The secrets of cryptochromes: photoreceptors, clock proteins, and magnetic sensors
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Rabea Bartölke
Rabea Bartölke finished her studies in cell biology at the University of Osnabrück with Honors and a Master Thesis about protein interactions of the human vacuolar proton pump at the Cambridge Institute of Medical Research in the UK. In Osnabrück in the lab of Helmut Wieczorek, she studied the function and signaling of mammalian disaccharide transporters in her PhD. She then received a DFG funded fellowship to join the Cancer Research Center of Toulouse in France to study the role of cholesterol metabolism in breast cancer. In 2019, she joined the lab of Henrik Mouritsen at the University of Oldenburg, where she discovered her passion for the magnetic sense and now focuses on the function and signaling of cryptochromes.
Heide Behrmann studied chemical biology at the University of Dortmund. Her Master’s in the laboratory of Wulf Blankenfeldt at the MPI in Dortmund brought her into contact with structural biology and protein crystallography. In her PhD in the group of Udo Heinemann at the MDC in Berlin, she deepened her knowledge in the field of protein crystallography and, at the end of her PhD, came into contact with cryo-electron microscopy for the first time. A postdoc in the group of Matthias Geyer at the University Hospital in Bonn allowed her to increase her knowledge in the field of electron microscopy. Since 2019, she is a postdoctoral fellow in Structural Biochemistry at the Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne.
Katharina Görtemaker completed her Bachelor of Science in Chemistry and Biology at the University of Osnabrück in 2016 followed by Master of Science at the University of Oldenburg in 2019. In her master´s thesis, she worked on the phototransduction cascade, concentrating on G Protein coupled receptor kinase 1. After that, she started her doctoral degree at the University of Oldenburg in Biochemistry, together with Chad Yee under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Karl-Wilhelm Koch. In her thesis, she mainly focuses on the signal transduction cascade of magnetoreception in migratory birds.
Chad Yee completed his Bachelor with Honors in Biochemistry at Western Michigan University in 2015, where his research-based thesis focused on bioinformatics and protein biochemistry. Shortly afterward, he moved to Germany to study in Bremen, where he completed his Master of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Bremen in 2017. This led him to his current Ph.D. position in the SFB 1372, where he works together with Katharina Görtemaker to unravel the signaling cascade behind magnetoreception in birds. Under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Karl-Wilhelm Koch, he enjoys the privilege of playing with biosensors and other high-tech equipment at work.
Jingjing Xu completed her Bachelor of Kinesiology in Shandong Institute of Physical Education in 2012. Shortly afterwards, she got into University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, where she studied magnetoreception in insects. She completed her Master degree of Biology Engineering with Honors in 2015 followed by an intensive training of biochemistry in Prof. Can Xie’s lab in Peking University. In 2017, she moved to Germany as a visiting scholar for further research on magnetoreception of cryptochrome. Since 2018, she started her doctoral degree under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Henrik Mouritsen. Her PhD projects focus on biophysical and biochemical mechanisms of cryptochrome-based radical pairs in the avian magnetic compass.
Elmar Behrmann studied biochemistry at the University of Bielefeld. During his PhD in the group of Stefan Raunser at the MPI for Molecular Physiology, he developed methods for electron microscopy that allowed him to image the muscle motor with unprecedented precision using cryo-electron microscopy. He refined these approaches during his PostDoc in the group of Christian Spahn at the Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics in Berlin. A Freigeist Fellowship from the Volkswagen Foundation subsequently allowed him to establish his own junior research group at the research center caesar in Bonn. Since the end of 2017, he is Professor of Structural Biochemistry at the Institute of Biochemistry in Cologne.
Karl-Wilhelm Koch studied Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of Münster. After receiving his diploma degree in Chemistry, he started his doctoral degree at the University of Osnabrück in the Division of Biophysics under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Benjamin Kaupp. In 1987–1988, he was a postdoctoral fellow at Stanford University, Department of Cell Biology in the laboratory of Prof. Dr. Lubert Stryer. Afterwards, he was appointed as head of the laboratory of Biochemistry in the Institute of Biological Information Processing in the Research Center Jülich. He received his
venia legend (habilitation) for Biochemistry from the University of Cologne, and since 2004, he is full Professor (W3) of Biochemistry at the University of Oldenburg. His main research interest lies in the molecular basis of vertebrate phototransduction and magnetoreception in navigating birds.
Abstract
A class of light-activated proteins in the eyes of birds, called cryptochromes, are thought to act as the primary magnetic sensors allowing night-migratory songbirds to navigate over thousands of kilometers using the earth’s magnetic field. Having evolved from DNA-repairing photolyases, cryptochromes have redirected the energy from light to fuel a variety of other functions: as photoreceptors, as regulators of the circadian clock – and, in some species, most likely as sensors of the magnetic field. While the quantum effects of magnetic fields on cryptochromes are already being studied in detail, almost nothing is known about the signaling cascade involving cryptochrome as the primary receptor protein. Two different screening methods have identified potential interaction partners that suggest an involvement of the visual phototransduction pathway, the visual cycle, potassium channels or glutamate receptors, but more pioneering research is needed to unravel the signaling cascade responsible for transducing the magnetic signal.
Zusammenfassung
Es wird angenommen, dass eine Klasse von lichtaktivierten Proteinen, sogenannte Cryptochrome, in den Augen von Vögeln als primäre Magnetsensoren fun-gieren, welche es Vögeln ermöglichen mithilfe des Erdmagnetfelds über Tausende von Kilometern zu navigieren. Cryptochrome haben sich aus DNA-Reparaturenzymen, den Photolyasen, entwickelt und die Lichtenergie für andere Funktionen nutzbar gemacht: Cryptochrome wirken als Photorezeptoren und Regulatoren der circadianen Uhr – und in einigen Spezies wahrscheinlich auch als Sensoren des Magnetfelds. Während die Quanteneffekte von Magnetfeldern auf Cryptochrome im Detail untersucht werden, ist fast nichts über die Signalkaskade bekannt, in der Cryptochrom als primäres Rezeptorprotein fungiert. Zwei verschiedene Screening-Methoden haben potenzielle Interaktionspartner identifiziert, die auf eine Beteiligung des visuellen Phototransduktionsweges, des visuellen Zyklus, der Kaliumkanäle oder der Glutamatrezeptoren hinweisen. Um die für die Übertragung des magnetischen Signals verantwortliche Signalkaskade zu entschlüsseln, sind jedoch weitere grundlegende Forschungsarbeiten erforderlich.
Funding source: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 10.13039/501100001659
Award Identifier / Grant number: 395940726 – SFB1372
About the authors
Rabea Bartölke finished her studies in cell biology at the University of Osnabrück with Honors and a Master Thesis about protein interactions of the human vacuolar proton pump at the Cambridge Institute of Medical Research in the UK. In Osnabrück in the lab of Helmut Wieczorek, she studied the function and signaling of mammalian disaccharide transporters in her PhD. She then received a DFG funded fellowship to join the Cancer Research Center of Toulouse in France to study the role of cholesterol metabolism in breast cancer. In 2019, she joined the lab of Henrik Mouritsen at the University of Oldenburg, where she discovered her passion for the magnetic sense and now focuses on the function and signaling of cryptochromes.
Heide Behrmann studied chemical biology at the University of Dortmund. Her Master’s in the laboratory of Wulf Blankenfeldt at the MPI in Dortmund brought her into contact with structural biology and protein crystallography. In her PhD in the group of Udo Heinemann at the MDC in Berlin, she deepened her knowledge in the field of protein crystallography and, at the end of her PhD, came into contact with cryo-electron microscopy for the first time. A postdoc in the group of Matthias Geyer at the University Hospital in Bonn allowed her to increase her knowledge in the field of electron microscopy. Since 2019, she is a postdoctoral fellow in Structural Biochemistry at the Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne.
Katharina Görtemaker completed her Bachelor of Science in Chemistry and Biology at the University of Osnabrück in 2016 followed by Master of Science at the University of Oldenburg in 2019. In her master´s thesis, she worked on the phototransduction cascade, concentrating on G Protein coupled receptor kinase 1. After that, she started her doctoral degree at the University of Oldenburg in Biochemistry, together with Chad Yee under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Karl-Wilhelm Koch. In her thesis, she mainly focuses on the signal transduction cascade of magnetoreception in migratory birds.
Chad Yee completed his Bachelor with Honors in Biochemistry at Western Michigan University in 2015, where his research-based thesis focused on bioinformatics and protein biochemistry. Shortly afterward, he moved to Germany to study in Bremen, where he completed his Master of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Bremen in 2017. This led him to his current Ph.D. position in the SFB 1372, where he works together with Katharina Görtemaker to unravel the signaling cascade behind magnetoreception in birds. Under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Karl-Wilhelm Koch, he enjoys the privilege of playing with biosensors and other high-tech equipment at work.
Jingjing Xu completed her Bachelor of Kinesiology in Shandong Institute of Physical Education in 2012. Shortly afterwards, she got into University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, where she studied magnetoreception in insects. She completed her Master degree of Biology Engineering with Honors in 2015 followed by an intensive training of biochemistry in Prof. Can Xie’s lab in Peking University. In 2017, she moved to Germany as a visiting scholar for further research on magnetoreception of cryptochrome. Since 2018, she started her doctoral degree under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Henrik Mouritsen. Her PhD projects focus on biophysical and biochemical mechanisms of cryptochrome-based radical pairs in the avian magnetic compass.
Elmar Behrmann studied biochemistry at the University of Bielefeld. During his PhD in the group of Stefan Raunser at the MPI for Molecular Physiology, he developed methods for electron microscopy that allowed him to image the muscle motor with unprecedented precision using cryo-electron microscopy. He refined these approaches during his PostDoc in the group of Christian Spahn at the Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics in Berlin. A Freigeist Fellowship from the Volkswagen Foundation subsequently allowed him to establish his own junior research group at the research center caesar in Bonn. Since the end of 2017, he is Professor of Structural Biochemistry at the Institute of Biochemistry in Cologne.
Karl-Wilhelm Koch studied Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of Münster. After receiving his diploma degree in Chemistry, he started his doctoral degree at the University of Osnabrück in the Division of Biophysics under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Benjamin Kaupp. In 1987–1988, he was a postdoctoral fellow at Stanford University, Department of Cell Biology in the laboratory of Prof. Dr. Lubert Stryer. Afterwards, he was appointed as head of the laboratory of Biochemistry in the Institute of Biological Information Processing in the Research Center Jülich. He received his venia legend (habilitation) for Biochemistry from the University of Cologne, and since 2004, he is full Professor (W3) of Biochemistry at the University of Oldenburg. His main research interest lies in the molecular basis of vertebrate phototransduction and magnetoreception in navigating birds.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Henrik Mouritsen for editing the manuscript.
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Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved submission.
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Research funding: Our research is generously funded by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), SFB 1372 “Mag-netoreception and Navigation in Vertebrates” (project number: 395940726).
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Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Magnetoreception and navigation in vertebrates from quantum mechanics to neuroscience and behaviour
- Review articles
- Endless skies and open seas – how birds and fish navigate
- Navigation of migratory songbirds: a quantum magnetic compass sensor
- The secrets of cryptochromes: photoreceptors, clock proteins, and magnetic sensors
- The retinal circuitry for magnetoreception in migratory birds
- The neuronal correlates of the avian magnetic senses
- Book Review
- Frank W. Stahnisch: A new field in mind. A history of interdisciplinarity in the early brain sciences
- Presentation of scientific institutions
- DFG research unit 3004: “Synaptic pathology in autoimmune encephalitis” (SYNABS)
- Nachrichten aus der Gesellschaft
- Nachrichten aus der Gesellschaft
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Magnetoreception and navigation in vertebrates from quantum mechanics to neuroscience and behaviour
- Review articles
- Endless skies and open seas – how birds and fish navigate
- Navigation of migratory songbirds: a quantum magnetic compass sensor
- The secrets of cryptochromes: photoreceptors, clock proteins, and magnetic sensors
- The retinal circuitry for magnetoreception in migratory birds
- The neuronal correlates of the avian magnetic senses
- Book Review
- Frank W. Stahnisch: A new field in mind. A history of interdisciplinarity in the early brain sciences
- Presentation of scientific institutions
- DFG research unit 3004: “Synaptic pathology in autoimmune encephalitis” (SYNABS)
- Nachrichten aus der Gesellschaft
- Nachrichten aus der Gesellschaft
