Morphology optimization of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/polyamide blends compatibilized via extension-dominated twin-screw extrusion
-
Abstract
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and polyamide (PA) are immiscible polymers, which requires the use of compatibilizers to stabilize the morphology and achieve acceptable property levels. Therefore, controlling the degree of dispersion, especially the size of the disperse PA droplets in the PET matrix is of paramount importance. This study aims to improve the mixing, i.e., minimize PA droplet size, in immiscible and compatibilized PET/PA and PET/Nylon-MXD6 (MXD6) blends by resorting to extension-dominated mixing in twin-screw extrusion (TSE). MXD6 is an aromatic polyamide similar in polarity to PET, so it is expected that it will blend more effectively than is the case with aliphatic nylon-6 and PET. Two screw configurations are used, a benchmark shear-dominated screw with kneading blocks (KBs) in an aggressive configuration, and an extension-dominated screw configuration with static mixers with hyperbolic C–D channels, recently developed by our group, in place of the KBs. The results show that the use of extensional mixing elements (EMEs) in place of KBs results in a significant decrease of both average and maximum droplet size for all blends, and up to more than one order of magnitude between the most extreme cases of the KB-processed immiscible blend and EME-processed compatibilized blends.
Author contribution: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: None declared.
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
References
1. Carson, S. O., Maia, J. M., Covas, J. A. Adv. Polym. Technol. 2018, 37, 167–175; https://doi.org/10.1002/adv.21653.Search in Google Scholar
2. Cogswell, F. N. Polym. Eng. Sci. 1972, 12, 64–73; https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120111.Search in Google Scholar
3. Chen, H., Pandey, V., Carson, S., Maia, J. M. Int. Polym. Proc. 2020, 35, 37–49; https://doi.org/10.3139/217.3857.Search in Google Scholar
4. Carson, S. O., Covas, J. A., Maia, J. M. Adv. Polym. Technol. 2017, 36, 455–465; https://doi.org/10.1002/adv.21627.Search in Google Scholar
5. Chen, H., Zhu, S., Maia, J. M., Polym. Eng. Sci.https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.25357.Search in Google Scholar
6. Cho, S., Hong, J. S., Lee, S. J., Ahn, K. H., Covas, J. A., Maia, J. M. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2011, 296, 341–348; https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201000194.Search in Google Scholar
7. Covas, J. A., Carneiro, O. S., Costa, P., Machado, A. V., Maia, J. M. Plast. Rubber Compos. 2004, 33, 55–61; https://doi.org/10.1179/146580104225018300.Search in Google Scholar
8. Covas, J. A., Carneiro, O. S., Maia, J. M., Filipe, S. A., Machado, A. V. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 2002, 80, 1065–1074; https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450800608.Search in Google Scholar
9. Covas, J. A., Maia, J. M., Machado, A. V., Costa, P. J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 2008, 148, 88–96; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnnfm.2007.04.009.Search in Google Scholar
10. Covas, J. A., Nobrega, J. M., Maia, J. M. Polym. Test. 2000, 19, 165–176; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9418(98)00086-5.Search in Google Scholar
11. Cox, W., Merz, E. J. Polym. Sci. 1958, 28, 619–622; https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1958.1202811812.Search in Google Scholar
12. Filipe, S., Cidade, M. T., Wilhelm, M., Maia, J. M. J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 2006, 99, 347–359; https://doi.org/10.1002/app.22393.Search in Google Scholar
13. Grace, H. P. Chem. Eng. Commun. 1982, 14, 225–277; https://doi.org/10.1080/00986448208911047.Search in Google Scholar
14. Hyun, G. O., Doo, H. K., Kyung, H. A., Seung, J. L., Maia, J. M. Eur. Polym. J. 2016, 76, 216–227; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.01.042.Search in Google Scholar
15. Rauwendaal, C. Plastics, Addit. Compd. 2008, 10, 32–36; https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-391X(08)70227-7.Search in Google Scholar
16. Rauwendaal, C., Osswald, T. A., Gramann, P., Davis, B. Int. Polym. Proc. 1999, 14, 28–34; https://doi.org/10.3139/217.1524.Search in Google Scholar
17. Rauwendaal, C., Osswald, T. A., Tellez, G., Gramann, P. J. Int. Polym. Proc. 1998, 13, 327–333; https://doi.org/10.3139/217.980327.Search in Google Scholar
18. Manas, Z. I. Mixing and Compounding of Polymers: Theory and Practice; Hanser: Cincinnati, OH, 2009.10.3139/9783446433717Search in Google Scholar
19. Kashfipour, M. A., Guo, M., Mu, L., Mehra, N., Cheng, Z., Olivio, J., Zhu, S., Maia, J. M., Zhu, J. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2019, 184, 107859; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2019.107859.Search in Google Scholar
20. Guo, M., Chen, H., Maia, J. M. J. Polym. Eng.https://doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2019-0238.Search in Google Scholar
21. Fakirov, S., Evstatiev, M. Polymer, 1993, 34, 4669–4679; https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(93)90700-K.Search in Google Scholar
22. Hu, Y. S., Prattipati, V., Mehta, S., Schiraldi, D. A., Hiltner, A., Baer, E. Polymer, 2005, 46, 2685–2698; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2005.01.056.Search in Google Scholar
23. Prattipati, V., Hu, Y. S., Bandi, S., Schiraldi, D. A., Hiltner, A., Baer, E., Mehta, S. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2005, 97, 1361–1370; https://doi.org/10.1002/app.21843.Search in Google Scholar
24. Prattipati, V., Hu, Y. S., Bandi, S., Mehta, S., Schiraldi, D. A., Hiltner, A., Baer, E. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2006, 99, 225–235; https://doi.org/10.1002/app.22463.Search in Google Scholar
25. Gaymans, R. J., deHaan, J. L., Polymer, 1993, 34, 4360–4364; https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(93)90202-L.Search in Google Scholar
26. Bouma, K., Wit, G. D., Lohmeijer, J., Gaymans, R. J. Polymer, 2000, 41, 3965–3974; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(99)00527-3.Search in Google Scholar
27. Samperi, F., Montando, M. S., Battiato, S., Carbone, D., Puglisi, C. J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem.48, 5135–5155; https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.24312.Search in Google Scholar
28. Bandi, S. A., Mehta, S., Schiraldi, D. A. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 2005, 88, 341–348; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.11.009.Search in Google Scholar
29. Winnacker, M., Rieger, B. Polym. Chem. 2016, 7, 7036–7046; https://doi.org/10.1039/C6PY01783E.Search in Google Scholar
30. Pietrasanta, Y., Robin, J., Torres, N. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1999, 200, 142–149; https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3935(19990101)200:1<142::AID-MACP142>3.0.CO;2-W.10.1002/(SICI)1521-3935(19990101)200:1<142::AID-MACP142>3.0.CO;2-WSearch in Google Scholar
31. Zhang, Z., Wang, C., Mai, K. Adv. Indust. Eng. Polymer Res. 2019, 2, 69–76; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiepr.2019.02.001.Search in Google Scholar
32. Albaniza, A., Diego, T., Silva, F. A., Poliana, S., Suedina, M. L., Eduardo, S., Canedo, L. Polym. Test. 2016, 50, 26–32; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2015.11.020.Search in Google Scholar
33. Maa, C., Chang, F. J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 1993, 49, 913–924; https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1993.070490517.Search in Google Scholar
34. Jamali, S., Paiva, M. C., Covas, J. A. Polym. Test. 2013, 32, 701–707; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2013.03.005.Search in Google Scholar
Supplementary Material
The online version of this article offers supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2020-0229).
© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Material properties
- Comparative study of conventional and microwave heating of polyacrylonitrile-based fibres
- Effects of Ru catalyst changes by atmospheric exposure days on the interfacial and impact properties of glass fiber/p-DCPD composites
- Rubber-to-steel adhesives based on natural rubber grafted with poly(acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate)
- Preparation and assembly
- Preparation and swelling behavior of end-linked hydrogels prepared from linear poly(ethylene glycol) and dendrimer-star polymers
- Imidazolium functionalized polymers for effective electrochemical reduction of CO2
- Morphology optimization of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/polyamide blends compatibilized via extension-dominated twin-screw extrusion
- Engineering and processing
- Removal of 17β-estradiol from aqueous systems with hydrophobic microspheres
- Effect of fiber content on the layer structure formation of fibers inside injection-molded products using short glass fiber-reinforced materials
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Material properties
- Comparative study of conventional and microwave heating of polyacrylonitrile-based fibres
- Effects of Ru catalyst changes by atmospheric exposure days on the interfacial and impact properties of glass fiber/p-DCPD composites
- Rubber-to-steel adhesives based on natural rubber grafted with poly(acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate)
- Preparation and assembly
- Preparation and swelling behavior of end-linked hydrogels prepared from linear poly(ethylene glycol) and dendrimer-star polymers
- Imidazolium functionalized polymers for effective electrochemical reduction of CO2
- Morphology optimization of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/polyamide blends compatibilized via extension-dominated twin-screw extrusion
- Engineering and processing
- Removal of 17β-estradiol from aqueous systems with hydrophobic microspheres
- Effect of fiber content on the layer structure formation of fibers inside injection-molded products using short glass fiber-reinforced materials
