To separate or not to separate: what is necessary and enough for a green and sustainable extraction of bioactive compounds from Brazilian citrus waste

Vânia G. Zuin; Luize Z. Ramin; Mateus L. Segatto; Aylon M. Stahl; Karine Zanotti; Moacir R. Forim; Maria Fatima das Graças F. da Silva; João Batista Fernandes

doi:10.1515/pac-2020-0706

Article

To separate or not to separate: what is necessary and enough for a green and sustainable extraction of bioactive compounds from Brazilian citrus waste

Vânia G. Zuin , Luize Z. Ramin , Mateus L. Segatto , Aylon M. Stahl , Karine Zanotti , Moacir R. Forim , Maria Fatima das Graças F. da Silva and João Batista Fernandes

Published/Copyright: September 7, 2020

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From the journal Pure and Applied Chemistry Volume 93 Issue 1

Abstract

Increasing demands to obtain chemicals via greener and more sustainable materials and processes introduces concepts that should be considered and applied from lab to larger scales. Obtaining bioactive chemicals from agro-industrial non-food biomass waste can combine benign techniques and bio-circular economy to reach this goal. After extraction, evaluating profitability and environmental impacts to decide whether separation – and to what extent – is necessary or not is indispensable. This could be integrated into an approach known as sufficiency, as an important criterion for sustainability. From this perspective, Brazil’s annual generation of 8 million tons of orange waste is relevant, since citrus waste has large amounts of high-value compounds, such as pectin, d-limonene and flavonoids. This case study aimed at developing and comparing green and sustainable analytical methods to obtain flavonoids from orange peel. Homogenizer, ultrasound and microwave-assisted extractions were employed using chemometric tools, considering time, sample/solvent ratio, temperature and ethanol concentration as variables to obtain extracts containing hesperidin, naringenin, hesperetin and nobiletin. The bioactive flavonoids were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV). Microwave extraction was the most efficient method for obtaining the majority of flavonoids studied, six times more for hesperidin. Moreover, orange waste from different farming models showed diverse chemical profiles showing the importance of this alternative in natural product resources.

Keywords: Agro-industrial residues; bio-circular economy; extraction; flavonoids; green and sustainable chemistry; ICGC-8; orange waste

Corresponding author: Vânia G. Zuin, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, São Carlos, 13565-905, Brazil;Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, University of York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, UK; and Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University, Universitätsallee 1, 21335, Lüneburg, Germany, E-mail: vaniaz@ufscar.br

Article note: A collection of invited papers based on presentations at the 8^th IUPAC International Conference on Green Chemistry (ICGC-8), Bangkok, Thailand, 9–14 September 2018.

Funding source: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Award Identifier / Grant number: 403210/2016-0

Funding source: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo

Award Identifier / Grant number: 2012/25299-6

Award Identifier / Grant number: 2014/50827-1

Award Identifier / Grant number: 2017/25015-1; 2018/114

Funding source: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Acknowledgements

The graphical abstract has been designed using resources from Freepik.com (vectorpocket).

Research funding: This work was supported by FAPESP (2012/25299-6, 2014/50827-1, 2017/25015-1; 2018/11409-0; 2019/08389-0), CAPES and CNPq (403210/2016-0).

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Published Online: 2020-09-07

Published in Print: 2021-01-27

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Keywords for this article

Agro-industrial residues; bio-circular economy; extraction; flavonoids; green and sustainable chemistry; ICGC-8; orange waste