Home Going beyond language: Soft skill-ing cultural difference and immigrant integration in Toronto, Canada
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Going beyond language: Soft skill-ing cultural difference and immigrant integration in Toronto, Canada

  • Kori Allan EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: August 11, 2016

Abstract

This article traces how a language and soft skills training approach to Canadian immigrant integration emerged with Canada’s shift towards a post-industrial tertiary economy. In this economy, soft skills index characteristics of ideal workers that fit the needs of Canada’s post-Fordist labour regime. It examines how skills’ training is not viewed as overly assimilatory, although skills are recognized as culturally specific, because they are understood to be civic and work related rather than ethno-cultural. This paper argues that the value of soft skills, including communication skills, cannot be straightforwardly accumulated in post-Fordist labour regimes; rather, value is contingently and relationally defined in context-specific events. In such an economy, discrimination against immigrants is pervasive and indefinite, affectively woven into the means of production.

Acknowledgement

I would like to thank the editors Mi-Cha Flubacher and Shirley Yeung for their thoughtful comments and editorial work. Thanks also to Bonnie McElhinny, Monica Heller, Andrea Muehlebach and Bonnie Urciuoli for their feedback on earlier versions of this material. Finally, I would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. This research was supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Any mistakes are of course my own.

References

Abu-Laban, Yasmeen. 1998. Keeping ‘em out: Gender, race and class biases in Canadian immigration policy. In Joan Anderson, Abigail Eisenberg, Sherrill Grace & Veronica Strong-Boad (eds.), Painting the maple: Essays on race, gender and the construction of Canada, 69–82. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.Search in Google Scholar

Abu-Laban, Yasmeen & Christina Gabriel. 2002. Selling diversity: Immigration, multiculturalism, employment equity, and globalization. Toronto: Broadview Press.Search in Google Scholar

Adkins, Lisa. 2000. Mobile desire: Aesthetics, sexuality and the ‘Lesbian’ at work. Sexualities 3(2). 201–218.10.1177/136346000003002006Search in Google Scholar

Adkins, Lisa. 2005. The new economy, property and personhood. Theory, Culture & Society 22(1). 111–130.10.4135/9781446213377.n7Search in Google Scholar

Adkins, Lisa & Eeeva Jokinen. 2008. Introduction: Gender, living and labour in the fourth shift. NORA – Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research 16(3). 138–149.10.1080/08038740802300947Search in Google Scholar

Allan, Kori. 2013. Skilling the self: The communicability of immigrants as flexible labour. In Alexandre Duchêne, Melissa Moyer & Celia Roberts (eds.), Language, migration and social (In)equality. A critical sociolinguistic perspective on institutions and work, 56–80. New York: Multilingual Matters.Search in Google Scholar

Ameeriar, Lalaie. 2012. The sanitized sensorium. American Anthropologist 114(3). 509–520.10.1111/j.1548-1433.2012.01449.xSearch in Google Scholar

Arat-Koç, Sedef. 2010. New whiteness(es), beyond the colour line? Assessing the contradictions and complexities of “whiteness” in the (geo)political economy of capitalist globalism. In Sherene Razack, Malinda Smith & Sunera Thobani (eds.), States of race: Critical race feminism for the 21st century, 147–168. Toronto: Between the Lines.Search in Google Scholar

Arvidsson, Adam. 2012. General sentiment: How value and affect converge in the information economy. In Lisa Adkins & Celia Lury (eds.), Measure and Value, 39–59. Oxford: Blackwell/The Sociological Review.10.1111/j.1467-954X.2012.02052.xSearch in Google Scholar

Austin, J. L. 1962. How to do things with words: the William James lectures delivered at Harvard University 1955. J.O. Urmson (ed.). Oxford: Claredon Press.Search in Google Scholar

Aydemir, Abdurrahman & Mikal Skuterud. 2005. Explaining the deteriorating entry earnings of Canada’s immigrant cohorts, 1966–2000. Canadian Journal of Economics 38(2). 641–72.10.1111/j.0008-4085.2005.00297.xSearch in Google Scholar

Berardi, Franco “Bifo”. 2009. The soul at work: From alienation to autonomy. Francesca Cadel and Giuseppina Mecchia (trans.). Los Angeles: Semiotext(e).Search in Google Scholar

Brodie, Janine. 2002. The great undoing: State formation, gender politics, and social policy in Canada. In Catherine Kingfisher (ed.), Western welfare in decline globalization and women’s poverty, 90–110. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.10.9783/9780812202472.90Search in Google Scholar

Carr, Summerson. 2009. Anticipating and inhabiting institutional identities. American Ethnologist 36(2). 317–336.10.1111/j.1548-1425.2009.01137.xSearch in Google Scholar

Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 1994a. Into the 21st century: A strategy for immigration and citizenship4.Search in Google Scholar

Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 2012a. News release – Building a fast and flexible economic immigration system. April 17.Search in Google Scholar

Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 2012b. News release – An immigration system that works for Canada. Ottawa, Dec 19.Search in Google Scholar

Coté, Mark & Jennifer Pybus. 2007. Learning to immaterial labour 2.0: MySpace and social networks. Ephemera 7(1). 88–106.Search in Google Scholar

da Silva, Emanuel, Mireille McLaughlin & Mary Richards. 2007. Bilingualism and the Globalized New Economy: The Commodification of Language and Identity. In Monica Heller (ed.), Bilingualism: A social approach, 183–206. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9780230596047_9Search in Google Scholar

Dean, Mitchell. 1999. Governmentality: Power and rule in modern society. London: Sage.Search in Google Scholar

Dunk, Thomas. 1996. Culture, skill, masculinity and whiteness: Training and the politics of identity. In Thomas Dunk, Stephen McBride & Randle W. Nelson (eds.), The training trap: Ideology, training, and the labour market, 101–123. Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing.Search in Google Scholar

Foucault, Michel. 1991. Governmentality. In Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon & Peter Miller (eds.), The Foucault effect: Studies in governmentality, 87–104. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Search in Google Scholar

Freeman, Carla. 2011. Neoliberalism: Embodying and affecting neoliberalism. In Frances E. Mascia-Lees (ed.), A companion to the anthropology of the body and embodiment, 353–369. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K. and Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.10.1002/9781444340488.ch20Search in Google Scholar

Gershon, Ilana. 2014. Selling your self in the United States. POLAR 37(2). 281–295.10.1111/plar.12075Search in Google Scholar

Gershon, Ilana. 2011. Neoliberal Agency. Current Anthropology 52(4). 537–555.10.1086/660866Search in Google Scholar

Gershon, Ilana & Janelle S. Taylor. 2008. Introduction to “In Focus: Culture in the Spaces of No Culture”. American Anthropologist 110(4). 417–421.10.1111/j.1548-1433.2008.00074.xSearch in Google Scholar

Goldberg, David Theo. 2000. Racial knowledge. In Les Back & John Solomos (eds.), Theories of race and racism: A reader, 154–180. London & NY: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Hancock, Philip & Melissa Tyler. 2008. It’s all too beautiful: Emotion and organization in the aesthetic economy. In Stephen Fineman (ed.), The emotional organization: Passions and power, 202–217. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.Search in Google Scholar

Haque, Eve. 2012. Multiculturalism within a bilingual framework: Language, race, and belonging in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.10.3138/9781442686083Search in Google Scholar

Hardt, Michael. 1999. Affective labor. Boundary 2 26(2). 89–100.Search in Google Scholar

Harvey, David. 1989. The condition of postmodernity: An enquiry into the origins of cultural change. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.Search in Google Scholar

Heller, Monica. 2003. Globalization, the new economy, and the commodification of language and identity. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7(4). 473–492.10.1111/j.1467-9841.2003.00238.xSearch in Google Scholar

Heller, Monica & Alexandre Duchêne. 2012. Pride and profit: Changing discourses of language, capital and nation-State. In Alexandre Duchêne & Monica Heller (eds.), Language in late capitalism: Pride and profit, 1–21. New York and London: Routledge.10.4324/9780203155868Search in Google Scholar

Immigration Legislative Review Advisory Group. Chair: Robert Trempe. Not just numbers: A Canadian framework for future immigration. Ottawa: Citizenship and Immigration Canada.Search in Google Scholar

Kelly, Ninette & Michael Trebilcock. 2010. The making of the mosaic: A history of Canadian immigration policy, 2nd edn. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Search in Google Scholar

Kingfisher, Catherine. 2002. Neoliberalism II: The global free market. In Catherine Kingfisher (ed.), Western welfare in decline globalization and women’s poverty, 32–48. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.10.9783/9780812202472.32Search in Google Scholar

Knowles, Valerie. 2007. Strangers at our gates: Canadian immigration and immigration policy, 1540–2006. Toronto: Dundurn.Search in Google Scholar

Lazzarato, Maurizio. 1996. Immaterial labour. In Paolo Virno & Michael Hardt (eds.), Radical thought in Italy: A potential politics, 133–147. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Search in Google Scholar

Lazzarato, Maurizio. 2011. The making of the indebted man. Joshua David Jordan (trans.). Amsterdam: Semiotext.Search in Google Scholar

Levitz, Stephanie. 2012. Youth and language proficiency new must-haves for would-be immigrants. The Canadian Press. December 19.Search in Google Scholar

Li, Peter. 2000. Earning disparities between immigrants and native-born Canadians. Canadian Review Sociology and Anthropology 37(3). 289–311.10.1111/j.1755-618X.2000.tb00592.xSearch in Google Scholar

Lorente, Beatriz P. 2010. Packaging English-speaking products: Maid agencies in Singapore. In H. Kelly-Holmes & G. Mautner (eds.), Language and the market. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave-MacMillan.10.1007/978-0-230-29692-3_5Search in Google Scholar

Mackey, Eva. 2002. The house of difference: Cultural politics and national identity in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Search in Google Scholar

Manpower and Immigration Canada. 1966. White paper on immigration.Search in Google Scholar

Manpower and Immigration Canada. 1974. The immigration program.Search in Google Scholar

McElhinny, Bonnie. 2012. Silicon Valley sociolinguistics? Analyzing language, gender and communities of practice in the new knowledge economy. In Alexandre Duchêne & Monica Heller (eds.), Language in late capitalism: Pride and profit, 230–260. New York & London: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Metropolis. 2010. Going beyond official language ability: Skills development policy directions.Search in Google Scholar

Mirchandani, Kiran. 2012. Phone clones: Authenticity work in the transnational service economy. Ithaca: ILR Press/Cornell University Press.10.7591/9780801464140Search in Google Scholar

Negri, Antonio & Michael Hardt. 1999. Value and affect. Boundary 2 26(2). 77–88.Search in Google Scholar

Omidvar, Ratna. 2012. Changes to immigration policy will affect nearly all aspects of Canadian life. The Globe and Mail, May 8.Search in Google Scholar

O’Neil, Peter. 2012. Ethnic ‘enclaves’ limit newcomers’ earning potential. Calgary Herald, June 13.Search in Google Scholar

Picot, Garnett, Feng Hou & Simon Colombe. 2007. Chronic low income and low income dynamics among recent immigrants. Research paper no. 294. Ottawa: Analytical Studies, Statistics Canada.Search in Google Scholar

Picot, Garnett & Arthur Sweetman. 2005. The deteriorating economic welfare of immigrants and possible causes: Update 2005. Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper Series No. 262. Statistics Canada.Search in Google Scholar

Razack, Sherene. 1998. Looking white people in the eye: Gender, race, and culture in courtrooms and classrooms. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.10.3138/9781442670204Search in Google Scholar

Reitz, Jeffrey G. & R. Banerjee. 2007. Racial inequality, social cohesion, and policy issues in Canada. In K. Banting, T.J. Courchene & F. Leslie Seidle (eds.), Belonging? Diversity, recognition and citizenship in Canada, 489–545. Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy.Search in Google Scholar

Reitz, Jeffrey G., Heather Zhang & Naoko Hawkins. 2011. Comparisons of the success of racial minority immigrant offspring in the United States, Canada and Australia. Social Science Research 40(4). 1051–66.10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.03.009Search in Google Scholar

Roberts, Celia. 2013. The Gatekeeping of Babel: Job Interviews and the Linguistic Penalty. In Alexandre Duchêne, Melissa Moyer & Celia Roberts (eds.). Language, migration and social inequalities: A critical sociolinguistic perspective on institutions and work, 81–94. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781783091010Search in Google Scholar

Rose, Nikolas. 1999. Powers and freedoms: Reframing political thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511488856Search in Google Scholar

Sakamoto, Izumi. 2013. Tearing down the ‘Canadian Experience’ roadblock. Opinion piece. The Toronto Star, July 16.Search in Google Scholar

Sassen, Saskia. 2010. A savage sorting of winners and losers: Contemporary versions of primitive accumulation. Globalizations 7(1). 23–50.10.1080/14747731003593091Search in Google Scholar

Satzewich, Vic & Nikolaos Liodakis. 2013. “Race” and ethnicity in Canada: A critical introduction, 3rd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Shields, John. 2003. No safe haven: Markets, welfare, and migrants. CERIS Working Paper 22, 1–39. Joint Centre of Excellence for Research on Immigration and Settlement, Toronto.Search in Google Scholar

Smith, Jason. 2009. Preface: Soul on strike. In Franco “Bifo” Berardi. The soul at work: From alienation to autonomy. Francesca Cadel and Giuseppina Mecchia (trans.)., 9–19. Los Angeles: Semiotext(e).Search in Google Scholar

Teelucksingh, Cheryl & Grace-Edward Galabuzi. 2007. Working precariously: The impact of race and immigrant status of employment opportunities and outcomes in Canada. In Tania Das Gupta, Carl E. James, Roger C.A. Maaka, Grace-Edward Galabuzi & Chris Anderson (eds.), Race and racialization: Essential readings, 202–208. Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press Inc.Search in Google Scholar

Thobani, Sunera. 2007. Exalted subjects: Studies in the making of race and nation in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Search in Google Scholar

Urciuoli, Bonnie. 2008. Skills and selves in the new workplace. American Ethnologist 35(20). 211–228.10.1111/j.1548-1425.2008.00031.xSearch in Google Scholar

Urciuoli, Bonnie. 2009. Talking/not talking about race: The enregisterments of culture in higher education discourses. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 19(1). 21–39.10.1111/j.1548-1395.2009.01017.xSearch in Google Scholar

Witz, Anne, Chris Warhurst & Dennis Nickson. 2003. The labour of aesthetics and the aesthetics of organization. Organization 10(1). 33–54.10.4324/9781351147965-5Search in Google Scholar

Zietsma, Danielle. 2010. Immigrants working in regulated occupations. Perspectives (Feb 2010) 11(2). 13–28. Statistics Canada.Search in Google Scholar

Published Online: 2016-8-11
Published in Print: 2016-11-1

©2016 by De Gruyter Mouton

Downloaded on 12.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/multi-2015-0080/html
Scroll to top button