic Acid) Hydrogels and In Vitro Drug Release Studies. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2017, 139, 38–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.03.014.Search in Google Scholar

19. Craciun, G.; Ighigeanu, D.; Manaila, E.; Stelescu, M. D. Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(Acrylamide-Co-Acrylic Acid) Flocculant Obtained by Electron Beam Irradiation. Mater. Res. 2015, 18 (5), 984–993. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-1439.008715.Search in Google Scholar

20. Liu, E. Y.; Jung, S.; Yi, H. Improved Protein Conjugation with Uniform, Macroporous Poly(acrylamide-Co-Acrylic Acid) Hydrogel Microspheres via EDC/NHS Chemistry. Langmuir 2016, 32 (42), 11043–11054. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02591.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

21. Tomar, R. S.; Gupta, I.; Singhal, R.; Nagpal, A. K. Synthesis of Poly (Acrylamide-Co-Acrylic Acid) Based Superaborbent Hydrogels: Study of Network Parameters and Swelling Behaviour. Polym. – Plast. Technol. Eng. 2007, 46 (5), 481–488. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602550701297095.Search in Google Scholar

22. Zendehdel, M.; Barati, A.; Alikhani, H. Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution by Poly(acrylamide-Co-Acrylic Acid) Modified with Porous Materials. Polym. Bull. 2011, 67 (2), 343–360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-011-0464-5.Search in Google Scholar

23. Ahmadian, M.; Jaymand, M. Interpenetrating Polymer Network Hydrogels for Removal of Synthetic Dyes: A Comprehensive Review. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2023, 486, 215152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215152.Search in Google Scholar

24. Zhao, Z.; Huang, Y.; Wu, Y.; Li, S.; Yin, H.; Wang, J. α-Ketoglutaric Acid Modified Chitosan/Polyacrylamide Semi-interpenetrating Polymer Network Hydrogel for Removal of Heavy Metal Ions. Coll. Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2021, 628, 127262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127262.Search in Google Scholar

25. Yang, Z.; Chen, L.; McClements, D. J.; Qiu, C.; Li, C.; Zhang, Z.; Miao, M.; Tian, Y.; Zhu, K.; Jin, Z. Stimulus-Responsive Hydrogels in Food Science: A Review. Food Hydrocoll. 2022, 124, 107218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107218.Search in Google Scholar

26. Zanbili, F.; Gozali Balkanloo, P.; Poursattar Marjani, A. Semi-IPN Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogels for Effective Removal of Heavy Metal Ions and Dyes from Wastewater: A Comprehensive Investigation of Performance and Adsorption Mechanism. Rev. Environ. Health 2024. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2024-0004.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

27. Chen, R.; Yang, S.; Liu, B.; Liao, Y. Eco-Friendly Semi-interpenetrating Polymer Network Hydrogels of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose/Gelatin for Methylene Blue Removal. Mater. (Basel) 2023, 16 (9), 3385. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093385.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

28. Wadhera, P.; Jindal, R.; Dogra, R. Synthesis of Semi Interpenetrating Network Hydrogel [(GrA-Psy)-cl-Poly (AA)] and its Application for Efficient Removal of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solution. Polym. Eng. Sci. 2019, 59 (7), 1416–1427. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.25126.Search in Google Scholar

29. Jozaghkar, M. R.; Sepehrian Azar, A.; Ziaee, F. Synthesis and Characterization of Semi-interpenetrating Polymer Network Hydrogel Based on Polyacrylic Acid/Polyallylamine and its Application in Wastewater Remediation. Polym. Bull. 2023, 80 (2), 2119–2135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-022-04162-w.Search in Google Scholar

30. Tang, C.; Yin, L.; Yu, J.; Yin, C.; Pei, Y. Swelling Behavior and Biocompatibility of Carbopol-containing Superporous Hydrogel Composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2007, 104 (5), 2785–2791. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.25930.Search in Google Scholar

31. Gupta, N. V.; Shivakumar, H. G. Investigation of Swelling Behavior and Mechanical Properties of a PH-Sensitive Superporous Hydrogel Composite. Iran. J. Pharm. Res. IJPR 2012, 11 (2), 481. https://doi.org/10.22037/ijpr.2012.1097.Search in Google Scholar

32. Mongay, C.; Cerda, V. A Britton-Robinson Buffer of Known Ionic Strength. Ann. Chim 1974, 64.Search in Google Scholar

33. Sadeghi, M.; Hosseinzadeh, H. Synthesis and Superswelling Behavior of Carboxymethylcellulose–Poly (Sodium Acrylate-co-acrylamide) Hydrogel. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2008, 108 (2), 1142–1151. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.26464.Search in Google Scholar

34. Pourjavadi, A.; Sadeghi, M.; Mahmodi Hashemi, M.; Hosseinzadeh, H. Synthesis and Absorbency of Gelatin-Graft-Poly (Sodium Acrylate-Co-Acrylamide) Superabsorbent Hydrogel with Saltand PH-Responsiveness Properties. e-Polymers 2006, 6 (1), 57. https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly.2006.6.1.728.Search in Google Scholar

35. Al-Juaid, A. A.; Gabal, M. A. Effects of Co-substitution of Al3+ and Cr3+ on Structural and Magnetic Properties of Nano-Crystalline CoFe2O4 Synthesized by the Sucrose Technique. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2021, 14, 10–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.06.023.Search in Google Scholar

36. Karges, J.; Díaz-García, D.; Prashar, S.; Gómez-Ruiz, S.; Gasser, G. Ru (II) Polypyridine Complex-Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as Photosensitizers for Cancer Targeted Photodynamic Therapy. ACS Appl. Bio Mater. 2021, 4 (5), 4394–4405. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.1c00151.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

37. Díaz-García, D.; Fischer-Fodor, E.; Vlad, C. I.; Méndez-Arriaga, J. M.; Prashar, S.; Gómez-Ruiz, S. Study of Cancer Cell Cytotoxicity, Internalization and Modulation of Growth Factors Induced by Transferrin-Conjugated Formulations of Metallodrug-Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2021, 323, 111238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2021.111238.Search in Google Scholar

38. Díaz-García, D.; Ferrer-Donato, Á.; Méndez-Arriaga, J. M.; Cabrera-Pinto, M.; Díaz-Sánchez, M.; Prashar, S.; Fernandez-Martos, C. M.; Gómez-Ruiz, S. Design of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) with a Therapeutic Cocktail Based on Leptin and Pioglitazone. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 2022, 8 (11), 4838–4849. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00865.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

39. Hassan, R. M. Novel Synthesis of Natural Cation Exchange Resin by Crosslinking the Sodium Alginate as a Natural Polymer with 1, 6-Hexamethylene Diisocyanate in Inert Solvents: Characteristics and Applications. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2021, 184, 926–935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.147.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

40. Naseem, K.; Tahir, M. H.; Farooqi, F.; Manzoor, S.; Khan, S. U. Strategies Adopted for the Preparation of Sodium Alginate–Based Nanocomposites and Their Role as Catalytic, Antibacterial, and Antifungal Agents. Rev. Chem. Eng. 2023, 39 (8), 1359–1391. https://doi.org/10.1515/revce-2022-0016.Search in Google Scholar

41. Sing, K. S. W. Characterization of Porous Solids: An Introductory Survey. In Studies in surface science and catalysis; Elsevier, Vol. 62, 1991; pp. 1–9.10.1016/S0167-2991(08)61303-8Search in Google Scholar

42. Peng, X.-W.; Zhong, L.-X.; Ren, J.-L.; Sun, R.-C. Highly Effective Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Macroporous Xylan-Rich Hemicelluloses-Based Hydrogel. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2012, 60 (15), 3909–3916. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf300387q.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

43. Badsha, M. A. H.; Khan, M.; Wu, B.; Kumar, A.; Lo, I. M. C. Role of Surface Functional Groups of Hydrogels in Metal Adsorption: From Performance to Mechanism. J. Hazard. Mater. 2021, 408, 124463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124463.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

44. Bhattacharyya, K. G.; Gupta, S. S. Adsorption of a Few Heavy Metals on Natural and Modified Kaolinite and Montmorillonite: A Review. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2008, 140 (2), 114–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2007.12.008.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

45. O’Connell, D. W.; Birkinshaw, C.; O’Dwyer, T. F. Heavy Metal Adsorbents Prepared from the Modification of Cellulose: A Review. Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99 (15), 6709–6724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.01.036.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

46. Darban, Z.; Shahabuddin, S.; Gaur, R.; Ahmad, I.; Sridewi, N. Hydrogel-Based Adsorbent Material for the Effective Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater: A Comprehensive Review. Gels 2022, 8 (5), 263. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8050263.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

47. Wang, T.; Liu, W.; Xiong, L.; Xu, N.; Ni, J. Influence of PH, Ionic Strength and Humic Acid on Competitive Adsorption of Pb (II), Cd (II) and Cr (III) onto Titanate Nanotubes. Chem. Eng. J. 2013, 215, 366–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.11.029.Search in Google Scholar

48. Lee, B.; Kim, Y.; Lee, H.; Yi, J. Synthesis of Functionalized Porous Silicas via Templating Method as Heavy Metal Ion Adsorbents: The Introduction of Surface Hydrophilicity onto the Surface of Adsorbents. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2001, 50 (1), 77–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1387-1811(01)00437-1.Search in Google Scholar

49. Williams, M. L. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Occup. Environ. Med, 76th ed.; David R Lide: Florida, 1996.10.1136/oem.53.7.504Search in Google Scholar

50. Nightingale, Jr, E. R. Phenomenological Theory of Ion Solvation. Effective Radii of Hydrated Ions. J. Phys. Chem. 1959, 63 (9), 1381–1387. https://doi.org/10.1021/j150579a011.Search in Google Scholar

51. Berbar, Y.; Amara, M.; Kerdjoudj, H. Anion Exchange Resin Applied to a Separation between Nitrate and Chloride Ions in the Presence of Aqueous Soluble Polyelectrolyte. Desalination 2008, 223 (1–3), 238–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.218.Search in Google Scholar

52. Jiang, Y.; Lu, L.; Liu, Z.; Zhang, W.; Liu, F.; Li, A. Two-Step Recovery of Pb (II) and Cd (II) with Thiophene Functionalized Hydrogel from Lead-Acid Battery Wastewater: Insight into PH-Regulated Separation. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2025, 354, 128541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2024.128541.Search in Google Scholar

53. Yang, Z.; Yang, T.; Yang, Y.; Yi, X.; Hao, X.; Xie, T.; Liao, C. J. The Behavior and Mechanism of the Adsorption of Pb (II) and Cd (II) by a Porous Double Network Porous Hydrogel Derived from Peanut Shells. Mater. Today Commun. 2021, 27, 102449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102449.Search in Google Scholar

54. Ma, J.; Li, T.; Liu, Y.; Cai, T.; Wei, Y.; Dong, W.; Chen, H. Rice Husk Derived Double Network Hydrogel as Efficient Adsorbent for Pb (II), Cu (II) and Cd (II) Removal in Individual and Multicomponent Systems. Bioresour. Technol. 2019, 290, 121793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121793.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

55. Li, A.; Ge, W.; Liu, L.; Zhang, Y.; Qiu, G. Synthesis and Application of Amine-Functionalized MgFe2O4-Biochar for the Adsorption and Immobilization of Cd (II) and Pb (II). Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 439, 135785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.135785.Search in Google Scholar

56. Silva, E. C.; Gomes, C. G.; Vieira, M. A.; Fajardo, A. R. Composite Hydrogel Based on Alginate-G-Poly (Acrylamide)/Carbon Nanotubes for Solid Phase Extraction of Metals from Corn Cereal Samples. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2023, 242, 124586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124586.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Received: 2025-01-29
Accepted: 2025-03-17
Published Online: 2025-04-07
Published in Print: 2025-05-26

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Material Properties
  3. Polymer electrolytes for enhanced mechanical integrity in lithium-ion batteries: a review of recent progress and future directions
  4. Enhancement of some mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy nanocomposites via hybrid nanofiller reinforcement: graphene, alumina, and silica
  5. Preparation and Assembly
  6. Preparation and performance of hydrophilic PES blend membranes modified by Pluronic F127 and tannic acid based on RTIPS
  7. Fabrication and characterization of boron doped carbon dots@chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels for methylene blue adsorption
  8. Sodium-alginate/poly (acrylamide co-acrylic acid) semi-interpenetrating hydrogels for removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions
  9. Engineering and Processing
  10. Optimization of pullulan fiber processing parameters via the Forcespinning method
  11. Comparing pretraining methods with different fidelities for a 2D cooling problem in injection molding
https://doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2025-0008
Keywords for this article
alginate; acrylamide; acrylic acid; biopolymers; swelling; environment

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Material Properties
  3. Polymer electrolytes for enhanced mechanical integrity in lithium-ion batteries: a review of recent progress and future directions
  4. Enhancement of some mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy nanocomposites via hybrid nanofiller reinforcement: graphene, alumina, and silica
  5. Preparation and Assembly
  6. Preparation and performance of hydrophilic PES blend membranes modified by Pluronic F127 and tannic acid based on RTIPS
  7. Fabrication and characterization of boron doped carbon dots@chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels for methylene blue adsorption
  8. Sodium-alginate/poly (acrylamide co-acrylic acid) semi-interpenetrating hydrogels for removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions
  9. Engineering and Processing
  10. Optimization of pullulan fiber processing parameters via the Forcespinning method
  11. Comparing pretraining methods with different fidelities for a 2D cooling problem in injection molding
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Winner of the OpenAthens UX Award 2026
Winner of the OpenAthens UX Award 2026
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2026 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 7.3.2026 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/polyeng-2025-0008/html
Scroll to top button