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CA19-9 and CEA carbon nanotube-based biosensors: a key for gastrointestinal cancers diagnosis

  • Nooshin Goudarzi , Kimia Taebi , Masood Alaei , Mahdiyar Abdollahi , Farshad Foroughi und Sanaz Keshavarz Shahbaz ORCID logo EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 10. Dezember 2025
Pure and Applied Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Pure and Applied Chemistry

Abstract

Colorectal and pancreatic cancers represent significant global health challenges, contributing to high morbidity and mortality rates, largely due to limitations in early-stage detection. While traditional diagnostic methods are often invasive and costly, biosensors utilizing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) offer a transformative approach for detecting key cancer biomarkers. This review discusses the potential of CNT-based biosensors for the detection of established cancer biomarkers, specifically carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), two critical biomarkers for gastrointestinal cancers. We analyze various sensor configurations, including electrochemical, optical, and piezoelectric platforms, which leverage the exceptional properties of CNTs – such as high surface area and electrical conductivity – to achieve superior analytical performance. Key findings from the reviewed literature demonstrate that these advanced biosensors can achieve ultra-low limits of detection, often in the picogram/mL (pg/mL) and even femtogram/mL (fg/mL) range, surpassing conventional immunoassays by orders of magnitude. Furthermore, the integration of CNTs with other nanomaterials such as gold nanoparticles and quantum dots, further enhances signal amplification and sensor sensitivity. Despite existing challenges in industrial-scale fabrication and clinical integration, CNT-based biosensors hold promise for developing non-invasive diagnostic tests that could significantly improve early detection and monitoring of gastrointestinal cancers, leading to better patient outcomes.


Corresponding author: Sanaz Keshavarz Shahbaz, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; and USERN Office, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran, e-mail:
Article note: A collection of invited papers on Smart Sensors and Diagnostics. Sanaz Keshavarz Shahbaz: Current affiliation: The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA. Nooshin Goudarzi, Kimia Taebi and Masood Alaei should be considered joint author.

Acknowledgments

We would like to sincerely thank our colleagues, Aida Mokhlesi and Pourya Fatollahzade, for their feedback and support throughout the study process.

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: Sanaz Keshavarz Shahbaz contributed to conceptualization, methodology, and project administration, overseeing the writing and final revision of the manuscript. Nooshin Goudarzi, Mahdiyar Abdollahi, and Kimia Taebi collected data and drafted the manuscript. Masood Alaei illustrated the figures and checked the native writing.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interest: The author states no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: None declared.

  7. Data availability: Not applicable.

List of abbreviations

CEA

Carcinoembryonic Antigen

CA19-9

Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9

CNT

Carbon Nanotube

EUS

Endoscopic Ultrasound

MCD

Multi-Cancer Detection Tests

CTCs

Circulating Tumor Cells

ctDNA

Circulating Tumor DNA

FIT

Fecal Immunochemical Tests

PDAC

Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

GPI

Glycosyl Phosphatidyl Inositol

RIA

Radioimmunoassay

ELISA

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

LOD

Limit of Detection

QD

Quantum Dots

PSA

Prostate-Specific Antigen

SWCNTs

Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

MWCNTs

Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

HER

Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

OER

Oxygen Evolution Reaction

AFP

Alpha-fetoprotein

HRP

Horseradish Peroxidase

Au NPs

Gold Nanoparticles

Ab1

Primary Antibody

PB

Prussian Blue

MB

Methylene Blue

ErGO-CNT

Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxides and Carbon Nanotubes

ITO

Indium Tin Oxide

PDA

Polydopamine

GCE

glassy carbon electrode

CS

chitosan

BSA

bovine serum albumin

PEI

polyethyleneimine

SERS

surface-enhanced Raman scattering

PEC

Photoelectrochemical

POCT

point-of-care testing

MNPs

metal nanoparticles

ECL

Electrochemiluminescence

SAHH

S-Adenosyl-l-Homocysteine Hydrolase

QCM

Quartz Crystal Microbalance

PLL/HA/CNT

Poly-l-Lysine/Hydroxylapatite/Carbon Nanotube

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Received: 2025-04-25
Accepted: 2025-11-10
Published Online: 2025-12-10

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