Abstract
We investigate the interrelations between pronunciation and writing skills in French as a foreign language produced by two groups of bilingual learners (German-Russian; German-Turkish) and a monolingually raised German control group (each n = 10). As an indicator of the learners’ pronunciation skills, we refer to a perceptually relevant acoustic feature of stop production, “Voice Onset Time” (VOT). Our aim is to explore whether the learners’ proficiency at the level of pronunciation is mirrored in (1) their global language competencies and (2) their writing skills. We applied an extreme-cases approach based on the learners’ VOT productions in L3 French. Both positive and negative deviations from the French target pronunciation were found in all groups. In orthography, bilinguals showed lower correctness scores as compared to monolinguals. The VOT measurements yielded more target-like results for the bilinguals. For the monolinguals, the results reveal no correlation between pronunciation and general language proficiency as well as writing skills. In the bilinguals the investigated phenomena were more interrelated. Our analysis of semi-focused interviews conducted with all participants revealed that more target-like VOT productions correlate with a greater degree of phonological and multilingual awareness. This suggests that phonological and cross-linguistic awareness should be fostered in today’s multilingual classrooms.
Funding source: The German Federal Ministry of Education and Research
Award Identifier / Grant number: MEZ (01JM1406)
Acknowledgments
We thank Marion Krause for her collaboration at an earlier stage of the project as well as an anonymous reviewer for the careful reading of our manuscript and insightful comments.
-
Research funding: We acknowledge the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research for funding the project “Mehrsprachigkeitsentwicklung im Zeitverlauf” (2014–2019; MEZ 01JM1406).
Spelling errors, error types, text length (in words), and error rates (in %) of the analyzable data produced by the three learner groups GER (n = 8), RU/GER (n = 5), and TUR/GER (n = 7). “High” performers are highlighted in light, “low” performers in dark grey.
Group | ID | Error | Target | Errors type(s) | SEL | SEQ | OM | ADD | CAP | JSS | n | Text length | Error rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GER | 1 | allemagne | Allemagne | CAP | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 92 | 4.35 | |||
chauterie | charcuterie | OM OM | |||||||||||
oefes | œufs | OM ADD | |||||||||||
2 | petit déjourner | petit-déjeuner | SEL SEL JSS | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 128 | 4.69 | ||
Allemange | Allemagne | SEQ | |||||||||||
choose | chose | ADD | |||||||||||
example | exemple | SEL | |||||||||||
coures | courses | OM | |||||||||||
3 | prepare | préparé | SEL SEL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 14 | 21.43 | ||||
petit déjeuner | petit-déjeuner | JSS | |||||||||||
allemagne | Allemagne | CAP | |||||||||||
4 | petit déjeuner | petit-déjeuner | JSS | 1 | 1 | 2 | 33 | 6.06 | |||||
allemagne | Allemagne | CAP | |||||||||||
7 | cafè | café | SEL | 1 | 1 | 98 | 1.02 | ||||||
8 | petit déjeuner | petit-déjeuner | JSS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 55 | 9.09 | |||
allemagne | Allemagne | CAP | |||||||||||
chooses | choses | ADD | |||||||||||
petit déjourne | petit-déjeuner | JSS OM SEL | |||||||||||
9 | ou | où | SEL | 4 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 196 | 3.06 | ||||
mett | met | ADD | |||||||||||
different | différent | SEL | |||||||||||
ois | œufs | SEL OM | |||||||||||
preparer | préparer | SEL | |||||||||||
10 | allemagne | Allemagne | SEL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 55 | 5.45 | ||||
super marché | supermarché | JSS | |||||||||||
oefs | œufs | OM | |||||||||||
Total | 9 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 30 | 83.9 | 6.9 | ||||
RU/GER | 1 | petit déjeuner | petit-déjeuner | JSS | 2 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 111 | 8.11 | |
allemagne | Allemagne | CAP | |||||||||||
caffee | café | SEL ADD ADD | |||||||||||
choose | chose | ADD | |||||||||||
casse | caisse | ADD | |||||||||||
oeu | eau | SEL SEQ | |||||||||||
aussie | aussi | ADD | |||||||||||
4 | petit déjeuner | petit-déjeuner | JSS | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 97 | 6.19 | |||
allemagne | Allemagne | CAP | |||||||||||
achete | achète | SEL | |||||||||||
coffée | café | SEL ADD ADD | |||||||||||
caffée | café | ADD ADD | |||||||||||
6 | petit déjeuner | petit-déjeuner | JSS | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 69 | 5.8 | ||||
ofeus | œufs | SEL | |||||||||||
prefere | préféré | SEL SEL SEL | |||||||||||
cafée | café | ADD | |||||||||||
7 | petit déjeuner | petit-déjeuner | JSS | 3 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 11 | 103 | 10.68 | |||
juis | jus | ADD | |||||||||||
caffée | café | ADD | |||||||||||
primierment | premièrement | SEL SEL OM | |||||||||||
écrions | écrivons | OM | |||||||||||
list | liste | OM | |||||||||||
oblier | oublier | OM | |||||||||||
fair | faire | OM | |||||||||||
supermarche | supermarché | SEL | |||||||||||
achéte | achète | SEL | |||||||||||
8 | prepares | prépare | SEL ADD | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 76 | 10.53 | |||
achetes | achète | SEL ADD | |||||||||||
frommage | fromage | ADD | |||||||||||
preparer | préparer | SEL | |||||||||||
petit dejeuner | petit-déjeuner | JSS | |||||||||||
allemagne | Allemagne | CAP | |||||||||||
Total | 12 | 1 | 5 | 12 | 3 | 5 | 38 | 79.2 | 8.3 | ||||
TU/GER | 2 | allemande | Allemagne | CAP SEL SEQ | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 43 | 9.3 | |||
eoufs | œufs | SEQ | |||||||||||
4 | petit déjeuner | petit-déjeuner | JSS | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 120 | 6.67 | ||
allemagne | Allemagne | CAP | |||||||||||
achete | achètes | SEL ADD | |||||||||||
list | liste | OM | |||||||||||
cuilleré | cuillère | SEL SEL | |||||||||||
cafe | café | SEL | |||||||||||
Jus | jus | CAP | |||||||||||
5 | supermarche | supermarché | SEL | 3 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 47 | 10.64 | ||||
caffé | café | ADD | |||||||||||
apres | après | SEL | |||||||||||
prepare | prépares | SEL OM | |||||||||||
6 | petit dejeuner | petit-déjeuner | JSS | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 75 | 9.33 | ||
allemagne | Allemagne | CAP | |||||||||||
âcheter | acheter | SEL | |||||||||||
frommage | fromage | ADD | |||||||||||
cafée | café | ADD | |||||||||||
cours | courses | OM OM | |||||||||||
sûr | sur | SEL | |||||||||||
7 | list | liste | OM | 2 | 1 | 3 | 39 | 7.69 | |||||
alle | allé | SEL | |||||||||||
a | à | SEL | |||||||||||
8 | oef | œufs | OM OM | 2 | 1 | 3 | 30 | 10 | |||||
jeu | jus | SEL SEQ | |||||||||||
9 | oef | œuf | OM | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 63 | 7.94 | |||
fromache | fromage | SEL ADD | |||||||||||
cafée | café | ADD | |||||||||||
petit déjeuner | petit-déjeuner | JSS | |||||||||||
Total | 14 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 35 | 54.4 | 8.8 |
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© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Foreign language learning in multilingual Germany
- Articles
- VOT production, writing skills, and general proficiency in multilingual learners of French: approaching the intertwinement of different linguistic levels
- Crossing the bridge to literacy in foreign languages: C-test as a measure of language development
- Multilingual lexical transfer challenges monolingual educational norms: not quite!
- Do minority-language and majority-language students benefit from pedagogical translanguaging in early foreign language development?
- Heritage languages and the ʻmultilingual boostʼ: intercomprehension skills of Russian and Polish heritage speakers in Germany
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Foreign language learning in multilingual Germany
- Articles
- VOT production, writing skills, and general proficiency in multilingual learners of French: approaching the intertwinement of different linguistic levels
- Crossing the bridge to literacy in foreign languages: C-test as a measure of language development
- Multilingual lexical transfer challenges monolingual educational norms: not quite!
- Do minority-language and majority-language students benefit from pedagogical translanguaging in early foreign language development?
- Heritage languages and the ʻmultilingual boostʼ: intercomprehension skills of Russian and Polish heritage speakers in Germany