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Metaporous acoustic metamaterials with Helmholtz resonators for enhanced NVH performance in battery electric vehicles

  • Barış Vatansever

    Barış Vatansever is a M.Sc. student in the Mechanical Engineering at the Özyeğin University in Turkey. He is a specialist engineer in R&D Center at the TOFAŞ, Turkish Automobile Factory. He was born in 1996. His research interests include advanced NVH materials, vehicle insulation, and NVH test technologies.

         , Aytekin Özkan

    Dr. Aytekin Özkan holds B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Middle East Technical University, and a Ph.D. from the University of Uludag, Turkey. He launched his career as a Control Engineer at TÜBİTAK SAGE. He then joined Tofaş (Turkey), a joint venture of Stellantis Group, where he contributed to global projects at various positions including NVH Test Engineer, NVH Performance Engineer, NVH Testing Manager, and NVH Technical Fellow. He has also lead Soft Trim department for 8 years.

         , Aydın Özcan

    Dr. Aydın Özcan is currently a Senior Researcher at TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, leading projects on computational materials science and has an adjunct position in Mechanical Engineering Department of Gebze Technical University. He received his Ph.D. from University College London, focusing on atomistic and multiscale materials models. Then, he worked on predictive materials design as a postdoctoral researcher at CNRS (France). His research interests include computational materials modeling, density functional theory, molecular dynamics, multiscale simulations, and machine learning.

         and Polat Şendur

    Dr. Polat Şendur is currently an Associate Professor in the Mechanical Engineering Department at Ozyegin University. He received his Ph.D. degree from The University of Michigan, USA. He worked at Tec-Masters, Inc. (USA), Robert Bosch Corporation (USA) and Ford Otosan (Turkey). His research interests include modeling and vibrations. Dr. Sendur has been awarded with Marie Curie International Re-Integration Grant for his project “Multi-Disciplinary Design Optimization of Adaptive Vehicle Safety Systems for Whiplash Associated Disorders (WAD)” in 2007.

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Published/Copyright: October 15, 2025
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Materials Testing
From the journal Materials Testing Volume 67 Issue 11

Abstract

Metamaterials have gained an increasing attention as a way of absorbing noise to achieve improved acoustic performance on vehicles, and thanks to their novel functionalities compared to traditional designs, these structures are employed by many automotive companies as noise-reduction solutions for engineering applications. One of the key challenges for automotive original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) in the noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) development process is absorption performance in the frequency range of 400 Hz–800 Hz. Although sound engineers use porous polyurethane in these frequency ranges, the absorption performance of these designs is limited to meet increasing customer expectations. Managing airborne noise in vehicles is particularly challenging in the low frequency spectrum, where Helmholtz resonators are widely used. The main purpose of this study is to develop a metaporous sound barrier incorporating a Helmholtz resonator, effective in the low to mid-frequency range of the spectrum. For this purpose, a frequency domain simulation was carried out to obtain the absorption coefficient, analyze frequency-dependent effects, and identify critical frequencies in vehicle acoustics. Furthermore, local resonance effects to prevent acoustic waves were investigated and design parameters of metastructure were analyzed using a multi-physics based simulation model. These results were validated experimentally using an acoustic impedance tube. The methodology is demonstrated in a battery electric vehicle (BEV) to improve airborne compressor noise during engine idling. The optimum design parameters were determined using the Taguchi design method. Finally, the performance of developed metaporous material was validated through vehicle-level tests, with results showing an improvement of 3 dB(A).

Keywords: meta-materials; vehicle acoustics; low-mid frequency; exterior noise; vehicle design
Corresponding author: Polat Şendur, Mechanical Engineering Department, Özyeğin University, Istanbul, 34794, Türkiye, E-mail:

About the authors

Barış Vatansever

Barış Vatansever is a M.Sc. student in the Mechanical Engineering at the Özyeğin University in Turkey. He is a specialist engineer in R&D Center at the TOFAŞ, Turkish Automobile Factory. He was born in 1996. His research interests include advanced NVH materials, vehicle insulation, and NVH test technologies.

Aytekin Özkan

Dr. Aytekin Özkan holds B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Middle East Technical University, and a Ph.D. from the University of Uludag, Turkey. He launched his career as a Control Engineer at TÜBİTAK SAGE. He then joined Tofaş (Turkey), a joint venture of Stellantis Group, where he contributed to global projects at various positions including NVH Test Engineer, NVH Performance Engineer, NVH Testing Manager, and NVH Technical Fellow. He has also lead Soft Trim department for 8 years.

Aydın Özcan

Dr. Aydın Özcan is currently a Senior Researcher at TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, leading projects on computational materials science and has an adjunct position in Mechanical Engineering Department of Gebze Technical University. He received his Ph.D. from University College London, focusing on atomistic and multiscale materials models. Then, he worked on predictive materials design as a postdoctoral researcher at CNRS (France). His research interests include computational materials modeling, density functional theory, molecular dynamics, multiscale simulations, and machine learning.

Polat Şendur

Dr. Polat Şendur is currently an Associate Professor in the Mechanical Engineering Department at Ozyegin University. He received his Ph.D. degree from The University of Michigan, USA. He worked at Tec-Masters, Inc. (USA), Robert Bosch Corporation (USA) and Ford Otosan (Turkey). His research interests include modeling and vibrations. Dr. Sendur has been awarded with Marie Curie International Re-Integration Grant for his project “Multi-Disciplinary Design Optimization of Adaptive Vehicle Safety Systems for Whiplash Associated Disorders (WAD)” in 2007.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to extend their gratitude to NVH Laboratory at Turk Otomobil Fabrikası A.S., and Vibrations and Acoustics Laboratory at Ozyegin University.

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: The authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: None declared.

  7. Data availability: The raw data can be obtained on request from the corresponding author.

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Published Online: 2025-10-15
Published in Print: 2025-11-25

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of shear-spun 5052 aluminum alloy components under feed rate regulation
  3. Effect of hot extrusion on mechanical properties of Al2O3/Al composite prepared by spark plasma sintering
  4. A novel approach for modeling liner interface debonding in solid rocket motors
  5. Surface defect detection of curved mosaic ceramics based on improved coupling denoising algorithm
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  8. Dynamic random walk-based sled dog optimization algorithm and artificial neural network for optimizing design engineering problems
  9. Using design thinking methodology for developing innovative auto-injection systems
  10. Metaporous acoustic metamaterials with Helmholtz resonators for enhanced NVH performance in battery electric vehicles
  11. Improving the energy absorption capabilities of carbon fiber/epoxy composites by embedding steel wire meshes
  12. Energy absorption and deformation characteristics of eight SLS-manufactured PA12 lattice structures under an intermediate compressive load rate
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  14. Wear behavior of different SiC and WC reinforced high entropy alloys deposited by the spark emmission procedure on a AISI 1010 steel
  15. Microstructure and mechanical properties of matching and non-matching resistance spot welds of DP450 and DP800 steels
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https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2025-0170
Keywords for this article
meta-materials; vehicle acoustics; low-mid frequency; exterior noise; vehicle design

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of shear-spun 5052 aluminum alloy components under feed rate regulation
  3. Effect of hot extrusion on mechanical properties of Al2O3/Al composite prepared by spark plasma sintering
  4. A novel approach for modeling liner interface debonding in solid rocket motors
  5. Surface defect detection of curved mosaic ceramics based on improved coupling denoising algorithm
  6. Increasing the range of EVs: a TRIZ-inspired approach
  7. Electrochemical behavior of welded joints of 10MnNiCr marine steel under stress in seawater
  8. Dynamic random walk-based sled dog optimization algorithm and artificial neural network for optimizing design engineering problems
  9. Using design thinking methodology for developing innovative auto-injection systems
  10. Metaporous acoustic metamaterials with Helmholtz resonators for enhanced NVH performance in battery electric vehicles
  11. Improving the energy absorption capabilities of carbon fiber/epoxy composites by embedding steel wire meshes
  12. Energy absorption and deformation characteristics of eight SLS-manufactured PA12 lattice structures under an intermediate compressive load rate
  13. Effect of basalt and kenaf fiber hybridization on the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of polymer composites
  14. Wear behavior of different SiC and WC reinforced high entropy alloys deposited by the spark emmission procedure on a AISI 1010 steel
  15. Microstructure and mechanical properties of matching and non-matching resistance spot welds of DP450 and DP800 steels
  16. Stress concentration factors for bending with symmetric opposite notches in thin beam evaluated by FEM and ANN
  17. Numerical and experimental investigation of impact performances of cast and stretched polymethyl methacrylate panels
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