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Unveiling the creep mechanisms of rare earth element yttrium added and SPS consolidated CoCrFeNi high entropy alloys

  • Mustafa Tekin

    Mustafa Tekin completed his BSc degree at İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, in 2014 and MSc degree at İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, in 2017. He received his PhD degree in Mechanical Engineering from Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Türkiye, in 2022. He is working as an Assistant Professor at Yeditepe University in Istanbul. His research interests are mechanical alloying, thermal stability, high entropy alloys, material testing, nanoindentation, and nanocrystalline metals.

     ORCID logo EMAIL logo     , Hasan Kotan

    Hasan Kotan completed his BSc degree at Sakarya University, Sakarya, in 2006 and MSc degree at University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 2010. He received his PhD degree in Materials Science and Engineering from North Carolina State University, North Carolina, USA, in 2013. His research interests are nanocrystalline metals, stainless steel, thermal stability, and mechanical alloying.

     ORCID logo     , Murat Baydoğan

    Murat Baydoğan completed his BSc degree at İstanbul Technical University, Sakarya Engineering Faculty, Sakarya, in 1992 and MSc degree at İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, in 1996. He received his PhD degree in Materials Science and Engineering at İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Türkiye, in 2003. He is working as a professor at Istanbul Technical University. His research interests are metallurgical and materials engineering, wear behavior of materials, micro arc oxidation, microstructural characterization of materials, nanoindentation, and material testing.

     ORCID logo     , Mertcan Kaba

    Mertcan Kaba completed his undergraduate study in Metallurgical and Materials Engineering from Dokuz Eylül University in 2017. He received his M.Sc. degree in Materials Engineering from Istanbul Technical University in 2020. He is now a Ph.D. candidate and working as a Research Assistant in the Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering at Istanbul Technical University. His current research focuses on tribology, failure analysis, biomaterials, and surface treatments.

     ORCID logo     , Erdem Balcı

    Erdem Balcı completed his undergraduate study in Metallurgical and Materials Engineering from Istanbul Technical University in 2017. He received his M.Sc. degree in Materials Engineering from Istanbul Technical University in 2019. He is now a Ph.D. candidate and working as a Research Assistant in the Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering at Istanbul Technical University. His current research focuses on mechanical metallurgy, cold spray coating, and aluminizing coating.

     ORCID logo     , Kübra Gürcan Bayrak ORCID logo and Erhan Ayas ORCID logo
Published/Copyright: July 7, 2025
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Materials Testing
From the journal Materials Testing Volume 67 Issue 9

Abstract

As high entropy alloys (HEAs) continue to be increasingly studied for next-generation structural materials, gaining a comprehensive understanding of their mechanical properties, including their creep behaviors, remains essential. In this work, rare earth element yttrium (Y) added CoCrFeNi HEAs are produced by mechanical alloying, followed by consolidation via spark plasma sintering (SPS) with ultrafine grain sizes. The microstructures after SPS consolidation are examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The creep properties, including creep displacement, creep strain rate, creep stress, and stress exponent, are evaluated using a nanoindentation test with a Berkovich tip indenter. The results reveal that the average grain size of CoCrFeNi HEA is determined to be 385 ± 65 nm after SPS consolidation, which reduces to 190 ± 30 nm and 155 ± 55 nm with 1 and 4 at.% Y additions, respectively. Accordingly, HEA with the addition of 4 at.% Y exhibits increased hardness, attributed to the presence of additional Y-based oxides and the reduced grain size in its microstructure. Furthermore, the creep mechanisms for the investigated CoCrFeNi HEAs are primarily dominated by dislocation–precipitation interaction based on the calculated stress exponent values.

Keywords: creep mechanism; high entropy alloys; mechanical alloying; nanoindentation creep; spark plasma sintering; stress exponent
Corresponding author: Mustafa Tekin, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, Türkiye, E-mail:

About the authors

Mustafa Tekin

Mustafa Tekin completed his BSc degree at İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, in 2014 and MSc degree at İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, in 2017. He received his PhD degree in Mechanical Engineering from Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Türkiye, in 2022. He is working as an Assistant Professor at Yeditepe University in Istanbul. His research interests are mechanical alloying, thermal stability, high entropy alloys, material testing, nanoindentation, and nanocrystalline metals.

Hasan Kotan

Hasan Kotan completed his BSc degree at Sakarya University, Sakarya, in 2006 and MSc degree at University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 2010. He received his PhD degree in Materials Science and Engineering from North Carolina State University, North Carolina, USA, in 2013. His research interests are nanocrystalline metals, stainless steel, thermal stability, and mechanical alloying.

Murat Baydoğan

Murat Baydoğan completed his BSc degree at İstanbul Technical University, Sakarya Engineering Faculty, Sakarya, in 1992 and MSc degree at İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, in 1996. He received his PhD degree in Materials Science and Engineering at İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Türkiye, in 2003. He is working as a professor at Istanbul Technical University. His research interests are metallurgical and materials engineering, wear behavior of materials, micro arc oxidation, microstructural characterization of materials, nanoindentation, and material testing.

Mertcan Kaba

Mertcan Kaba completed his undergraduate study in Metallurgical and Materials Engineering from Dokuz Eylül University in 2017. He received his M.Sc. degree in Materials Engineering from Istanbul Technical University in 2020. He is now a Ph.D. candidate and working as a Research Assistant in the Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering at Istanbul Technical University. His current research focuses on tribology, failure analysis, biomaterials, and surface treatments.

Erdem Balcı

Erdem Balcı completed his undergraduate study in Metallurgical and Materials Engineering from Istanbul Technical University in 2017. He received his M.Sc. degree in Materials Engineering from Istanbul Technical University in 2019. He is now a Ph.D. candidate and working as a Research Assistant in the Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering at Istanbul Technical University. His current research focuses on mechanical metallurgy, cold spray coating, and aluminizing coating.

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: Mustafa Tekin: formal analysis, data curation, investigation, writing – original draft. Hasan Kotan: supervision, conceptualization, methodology, resources, data curation, writing – review & editing. Murat Baydoğan: resources, methodology, review & editing. Mertcan Kaba: data curation. Erdem Balcı: data curation. Kübra Gürcan Bayrak: data curation, SPS processing. Erhan Ayas: resources, methodology.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: None declared.

  7. Data availability: The raw data can be obtained on request from the corresponding author.

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Published Online: 2025-07-07
Published in Print: 2025-09-25

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2025-0083
Keywords for this article
creep mechanism; high entropy alloys; mechanical alloying; nanoindentation creep; spark plasma sintering; stress exponent

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. FEA of stress distribution in firearms: evaluation of composite materials for gun slides
  3. Effect of heat treatment on mechanical performance of hydraulic breaker alloys
  4. Analysis of friction welded square sections of AISI 430/HARDOX 450 steels
  5. Wear performance of PTA coated NiTi composite on AISI 430 steel
  6. Battery box design of electric vehicles using artificial neural network–assisted catch fish optimization algorithm
  7. Design and synthesis strategy of high-performance black alumina membrane support by adding manganese dioxide
  8. Experimental and numerical analysis of the impact behavior in truncated thin-walled tubes under axial loading
  9. Unveiling the creep mechanisms of rare earth element yttrium added and SPS consolidated CoCrFeNi high entropy alloys
  10. Design optimization of a multi-layer aircraft canopy transparency plate against bird strike
  11. Aircraft wing rib component optimization using artificial neural network–assisted superb fairy-wren algorithm
  12. Artificial neural network-assisted supercell thunderstorm algorithm for optimization of real-world engineering problems
  13. Optimum design of electric vehicle battery enclosure using the chaotic metaheuristic algorithms
  14. Additive manufacturing of overexpanded honeycomb core lattice structures and their characterization
  15. Hardness and fatigue behavior of SiC, Al2O3, and blast furnace slag reinforced hybrid composites with Al6061 matrix
  16. Tribo-mechanical behavior of pectin-filled aloe vera fiber–reinforced polyester composites
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