Home The economics of Japanese: investigating the demand for Japanese language skills in the Pearl River Delta labor market
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

The economics of Japanese: investigating the demand for Japanese language skills in the Pearl River Delta labor market

  • Chao Cai EMAIL logo and Jinying Huang
Published/Copyright: June 17, 2024

Abstract

Due to the current status of English as a lingua franca in numerous domains, increasing attention has been directed toward the economic potential of English. However, research on languages other than English from an economic perspective remains limited. This study aims to address this gap by examining the labor market demand for Japanese language skills in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region of China. Drawing on data from the job advertisements published on two prominent job websites in mainland China in 2019 and 2022, this study suggests an increasing overall demand for Japanese language skills, as well as a request for higher proficiency in Japanese in the PRD labor market between 2019 and 2022, despite variations observed across different economic sectors. Furthermore, the results also indicate a growing tendency to interweave Japanese and global English in the PRD labor market. The findings provide implications for language instructors, job applicants, and educational institutions.

摘要

由于英语作为通用语言在诸多领域发挥着重要作用, 关于英语经济价值的研究规模和需求日益增长, 而基于语言经济学视角对非英语语言展开的研究却尤为匮乏。本文基于语言经济学理论和视角, 利用中国大陆两家知名招聘网站发布的招聘广告, 实证分析了中国珠江三角洲地区劳动力市场对日语语言技能的需求。研究表明, 尽管各行业领域在2019年至2022年期间存在一定差异, 但总体上对日语语言技能的需求呈现上升趋势。与此同时, 各行业对求职者日语熟练程度的要求也在不断提高, 且对具备日语和英语能力的多语言人才的需求也持续上升。本研究有助于理解中国劳动力市场的日语人才需求及其发展趋势, 为日语教师、求职者和教育机构提供了启示。


Corresponding author: Chao Cai, School of Foreign Studies, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China, E-mail:

Award Identifier / Grant number: 2021GXJK101

Acknowledgments

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the anonymous reviewers and editor for their incredibly valuable and insightful comments and feedback on earlier versions of the manuscript.

  1. Research funding: This research is supported by The Department of Education of Guangdong Province (Award Number: 2021GXJK101).

References

Antic, Zorica & Natasa Milosavljevic. 2016. Some suggestions for modelling a contemporary medical English course design based on need analysis. Lingua 184. 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2016.06.002.Search in Google Scholar

Barnawi, Osman Z. & Sajjadullah Al-Hawsawi. 2017. English education policy in Saudi Arabia: English language education policy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Current trends, issues and challenges. In Robert Kirkpatrick (ed.), English language education policy in the Middle East and North Africa (Language policy), vol. 13, 199–222. Cham: Springer.10.1007/978-3-319-46778-8_12Search in Google Scholar

Berman, Eli, Kevin Lang & Erez Siniver. 2003. Language-skill complementarity: Returns to immigrant language acquisition. Labour Economics 10(3). 265–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-5371(03)00015-0.Search in Google Scholar

Bleakley, Hoyt & Aimee Chin. 2004. Language skills and earnings: Evidence from childhood immigrants. The Review of Economics and Statistics 86(2). 481–496. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465304323031067.Search in Google Scholar

Chan, Clarice S.C. 2019. Long-term workplace communication needs of business professionals: Stories from Hong Kong senior executives and their implications for ESP and higher education. English for Specific Purposes 56. 68–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2019.07.003.Search in Google Scholar

Chen, Yaoqin 陈要勤 & Huasheng Chen 陈华胜. 2011. 珠三角日语人才市场需求调研与专业人才培养策略 [Analysis of the demand for Japanese-speaking professionals in the Pearl River Delta and strategies for specialized talent development]. Journal of Guangdong University of Foreign Studies 广东外语外贸大学学报 22(5). 104–107.Search in Google Scholar

Cheng, Liying. 2008. The key to success: English language testing in China. Language Testing 25(1). 15–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265532207083743.Search in Google Scholar

Chiswick, Barry R. & Paul W. Miller. 1995. The endogeneity between language and earnings: International analyses. Journal of Labor Economics 13(2). 246–288. https://doi.org/10.1086/298374.Search in Google Scholar

Chiswick, Barry R. & Paul W. Miller. 2002. Immigrant earnings: Language skills, linguistic concentrations and the business cycle. Journal of Population Economics 15(1). 31–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00003838.Search in Google Scholar

Chiswick, Barry R. & Paul W. Miller. 2007. The economics of language: International analyses. New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Chowdhury, Raqib & Ariful Haq Kabir. 2014. Language wars: English education policy and practice in Bangladesh. Multilingual Education 4(1). 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13616-014-0021-2.Search in Google Scholar

Coady, Maria R., Aleksandra Olszewska & Mark P. Lopez. 2018. Scholarly contributions to twenty-first century multilingualism. International Journal of Multilingualism 15(4). 472–474. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2018.1490743.Search in Google Scholar

Damari, Rebecca Rubin, William P. Rivers, Richard D. Brecht, Philip Gardner, Catherine Pulupa & John Robinson. 2017. The demand for multilingual human capital in the U.S. labor market. Foreign Language Annals 50(1). 13–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12241.Search in Google Scholar

Doan, Linh Dieu & M. Obaidul Hamid. 2021. Economics of English: Examining the demand for English proficiency in the Vietnamese job market. RELC Journal 52(3). 618–634. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688219863166.Search in Google Scholar

Dörnyei, Zoltán & Ali H. Al-Hoorie. 2017. The motivational foundation of learning languages other than global English: Theoretical issues and research directions. The Modern Language Journal 101(3). 455–468. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12408.Search in Google Scholar

Fabo, Brian, Miroslav Beblavý & Karolien Lenaerts. 2017. The importance of foreign language skills in the labour markets of Central and Eastern Europe: Assessment based on data from online job portals. Empirica 44. 487–508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10663-017-9374-6.Search in Google Scholar

Fidrmuc, Jan & Jarko Fidrmuc. 2016. Foreign languages and trade: Evidence from a natural experiment. Empirical Economics 50(1). 31–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-015-0999-7.Search in Google Scholar

Gao, Xuesong (Andy) & Leining Lv. 2018. Motivations of Chinese learners of Japanese in mainland China. Journal of Language, Identity and Education 17(4). 222–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2018.1441029.Search in Google Scholar

Gao, Xuesong & Yongyan Zheng. 2019. Multilingualism and higher education in greater China. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 40(7). 555–561. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2019.1571073.Search in Google Scholar

Gerhards, Jürgen, Silke Hans, Sören Carlson & Daniel Drewski. 2017. The globalisation of labour markets: A content analysis of the demand for transnational human capital in job advertisements. Soziale Welt 68(1). 25–44. https://doi.org/10.5771/0038-6073-2017-1-25.Search in Google Scholar

Grenier, Gilles & Weiguo Zhang. 2021. The value of language skills. IZA World of Labor 205. https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.205.v2.Search in Google Scholar

Grin, François. 2001. English as economic value: Facts and fallacies. World Englishes 20(1). 65–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-971X.00196.Search in Google Scholar

Han, Yawen, Xuesong Gao & Jinyuan Xia. 2019. Problematising recent developments in non-English Foreign language education in Chinese universities. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 40(7). 562–575. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2019.1571072.Search in Google Scholar

Huang, Junjun 黄均钧 & Chu Huang 黄楚. 2022. 高中日语教师专业发展研究——基于机构派遣教师叙事的考察 [A case study of the professional development of senior high school Japanese language teachers: Focusing on agency-assigned Novice teachers’ professional knowledge]. Journal of Japanese Language Study and Research 日语学习与研究 (3). 61–71. https://doi.org/10.13508/j.cnki.jsr.2022.03.011.Search in Google Scholar

Huang, Wenhong & Dezheng (William) Feng. 2019. Exploring the dynamics of motivation for learning Japanese among Chinese learners: An elicited metaphor analysis. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 40(7). 605–617. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2019.1571071.Search in Google Scholar

Hult, Francis M. 2012. English as a transcultural language in Swedish policy and practice. Tesol Quarterly 46(2). 230–257. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.19.Search in Google Scholar

Isphording, Ingo E. 2014. Language and labor market success. IZA Discussion Paper No. 8572. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2514765 (accessed 15 January 2024).Search in Google Scholar

Japan Foundation. 2009. New Japanese-language proficiency test guidebook. https://www.jlpt.jp/e/reference/pdf/guidebook1.pdf (accessed 8 April 2024).Search in Google Scholar

Japan Foundation. 2022. Survey report on Japanese-language education abroad 2021. https://www.jpf.go.jp/j/about/press/2022/dl/2022-023-02_1228.pdf (accessed 20 April 2024).Search in Google Scholar

Japan External Trade Organization. 2018. 2017 JETRO survey on direct investment in China. https://www.jetro.go.jp/ext_images/_Reports/01/c923970ed09ada64/20180013.pdf (accessed 10 March 2024).Search in Google Scholar

Kikuchi, Keita & Charles Browne. 2009. English educational policy for high schools in Japan: Ideals vs. reality. RELC Journal 40(2). 172–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688209105865.Search in Google Scholar

Ku, Hyejin & Asaf Zussman. 2010. Lingua franca: The role of English in international trade. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 75(2). 250–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2010.03.013.Search in Google Scholar

Kubota, Ryuko. 2013. ‘Language is only a tool’: Japanese expatriates working in China and implications for language Teaching. Multilingual Education 3(1). 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/2191-5059-3-4.Search in Google Scholar

Li, Feifei 李飞菲 & Weihong Zhou 周维宏. 2022. 日语能力对中国城市高学历人群工资收入的影响研究——基于Global Career Survey 2012调查上海数据的实证分析 [How the Japanese language proficiency impacts the salaries of the better educated: An empirical study based on data for Shanghai from Global Career Survey 2012]. Studies in Japan 日本学研究 (02). 195–213.Search in Google Scholar

Lu, Juexuan & Qi Shen. 2022. Understanding China’s LOTE learners’ perceptions and choices of LOTE(s) and English learning: A linguistic market perspective. Current Issues in Language Planning 23(4). 394–411. https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2021.2005383.Search in Google Scholar

Luo, Xiaoyu & Shawn P. Daly. 2019. Human capital and English language proficiency in the Chinese context. Asian Social Science 15(3). 73–84. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v15n3p73.Search in Google Scholar

Mackenzie, Lee. 2022. Linguistic imperialism, English, and development: Implications for Colombia. Current Issues in Language Planning 23(2). 137–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2021.1939977.Search in Google Scholar

May, Stephen. 2014. Introducing the “multilingual turn”. In Stephen May (ed.), The multilingual turn: Implications for SLA, TESOL and bilingual education, 1–6. New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

McManus, Walter, William Gould & Finis Welch. 1983. Earnings of Hispanic men: The role of English Language Proficiency. Journal of Labor Economics 1(2). 101–130. https://doi.org/10.1086/298006.Search in Google Scholar

Ministry of Education. 2017. Notice on the enrollment of general higher education in 2017. http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A15/moe_776/s3258/201702/t20170224_297252.html (accessed 10 May 2024).Search in Google Scholar

Ministry of Education. 2020. Curriculum plan and curriculum standards of Chinese and other subjects for senior high schools (2017 Edition, 2020 Revision). http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A26/s8001/202006/t20200603_462199.html (accessed 10 May 2024).Search in Google Scholar

Nishizawa, Hitoshi, Daniel R. Isbell & Yuichi Suzuki. 2022. Review of the Japanese-language proficiency test. Language Testing 39(3). 494–503. https://doi.org/10.1177/02655322221080898.Search in Google Scholar

Nomoto, Chizuko 野元千寿子. 2007. Nikkei kigyō ga genchi shain ni motomeru “bijinesu Nihongo” no jittai [Japanese enterprises’ demand for Chinese employees’ business Japanese]. Polyglossia 13. 69–81.Search in Google Scholar

Nunan, David. 2003. The impact of English as a global language on educational policies and practices in the Asia‐Pacific region. Tesol Quarterly 37(4). 589–613. https://doi.org/10.2307/3588214.Search in Google Scholar

Qi, Grace Yue. 2016. The importance of English in primary school education in China: Perceptions of students. Multilingual Education 6(1). 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13616-016-0026-0.Search in Google Scholar

Quan, Xiaoyan 全小燕, Lu Xiong 熊璐 & Wenyong Li 李文勇. 2020. 粤港澳大湾区视域下珠三角对外贸易跨文化交际人才需求分析——以广东工业大学华立学院为例 [A need analysis for cross-cultural communication talents in foreign trade in Pearl River Delta from the perspective of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Bay area: Based on Huali College Guangdong University of Technology]. Foreign Economic Relations & Trade 对外经贸 (10). 72–76.Search in Google Scholar

Shields, Michael A. & Stephen Wheatley Price. 2002. The English language fluency and occupational success of ethnic minority immigrant men living in English metropolitan areas. Journal of Population Economics 15. 137–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/pl00003836.Search in Google Scholar

Shi, Xingsong 史兴松 & Xia Cheng 程霞. 2019. 商务英语专业人才的社会需求分析 [Social demand analysis of business English professionals]. Foreign Language World 外语界 (02). 65–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2019.07.003.Search in Google Scholar

Shu, Dingfang 束定芳. 2022. 论多语种人才培养的必要性和可行性 [Multilingual talents cultivation in China: Its urgent needs and feasibility]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research 外语教学与研究 54(06). 912–921. https://doi.org/10.19923/j.cnki.fltr.2022.06.013.Search in Google Scholar

The Chinese University of Hong Kong. 2022. 2022 Research report on job recruitment of Chinese public companies. https://www.bschool.cuhk.edu.hk/chi/zh-hans/a-deep-dive-into-labour-demand-in-china/ (accessed 20 December 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Wang, Hui 王辉 & Qian Peng 彭倩. 2017. 基于百度指数的招聘网站用户网络关注度分析——以智联招聘网站为例 [Analysis of viewers’ attention to job search websites based on the Baidu index: A case study of Zhaopin]. Journal of Hunan University of Technology 湖南工业大学学报 22(6). 29–35.Search in Google Scholar

Wang, Jiayin 王佳音 & Ying Sun 孙颖. 2018. 日本语能力测试的反拨效应研究 [A study on the washback effect of the Japanese-language proficiency test]. Journal of PLA University of Foreign Languages 解放军外国语学院学报 41(06). 73–80.Search in Google Scholar

Wen, Yingjie 文英姐 & Jinling Li 黎金玲. 2020. 电子商务概论 (第2版) [Introduction to E-commerce], 2nd edn. Chingqing: Chongqing University Press 重庆大学出版社.Search in Google Scholar

Wong, Koon-kwai. 2009. A geographical survey of the region. Hong Kong, Macau and the Pearl River Delta: A geographical survey, 2–24. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Educational Publishing Co.Search in Google Scholar

Yu, Yao 余耀. 2017. Chūgoku no Nikkei kigyō no nīzu to bijinesu Nihongo kyōiku [Needs of Japanese enterprises in China and business Japanese education] Tokyo: Yūkensha.Search in Google Scholar

Zein, Mochamad Subhan. 2017. Elementary English education in Indonesia: Policy developments, current practices, and future prospects: How has Indonesia coped with the demand for teaching English in schools? English Today 33(1). 53–59. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078416000407.Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, Bo. 2010. Assessing the accuracy and consistency of language proficiency classification under competing measurement models. Language Testing 27(1). 119–140. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265532209347363.Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, Jianlei 张建磊. 2014. 作为人力资本的语言技能对外语教育的启示 [Reflection of foreign language education by researching language skills as human capital]. Journal of Chongqing University of Education 重庆第二师范学院学报 27(1). 144–146.Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, Weiguo & Gilles Grenier. 2013. How can language be linked to economics? A survey of two strands of research. Language Problems and Language Planning 37(3). 203–226. https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.37.3.01zha.Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, Yulai 张玉来. 2022. 中日经济关系50年: 从友好合作到互惠互赢 [Fifty years of Sino-Japanese economic relations: From friendly cooperation to win-win cooperation of mutual benefits]. Journal of Northeast Asia Studies 东北亚学刊 (04). 14–26. https://doi.org/10.19498/j.cnki.dbyxk.2022.04.002.Search in Google Scholar

Zhao, Huamin 赵华敏. 2020. 世界外语教育中的中国日语教育 [Chinese Japanese education in world foreign language education]. Northeast Asia Foreign Language Research 东北亚外语研究 8(04). 8–13. https://doi.org/10.16838/j.cnki.21-1587/h.2020.04.003.Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2023-05-12
Accepted: 2024-06-03
Published Online: 2024-06-17
Published in Print: 2024-09-25

© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 27.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/multi-2023-0073/html
Scroll to top button