Abstract
Bio-based PA5T/56 was successfully prepared by a self-developed and novel modulated polymerization on this condition when the relationship between temperature and pressure was strictly controlled during the process to render the reactivity ratio of each monomers basically the same. In this case, the obtained PA5T/56, with approximately alternating copolymerization structure, possesses better physical and chemical performance and melt flowing properties. Meanwhile, the real-time sampling and testing was operated during the process to get the experimental values of reactivity ratio. Furthermore, the chain growth process of the ternary polymerization reaction was also calculated and simulated by referring to the Mayo-Lewis formula as well as using the Monte Carlo method, and a probabilistic statistical treatment for estimating the reactivity ratio was given. Finally, by comparing the results, it could be found that the experimental values of the reactivity ratio in general accord in the calculated values with reference to the Mayo–Lewis formula and the simulated values of the mathematical model, the values of r12 and r13 are basically the same, which confirmed the successful synthesis of the bio-based PA5T/56 with approximately alternating copolymerization structure, and that the established mathematical model for estimating the reactivity ratio is relatively accurate and is applicable to the ternary polymerization.
Funding source: The Opening Project of Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan province
Award Identifier / Grant number: 2019CL04
Funding source: The Innovation Fund of Postgraduate, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering
Award Identifier / Grant number: Y2022008
Acknowledgments
We thank all those who participated in the study.
-
Research ethics: Not applicable.
-
Informed consent: Not applicable.
-
Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
-
Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.
-
Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.
-
Research funding: The Opening Project of Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan province (no. 2019CL04) and the Innovation Fund of Postgraduate, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering (no. Y2022008) are all acknowledged by the authors.
-
Data availability: Not applicable.
References
1. Fineman, M.; Ross, S. D. Linear Method for Determining Monomer Reactivity Ratios in Copolymerization. J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem. 2010, 1 (9), 906–908.Search in Google Scholar
2. Ramelow, U. S.; Pingili, S. Synthesis of Ethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate-Methyl Methacrylate Copolymers, Determination of Their Reactivity Ratios, and a Study of Dopant and Temperature Effects on Their Conductivities. Polymers 2010, 2 (3), 265–285; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym2030265.Search in Google Scholar
3. Bakhshi, H. Mohammad. Emulsion Copolymerization of Butyl Acrylate and Glycidyl Methacrylate: Determination of Monomer Reactivity Ratios. Iranian Polym. J. 2010, 12 (2), 234–235.Search in Google Scholar
4. Karra, E.; Petrakou, I.; Driva, P. Radical Copolymerization of 2-vinyl Pyridine with Functional Methacrylates: Monomer Reactivity Ratios and Thermal Properties. Macromolecules 2013, 3 (2), 9–11.Search in Google Scholar
5. Palma-Lemus, K.; Hamzehlou, S.; Froidevaux, V. Acidic Aqueous-phase Copolymerization of AA and HPEG Macromonomer: Influence of Monomer Concentration on Reactivity Ratios. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2023, 10 (44), 62–64.10.1021/acs.iecr.3c02997Search in Google Scholar
6. Hungenberg, K. D.; Schwede, C.; Wulkow, M. Determination of Reactivity Ratios for Acrylic Acid and its Dimer from Classical Parameter Estimation and Bayesian Approach. The Canadian J. Chem. Eng. 2022, 22 (4), 100–102.10.1002/cjce.24330Search in Google Scholar
7. Shrinivas, K.; Kulkarni, R. P.; Shaikh, S.; Ghorpade, R. V.; Vyas, R.; Tambe, S. S.; Ponrathnam, S.; Kulkarni, B. D. Prediction of Reactivity Ratios in Free Radical Copolymerization from Monomer Resonance–Polarity (Q–E) Parameters: Genetic Programming-Based Models. Internat. J. Chem. React. Eng. 2016, 14 (1), 39–41; https://doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2014-0039.Search in Google Scholar
8. Huajun, Y.; Xuefeng, Z.; Jiming, W. New On-Line Near-Infrared Analysis System Used in Industrial Production of Acetic Acid Real-Time Monitoring. Spectrosc. Spectral Anal. 2010, 3 (5), 4–6.Search in Google Scholar
9. Yalvac, E. D.; Seasholtz, M. B.; Beach, M. A. Real-time Analysis of Light Alkenes at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures by Fiber-Optic Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc. 1997, 51 (10), 1565–1572.10.1366/0003702971942303Search in Google Scholar
10. Tidwell, P. W.; Mortimer, G. A. An Improved Method of Calculating Copolymerization Reactivity Ratios. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: General Papers 2010, 3 (1), 137–139; https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1965.100030137.Search in Google Scholar
11. Farajzadehahary, K.; Telleria-Allika, X.; Asua, J. M. An Artificial Neural Network to Predict Reactivity Ratios in Radical Copolymerization. Polym. Chem. 2023, 9 (2), 28–31.Search in Google Scholar
12. Cabaness, W. R.; Lin, Y. C.; Párkányi, C. Effect of pH on the Reactivity Ratios in the Copolymerization of Acrylic Acid and Acrylamide. J. Polym. Sci. Part A‐1 Polym. Chem. 2010, 9 (8), 805–806; https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1971.150090805.Search in Google Scholar
© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Material Properties
- Synthesis and characterization of ASU-PPO based anion exchange membrane with PEG support for water electrolysis
- Experimental and numerical investigations on the mechanical properties of overmolded hybrid fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites
- Preparation and Assembly
- Reed fiber as a sustainable filler for tuning the biodegradability of polylactic acid composites
- Preparation of liquid metal/thermoplastic polyurethane composites with enhanced thermal conductivity via rolling regulation
- Lignin charcoal/preparation of chitosan composite membrane and H2S adsorption properties
- Synthesis and formulation of modified milk protein and its study as an adhesive for wood binding
- Preparation and properties of PLCL/OM-Laponite materials with potential applications in orthopedic bandage
- Engineering and Processing
- Probability evaluation of the ternary polymerization and reactivity ratio of bio-based PA5T/56
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Material Properties
- Synthesis and characterization of ASU-PPO based anion exchange membrane with PEG support for water electrolysis
- Experimental and numerical investigations on the mechanical properties of overmolded hybrid fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites
- Preparation and Assembly
- Reed fiber as a sustainable filler for tuning the biodegradability of polylactic acid composites
- Preparation of liquid metal/thermoplastic polyurethane composites with enhanced thermal conductivity via rolling regulation
- Lignin charcoal/preparation of chitosan composite membrane and H2S adsorption properties
- Synthesis and formulation of modified milk protein and its study as an adhesive for wood binding
- Preparation and properties of PLCL/OM-Laponite materials with potential applications in orthopedic bandage
- Engineering and Processing
- Probability evaluation of the ternary polymerization and reactivity ratio of bio-based PA5T/56