Peace Science: A Multiple Attribute Approach
-
Sheldon G. Levy
Abstract
The major dependent variable in peace science research has appropriately been death from inter-group conflict with war the major focus. However, a tenable hypothesis is that the same or similar motivations result in other risks to life. For example, the number of human deaths each year from preventable nonmilitary sources is approximately 20,000,000. Most major sources that assess the loss of life from military and related conflicts identify, over a long period of time, not more than 2,000,000/year. This dependent variable may also be extended to the non-military category. For example, evidence has emerged that approximately twenty-percent of the active duty female members of the US military are sexually assaulted by other members of the military during their period of service (Dick 2012). Thus, it seems reasonable to address a variety of phenomena that may be represented by a common set of attributes. These variables should include degree of physical injury, size of acting units, and public vs. private agents. Preventable non-military death is similar to the classification for death from war except that the agents are frequently private, such as corporations. This analysis is intended to contribute to a continuing discussion of the boundaries of the peace science domain. One function of the discussion is to foster the examination of a range of behaviors that may derive from a set of basic motives and goals. The discussion section concludes with reference to the problem of understanding a central factor in inter-group conflict – identification with the group.
- 1
A full issue of Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy was devoted to expansions of the role of economic studies in understanding conflict (Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 2010.)
- 2
Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act III, Sc 1.
References
CDC (2012), http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/#toll (December 18, 2012, retrieved December 22, 2013.).Suche in Google Scholar
Deutsch, M., Krauss, R. M., (1962), Studies of Interpersonal Bargaining, Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 52–76.Suche in Google Scholar
Dick, K., (2012), The Invisible War, Docurama films, Los Angeles.Suche in Google Scholar
EPA (2013), Benefits and Costs of the Clean Air Act at: http://www.epa.gov/cleanairactbenefits/prospective2.html (Retrieved May 27, 2014).Suche in Google Scholar
Harvard Gazette (2009), New study finds 45,000 deaths annually linked to lack of health coverage http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2009/09/new-study-finds-45000-deaths-annually-linked-to-lack-of-health-coverage/ (retrieved May 27, 2014).Suche in Google Scholar
Levy, S.G., (2011), Beyond the Battlefield: Wars without Soldiers, in Chatterji, M., Chen B., and Misra, R. (eds.), Frontiers of Peace Economics and Peace Science: Contributions to Conflict Management, Peace Economics and Development, vol. 16, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 99–113.10.1108/S1572-8323(2011)0000016011Suche in Google Scholar
Maoz, Z., Terris, L.G., Kuperman, R.D., Talmud, I., (2007), What Is the Enemy of My Enemy? Causes and Consequences of Imbalanced International Relations, 1816–2001. Journal of Politics, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 100–115.10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00497.xSuche in Google Scholar
MIT (2013), Air pollution causes 200,000 early deaths each year in the US http://lae.mit.edu/air-pollution-causes-200000-early-deaths-each-year-in-the-u-s/. (Retrieved May 27, 2014).Suche in Google Scholar
New York Times (2010), Air Pollution Linked to 1.2 Million Premature Deaths in China. from: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/02/world/asia/air-pollution-linked-to-1-2-million-deaths-in-china.html, (Retrieved May 20, 2014).Suche in Google Scholar
Osgood, Charles E., (1962), An alternative to war or surrender. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.Suche in Google Scholar
Peace Economics Peace Science and Public Policy (2010), On the Definition and Domain of Peace Economics, Papers in Honor of Walter Isard. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, vol. 16, no. 2.10.2202/1554-8597.1216Suche in Google Scholar
Pilisuk, M., (1984), Experimenting with the Arms Race, The Journal of conflict Resolution, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 296–315.Suche in Google Scholar
Polachek, S.W., (1980), Conflict and Trade. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 55–78.10.1177/002200278002400103Suche in Google Scholar
Polachek, S.W., (2010), Current Research and Future Directions in Peace Economics: Trade Gone Awry, Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, vol. 16, no.2, pp. 1–14.Suche in Google Scholar
Richardson, L.F., (1960), Statistics of Deadly Quarrels. Boxwood Press, Pacific Grove, CA.Suche in Google Scholar
Rummel, R.J., (1997), Death by Government. Transaction books, Piscataway, NJ.Suche in Google Scholar
Russett, B., (1993), Can a Democratic Peace Be Built? International Interactions, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 277–282.Suche in Google Scholar
Singer, J.D., Small, M., (1972), The wages of war. John Wiley & Sons. New York.Suche in Google Scholar
Sorokin, P. A., (1937), Social and Cultural Dynamics: Fluctuations of Social Relationships, War and Revolution. American Book Company, Cincinnati.Suche in Google Scholar
Vasquez, J.A., Hennehan, M., (2010), Territory, War, and Peace, Routledge, New York.Suche in Google Scholar
USSC (2011a), AT&T Mobility v. Concepcion, 563 U.S. 09-893 (2011).Suche in Google Scholar
USSC (2011b), Walmart Stores, inc. v. Dukes. 564 U.S. 10-277(2011).Suche in Google Scholar
WHO (2014), 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution. Retrieved, May 20, 2014 from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/.Suche in Google Scholar
White House (2013), Reducing costs and improving the quality of health care, Chapter 5. at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/erp2013/ERP2013_Chapter_5.pdf (retrieved May 27, 2014).Suche in Google Scholar
Wright, Q., (1942), A Study of War. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Suche in Google Scholar
Zinnes, D., (2004), Construction Political Logic: The Democratic Peace Puzzle. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 430–454.10.1177/0022002704264213Suche in Google Scholar
© 2014 by De Gruyter
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Advances in Peace Economics and Peace Science: Introduction
- Articles
- The Real Effects of Military Spending on Security
- Military Spending and Economic Growth in An Augmented Solow Model: A Panel Data Investigation for OECD Countries
- A Formal Model of Arms Market with Cash-for-Favours
- Peace Science: A Multiple Attribute Approach
- Triads in International Relations: The Effect of Superpower Aid, Trade, and Arms Transfers on Conflict in the Middle East
- Divide and Conquer: The Impact of “Political” Maps on International Relations
- Breaking the Dynamics of Emotions and Fear in Conflict and Reconstruction
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Advances in Peace Economics and Peace Science: Introduction
- Articles
- The Real Effects of Military Spending on Security
- Military Spending and Economic Growth in An Augmented Solow Model: A Panel Data Investigation for OECD Countries
- A Formal Model of Arms Market with Cash-for-Favours
- Peace Science: A Multiple Attribute Approach
- Triads in International Relations: The Effect of Superpower Aid, Trade, and Arms Transfers on Conflict in the Middle East
- Divide and Conquer: The Impact of “Political” Maps on International Relations
- Breaking the Dynamics of Emotions and Fear in Conflict and Reconstruction
