Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are potentially alternative solvents for cellulose dissolution. In this article, effect of hemicellulose in cellulose dissolution in ILs and the regeneration process were investigated. Hardwood pulps were produced by kraft (KP) and pre-hydrolysis kraft (PHKP) processes. The α-cellulose and residual pentosan contents were 95.6 % and 4.2 % in PHKP and 84.3 % and 9.9 % in KP, respectively. Both pulps were dissolved in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [C4mim]Cl, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [C4mim]CH3CO2 and their double salt (DSIL), [C4mim](CH3CO2)0.6Cl0.4 at 90 °C. It was observed that PHKP had slightly higher solubility in both ILs and DSIL. The dissolved pulps were regenerated by water and characterized by FTIR, TGA, X-ray diffraction, and viscosity. Regenerated pulp film formed smooth and homogenous surface. The viscosity of regenerated PHKP was higher than the original PHKP, which affected the strength of the produced cellulose film. As observed in FTIR, the regenerated cellulose showed a stronger absorption band at 1,647 cm−1 corresponding to the C–O stretching vibration of C–O–H. The crystalline structures of regenerated KP and PHKP from [C4mim](CH3CO2)0.6Cl0.4 changed to cellulose II form from the original cellulose I form.
Acknowledgments
Authors wish to thank Ministry of Science and Technology for providing necessary fund to carry out this research.
-
Research ethics: Not applicable.
-
Author contributions: M. Mahbubur Rahman: Investigation, Methodology, Formal analysis, data analysis, Writing – original draft and editing; Md Abu Bin Hasan Susan Supervision, Funding acquisition, Writing – review and editing; Md. Mominul Islam: Supervision, Writing – review and editing; M. Sarwar Jahan: Idea generation, Conceptualization, Supervision, Validation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review and editing.
-
Competing interests: There is no competing interest in this works.
-
Research funding: Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of Bangladesh.
-
Data availability: Not applicable.
References
Aghmih, K., Bouftou, A., El Bouchti, M., Boukhriss, A., Gmouh, S., and Majid, S. (2023). Synthesis and application of functionalized ionic liquids-based imidazolium as solvent for cotton fibre cellulose dissolution. Cellulose 30: 1467–1481, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04974-z.Search in Google Scholar
Ahsan, L., Jahan, M.S., and Ni, Y. (2014). Recovering/concentrating of hemicellulosic sugars and acetic acid by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis from prehydrolysis liquor of kraft based hardwood dissolving pulp process. Bioresour. Technol. 155: 111–115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.12.096.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Cao, Y., Li, H., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., and He, J. (2009). Structure and properties of novel regenerated cellulose films prepared from cornhusk cellulose in room temperature ionic liquids. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 116: 547–554, https://doi.org/10.1002/app.31273.Search in Google Scholar
Carrillo, F., Colom, X., Sunol, J.J., and Saurina, J. (2004). Structural FTIR analysis and thermal characterization of lyocell and viscose-type fibers. Eur. Polym. J. 40: 2229–2234, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2004.05.003.Search in Google Scholar
Fiorentino, G., Zucaro, A., and Ulgiati, S. (2019). Towards an energy efficient chemistry. Switching from ossil to bio-based products in a life cycle perspective. Energy 170: 720–729, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.12.206.Search in Google Scholar
Gao, L. and Tong, Y. (2024). Effect of viscosity and thermal properties on mechanical properties of PLA materials. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 2680: 012024, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2680/1/012024.Search in Google Scholar
Hu, L., Peng, H., Xia, Q., Zhang, Y., Ruan, R., and Zhou, W. (2020). Effect of ionic liquid pretreatment on the physicochemical properties of hemicellulose from bamboo. J. Mol. Struct. 1210: 128067, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128067.Search in Google Scholar
Ibrahim, F., Moniruzzaman, M., Yusup, S., and Uemura, Y. (2015). Dissolution of cellulose with ionic liquid in pressurized cell. J. Mol. Liq. 211: 370–372, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2015.07.041.Search in Google Scholar
Jahan, M.S. (2009). Studies on the effect of prehydrolysis and amine in cooking liquor on producing dissolving pulp from jute (Corchorus capsularis). Wood Sci. Technol. 43: 213–224, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-008-0213-6.Search in Google Scholar
Jahan, M.S., Rahman, M., Nuruddin, M., Haque, S.A., and Chowdhury, A. (2011). Effect of preextraction on the pulping and papermaking properties of short rotation Trema orientalis. Indian J. Ecol. 38: 35–40.Search in Google Scholar
Jahan, M.S., Sarkar, M., and Rahman, M.M. (2015). Sodium carbonate pre-extraction of Trema orientalis in the production of paper grade pulp. Drewno. Prace Naukowe. Doniesienia. Komunikaty 58: 69–78, https://doi.org/10.12841/wood.1644-3985.110.06.Search in Google Scholar
Jahan, M.S., Uddin, M.N., and Akhtaruzzaman, A.F.M. (2016). An approach for the use of agricultural by-products through a biorefinery in Bangladesh. For. Chron. 92: 447–452, https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc2016-080.Search in Google Scholar
Kosan, B., Michels, C., and Meister, F. (2008). Dissolution and forming of cellulose with ionic liquids. Cellulose 15: 59–66, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-007-9160-x.Search in Google Scholar
Liu, X., Pang, J., Zhang, X., Wu, Y., and Sun, R. (2013). Regenerated cellulose film with enhanced tensile strength prepared with ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMIMAc). Cellulose 20: 1391–1399.10.1007/s10570-013-9925-3Search in Google Scholar
Liu, Z., Wang, H., Li, Z., Lu, X., Zhang, X., Zhang, S., and Zhou, K. (2011). Characterization of the regenerated cellulose films in ionic liquids and rheological properties of the solutions. Mater. Chem. Phys. 128: 220–227, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2011.02.062.Search in Google Scholar
Liu, S., Wang, Q., Yang, G., Chen, J., Ni, Y., and Ji, X. (2015). Kinetics of viscosity decrease by cellulase treatment of bleached hardwood kraft-based dissolving Pulp. Bioresour 10: 2418–2424, https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.10.2.2418-2424.Search in Google Scholar
Mikulčić, H., Klemeš, J.J., Vujanović, M., Urbaniec, K., and Duić, N. (2016). Reducing greenhouse gasses emissions by fostering the deployment of alternative raw materials and energy sources in the cleaner cement manufacturing process. J. Clean. Prod 136: 119–132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.04.145.Search in Google Scholar
Moulthrop, J.S., Swatloski, R.P., Moyna, G., and Rogers, R.D. (2005). High-resolution 13C NMR studies of cellulose and cellulose oligomers in ionic liquid solutions. Chem. Commun. 12: 1557–1559, https://doi.org/10.1039/B417745B.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Nayeem, J., Jahan, M.S., Popy, R.S., Uddin, M.N., and Quaiyyum, M.A. (2019). Prehydrolysis kraft pulping of jute cutting and caddis mixture for rayon production. Tappi J. 18: 287–293, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-00709-x.Search in Google Scholar
Nelson, M.L. and O’Connor, R.T. (1964). Relation of certain infrared bands to cellulose crystallinity and crystal lattice type. Part II. A new infrared ratio for estimation of crystallinity in celluloses I and II. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 8: 1325–1341, https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080323.Search in Google Scholar
Olsson, C., Hedlund, A., Idström, A., and Westman, G. (2014). Effect of methylimidazole on cellulose/ionic liquid solutions and regenerated material therefrom. J. Mater. Sci. 49: 3423–3433, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-014-8052-3.Search in Google Scholar
Ong, V.Z. and Wu, T.Y. (2020). An application of ultrasonication in lignocellulosic biomass valorisation into bio-energy and bio-based products. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 132: 109924, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109924.Search in Google Scholar
Pang, J.H., Liu, X., Wu, M., Wu, Y.Y., Zhang, X.M., and Sun, R.C. (2014). Fabrication and characterization of regenerated cellulose films using different ionic liquids. Int. J. Spectrosc. 2014: 214057–214058, https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/214057.Search in Google Scholar
Parida, C., Dash, S.K., and Pradhan, C. (2014). FTIR and Raman studies of cellulose fibers of luffa cylindrica. Open J. Compos. Mater. 5: 5–10, https://doi.org/10.4236/ojcm.2015.51002.Search in Google Scholar
Perera, P.N., Fega, K.R., Lawrence, C., Sundstrom, E.J., Tomlinson-Phillips, J., and Ben-Amotz, D. (2009). Observation of water dangling OH bonds around dissolved nonpolar groups. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106: 12230–12234, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903675106.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Rahimifard, S., Seow, Y., and Childs, T. (2010). Minimising embodied product energy to support energy efficient manufacturing. CIRP Annals 59: 25–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2010.03.048.Search in Google Scholar
Rahman, M.M., Jahan, M.S., Islam, M.M., and Susan, M.A.B.H. (2024). Dissolution of cellulose in imidazolium-based double salt ionic liquids. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 267: 131331, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131331.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Raut, D.G., Sundman, O., Su, W., Virtanen, P., Sugano, Y., Kordas, K., and Mikkola, J.P. (2015). A morpholinium ionic liquid for cellulose dissolution. Carbohydr. Polym. 130: 18–25, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.032.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Reyes, G., Aguayo, M.G., Fernández Pérez, A., Pääkkönen, T., Gacitúa, W., and Rojas, O.J. (2019). Dissolution and hydrolysis of bleached kraft pulp using ionic liquids. Polymers 11: 673, https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11040673.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Sayyed, A.J., Gupta, D., Deshmukh, N.A., Mohite, L.V., and Pinjari, D.V. (2020). Influence of intensified cellulose dissolution process on spinning and properties of lyocell fibres. Chem. Eng. Process.-Process Intensif. 155: 108063, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2020.108063.Search in Google Scholar
Schlesinger, R., Röder, T., Götzinger, G., Sixta, H., Harasek, M., and Friedl, A. (2005). Influence of hemicellulose aggregate and gel layer formation on flux and retention during nanofiltration of alkaline solutions. Desalination 175: 121–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2004.12.001.Search in Google Scholar
Seddiqi, H., Oliaei, E., Honarkar, H., Jin, J., Geonzo, L.C., Bacabac, R.G., and Klein-Nulend, J. (2021). Cellulose and its derivatives: towards biomedical applications. Cellulose 28: 1893–1931, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03674-w.Search in Google Scholar
Seddon, K. (2002). Ionic liquids: designer solvents for green synthesis. Chem. Eng. 730: 33–35.10.1002/chin.200248241Search in Google Scholar
Serkov, A.A., Kuzicheva, N.A., Fedotova, V.K., and Kruglova, N.I. (1986). Effect of hemicellulose on the productivity of mercerizing units and viscose filterability. Fibre Chem. 17: 364–366, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00544346.Search in Google Scholar
Shen, Y., Zhang, Y., Han, D., Wang, Z., Kuehner, D., and Niu, L. (2009). Preparation of colorless ionic liquids “on water” for spectroscopy. Talanta 78: 805–808, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2008.12.056.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Široký, J., Blackburn, R.S., Bechtold, T., Taylor, J., and White, P. (2010). Attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy analysis of crystallinity changes in lyocell following continuous treatment with sodium hydroxide. Cellulose 17: 103–115, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-009-9378-x.Search in Google Scholar
Sixta, H. (2006). Handbook of pulp. Wiley VCH, Weinheim, pp. 325–365.10.1002/9783527619887Search in Google Scholar
Sutradhar, S., Arafat, K.M.Y., Nayeem, J., and Jahan, M.S. (2020). Organic acid lignin from rice straw in phenol-formaldehyde resin preparation for plywood. Cellul. Chem. Technol. 54: 463–471, https://doi.org/10.35812/cellulosechemtechnol.2020.54.47.Search in Google Scholar
Swatloski, R.P., Spear, S.K., Holbrey, J.D., and Rogers, R.D. (2002). Dissolution of cellose with ionic liquids. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124: 4974–4975, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja025790m.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Wei, J., Gao, H., Li, Y., and Nie, Y. (2022). Research on the degradation behaviors of wood pulp cellulose in ionic liquids. J. Mol. Liq. 356: 119071, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119071.Search in Google Scholar
Yamamoto, Y.K. and Miyake, A. (2017). Influence of a mixed solvent containing ionic liquids on the thermal hazard of the cellulose dissolution process. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 127: 743–748, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-016-5897-5.Search in Google Scholar
Yin, J., Luo, K., Chen, X., and Khutoryanskiy, V.V. (2006). Miscibility studies of the blends of chitosan with some cellulose ethers. Carbohydr. Polym. 63: 238–244, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.08.041.Search in Google Scholar
Yuan, L., Peng, H., Hu, L., Yu, R., Peng, W., Ruan, R., Xia, Q., Zhang, Y., and Liu, A. (2019). Dissolution of bamboo hemicellulose in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium halide-based ionic liquids. BioResources 14: 2097–2112, https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.1.2097-2112.Search in Google Scholar
Zhang, L., Guan, Y., and Rao, J. (2018). Preparation and characterization of hybrid film from cellulose and Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Cellul. Chem. Technol. 52: 209–214.Search in Google Scholar
Zhou, L., Yang, X., Xu, J., Shi, M., Wang, F., Chen, C., and Xu, J. (2015). Depolymerization of cellulose to glucose by oxidation–hydrolysis. Green Chem. 17: 1519–1524, https://doi.org/10.1039/C4GC02151G.Search in Google Scholar
© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Chemical Pulping
- Evaluation of oxygen delignified fibers with high water absorbency, as a greener alternative to fully bleached fibers for tissue paper
- Effects of partial lignin extraction on rheological characteristics and combustion performance of high solids bamboo kraft black liquor
- A preliminary investigation of banana pseudo-stem (Musa cavendish) for pulp and paper production: morphology, chemical composition, FTIR, XRD and thermogravimetric analysis
- Sodium carbonate pulping of oil palm empty fruit bunches for paperboard production
- Mechanical Pulping
- Development of fibre properties in mill scale: high- and low consistency refining of thermomechanical pulp (part 2) – Importance of fibre curl
- Paper Technology
- Multi-objective optimization design of a circular core paper sandwich panel
- Paper Physics
- Effects of xylan-modified precipitated calcium carbonate filler on the properties of paper
- Influence mechanism of paper mechanical properties: numerical simulation and experimental verification based on a fiber network
- Enhancing the strength of tissue paper through pulp fractionation and stratified forming
- Paper Chemistry
- Effects of surfactants on the wettability of sodium propionate aqueous deacidification agent
- Coating
- Biobased nanocomposite coating of paper for packaging
- Printing
- Improving the lightfastness of paperboard prints with pearlescent pigments
- Packaging
- Preparation of environmentally friendly hydrophobic paper by coating method
- Recycling
- Hybrid solar drying of sludge from kraft pulp mills
- Chemical Technology/Modifications
- Effect of pre-hydrolysis on the dissolution of hardwood pulp in double salt ionic liquid
- Lignin
- Comparison of three different industrial lignin-based porous carbon electrodes for electrochemical applications
- UV–vis spectroscopy as a rapid method for evaluation of total phenolic hydroxyl structures in lignin
- Miscellaneous
- Paper fingerprint by forming fabric: analysis of periodic marks with 2D lab formation sensor and machine learning for forensic paper-identification
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Chemical Pulping
- Evaluation of oxygen delignified fibers with high water absorbency, as a greener alternative to fully bleached fibers for tissue paper
- Effects of partial lignin extraction on rheological characteristics and combustion performance of high solids bamboo kraft black liquor
- A preliminary investigation of banana pseudo-stem (Musa cavendish) for pulp and paper production: morphology, chemical composition, FTIR, XRD and thermogravimetric analysis
- Sodium carbonate pulping of oil palm empty fruit bunches for paperboard production
- Mechanical Pulping
- Development of fibre properties in mill scale: high- and low consistency refining of thermomechanical pulp (part 2) – Importance of fibre curl
- Paper Technology
- Multi-objective optimization design of a circular core paper sandwich panel
- Paper Physics
- Effects of xylan-modified precipitated calcium carbonate filler on the properties of paper
- Influence mechanism of paper mechanical properties: numerical simulation and experimental verification based on a fiber network
- Enhancing the strength of tissue paper through pulp fractionation and stratified forming
- Paper Chemistry
- Effects of surfactants on the wettability of sodium propionate aqueous deacidification agent
- Coating
- Biobased nanocomposite coating of paper for packaging
- Printing
- Improving the lightfastness of paperboard prints with pearlescent pigments
- Packaging
- Preparation of environmentally friendly hydrophobic paper by coating method
- Recycling
- Hybrid solar drying of sludge from kraft pulp mills
- Chemical Technology/Modifications
- Effect of pre-hydrolysis on the dissolution of hardwood pulp in double salt ionic liquid
- Lignin
- Comparison of three different industrial lignin-based porous carbon electrodes for electrochemical applications
- UV–vis spectroscopy as a rapid method for evaluation of total phenolic hydroxyl structures in lignin
- Miscellaneous
- Paper fingerprint by forming fabric: analysis of periodic marks with 2D lab formation sensor and machine learning for forensic paper-identification