Home Effect of hybridization type, hole-distance and number of holes on the resistance of intraply hybrid composite plates against multiple impact
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Effect of hybridization type, hole-distance and number of holes on the resistance of intraply hybrid composite plates against multiple impact

  • Mehmet Emin Deniz

    Dr. Mehmet Emin Deniz was born in Batman, Turkey, in 1981. He received the B.Sc. degree at Mechanical Engineering in 2002, M.Sc. degrees in 2005 in Mechanic from Harran University, Şanlıurfa and Ph.D degree in 2011 in the Mechanics branch of the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey. He is currently a Professor of Mechanics at Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty in Batman University, Batman, Turkey. His areas of research are the impact and post impact behaviors of laminated composite plates and composite pressure vessels, failure analysis of pinned joint composite structures, fatigue behavior of composite plates. He is a member of Turkish Society of Mechanical Engineers (TSME).

     ORCID logo EMAIL logo     and Ramazan Karakuzu

    Dr. Ramazan Karakuzu, born in 1964, received his BSc degree in 1986 at the Department of Mechanical Engineering, his MSc degree in 1988 and his PhD degree in 1992 at the Mechanics branch of the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey. He is currently a Professor of Mechanics at the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty in Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey. His areas of research are the impact and post impact behaviors of laminated composite plates and composite pressure vessels, failure analysis of pinned joint composite structures, elasto-plastic stress analysis of composite plates. He is a member of the Turkish Academy of Sciences and the Turkish Society of Mechanical Engineers (TSME) and a founding member of the Association of Biomechanics, Biomaterial, Tissue Engineering Research and Development.

     ORCID logo
Published/Copyright: February 21, 2025
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Materials Testing
From the journal Materials Testing Volume 67 Issue 4

Abstract

In this study, the effects of the hole-distance from impact point and numbers of holes on carbon-glass/epoxy composite plates formed by three different intraply hybridizations subjected to repeated (multiple) impact loading with 8 J energy level are examined experimentally. The samples were subjected to multiple impact loading until perforation, which is determined by the impactor moving completely through the samples. The number of repeats for each sample was determined by the impactor perforating the sample. In order to better interpret the effect of the test parameters after of the impact tests, contact force-time and contact force-deflection, contact force-number of repeats and number of repeats-hybridization type change graphs of the samples are given for each hybridization type. Thus, the effects of both hybridization type and number and distance of holes on the repeated impact resistance of carbon-glass/epoxy intraply hybrid composite plates were investigated. Considering all test parameters, the absence of a hole and the hole’s near to the center of the sample significantly affects the sample stiffness, resulting in lower impact resistance. The presence of the hole and its distance from the impact point made the sample more resistant to impact. While the highest number of repeats was obtained for samples no-hole (d0h0), the lowest number of repeats was obtained for samples with four holes at a distance of 10 mm and 20 mm from the impact point. For all three hybridization types, the contact force value gradually decreased as the number of impact repeats of the samples increased. When the change in the damage areas of the samples was examined, the largest damage area occurred in the samples without holes (d0h0). Damage progression generally occurred in the 0° orientation of the lower layer.

Keywords: intraply hybrid composite; impact resistance; hole; repeat impact; damage area
Corresponding author: Mehmet Emin Deniz, Mechanical Engineering, Batman University, Batman, Türkiye, E-mail:

Funding source: Scientific Research Project Unit of Batman University (BAP)

Award Identifier / Grant number: Project Number: BTÜBAP-2023-MMF-02

About the authors

Mehmet Emin Deniz

Dr. Mehmet Emin Deniz was born in Batman, Turkey, in 1981. He received the B.Sc. degree at Mechanical Engineering in 2002, M.Sc. degrees in 2005 in Mechanic from Harran University, Şanlıurfa and Ph.D degree in 2011 in the Mechanics branch of the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey. He is currently a Professor of Mechanics at Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty in Batman University, Batman, Turkey. His areas of research are the impact and post impact behaviors of laminated composite plates and composite pressure vessels, failure analysis of pinned joint composite structures, fatigue behavior of composite plates. He is a member of Turkish Society of Mechanical Engineers (TSME).

Ramazan Karakuzu

Dr. Ramazan Karakuzu, born in 1964, received his BSc degree in 1986 at the Department of Mechanical Engineering, his MSc degree in 1988 and his PhD degree in 1992 at the Mechanics branch of the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey. He is currently a Professor of Mechanics at the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty in Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey. His areas of research are the impact and post impact behaviors of laminated composite plates and composite pressure vessels, failure analysis of pinned joint composite structures, elasto-plastic stress analysis of composite plates. He is a member of the Turkish Academy of Sciences and the Turkish Society of Mechanical Engineers (TSME) and a founding member of the Association of Biomechanics, Biomaterial, Tissue Engineering Research and Development.

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: Mehmet Emin Deniz: Methodology, Investigation, Writing – Original Draft, Ramazan Karakuzu: Supervision, Writing – Review and Editing.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: This research was financed by the Scientific Research Project Unit of Batman University (BAP) (Project Number: BTÜBAP-2023-MMF-02).

  7. Data availability: Not applicable.

References

[1] M. O. W. Richardson, and M. J. Wisheart, “Review of low-velocity impact properties of composite materials,” Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., vol. 27, pp. 1123–1131, 1996, https://doi.org/10.1016/1359-835X(96)00074-7.Search in Google Scholar

[2] G. A. Davies, D. Hitchings, and G. Zhou, “Impact damage and residual strength woven fabric glass/polyester strengths of laminates,” Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., vol. 27, pp. 1147–1156, 1996, https://doi.org/10.1016/1359-835X(96)00083-8.Search in Google Scholar

[3] S. R. Reid and G. Zhou, Impact Behaviour of Fibre-Reinforced Composite Materials and Structures, Cambridge, CRC Press Woodhead Publishing, 2000.10.1201/9781439822814Search in Google Scholar

[4] D. Gay, S. V. Hoa, and S. W. Tsai, Composite Materials: Design and Applications, 1st ed., Boca Raton, CRC Press, 2003.10.1201/9781420031683Search in Google Scholar

[5] S. K. Mazumdar, Composites Manufacturing: Materials, Product, and Process Engineering, 1st ed., Boca Raton, CRC Press, 2001.10.1201/9781420041989Search in Google Scholar

[6] A. B. Strong, Fundamentals of Composites Manufacturing: Materials, Methods, and Applications, 2nd ed., Dearborn, Society of Manufacturing Engineers, 2007.Search in Google Scholar

[7] K. L. Pickering, Properties and Performance of Natural-Fibre Composites, 1st ed., Cambridge, Woodhead Publishing, 2008.10.1201/9781439832141Search in Google Scholar

[8] A. T. Nettles and M. J. Douglas, A comparison of quasi-static indentation to low-velocity impact, NASA/TP-2000-210481, Hanover, Springfield, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Marshall Space Flight Center, 2000. Available at: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20000109864/downloads/20000109864.pdfWork of the US Gov. Public Use Permitted.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[9] S. Abrate, “Impact on laminated composites: recent advances,” Appl. Mech. Rev., vol. 47, no. 11, pp. 517–544, 1994, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3111065.Search in Google Scholar

[10] A. M. Amaro, P. N. B. Reis, M. F. S. F. De Moura, and M. A. Neto, “Influence of open holes on composites delamination induced by low velocity impact loads,” Compos. Struct., vol. 97, pp. 239–244, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.09.041.Search in Google Scholar

[11] J. A. Zukas, Impact Dynamics: Theory and Experiments, Maryland, 1980.Search in Google Scholar

[12] I. Eriksson, and C. G. Aronsson, “Strength of tensile loaded graphite/epoxy laminates containing cracks, open and filled holes,” J. Compos. Mater., vol. 24, pp. 456–482, 1990, https://doi.org/10.1177/002199839002400501.Search in Google Scholar

[13] J. Backlund, and C. G. Aronsson, “Tensile fracture of laminates with holes,” J. Compos. Mater., vol. 20, pp. 259–286, 1986, https://doi.org/10.1177/002199838602000304.Search in Google Scholar

[14] B. G. Green, M. R. Wisnom, and S. R. Hallett, “An experimental investigation into the tensile strength scaling of notched composites,” Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., vol. 38, pp. 867–878, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.07.008.Search in Google Scholar

[15] H. Suemasu, H. Takahashi, and T. Ishikawa, “On failure mechanisms of composite laminates with an open hole subjected to compressive load,” Compos. Sci. Technol., vol. 66, pp. 634–641, 2006, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.07.042.Search in Google Scholar

[16] G. H. Erçin, P. P. Camanho, J. Xavier, G. Catalanotti, S. Mahdi, and P. Linde, “Size effects on the tensile and compressive failure of notched composite laminates,” Compos. Struct., vol. 96, pp. 736–744, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.10.004.Search in Google Scholar

[17] E. V. Larve, D. Mollenhauer, and R. Kim, “Theoretical and experimental investigation of stress redistribution in open hole composite laminates due to damage accumulation,” Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., vol. 36, pp. 163–171, 2005, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2004.06.011.Search in Google Scholar

[18] S. Dai, P. R. Cunningham, S. Marshall, and C. Silva, “Open hole quasi-static and fatigue characterisation of 3D woven composites,” Compos. Struct., vol. 131, pp. 765–774, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.06.032.Search in Google Scholar

[19] F. K. Chang, and L. B. Lessard, “Damage tolerance of laminated composites containing an open hole and subjected to compressive loadings: Part I-analysis,” J. Compos. Mater., vol. 25, pp. 2–43, 1991, https://doi.org/10.1177/002199839102500101.Search in Google Scholar

[20] E. J. Barbero, Introduction to Composite Materials Design, 2nd, Boca Raton, CRC Press, 2010.10.1201/9781439894132Search in Google Scholar

[21] A. Rajpurohit, S. Joannès, V. Singery, P. Sanial, and L. Laiarinandrasana, “Hybrid effect in in-plane loading of carbon/glass fibre based inter- and intraply hybrid composites,” J. Compos. Sci., vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 1–20, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4010006.Search in Google Scholar

[22] M. K. Gupta, and R. K. Srivastava, “A review on characterization of hybrid fibre reinforced polymer composite,” Am. J. Polym. Sci. Eng., vol. 4, pp. 1–7, 2016. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/286338432.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

[23] Z. Al-Hajaj, B. L. Sy, H. Bougherara, and R. Zdero, “Impact properties of a new hybrid composite material made from woven carbon fibres plus flax fibres in an epoxy matrix,” Compos. Struct., vol. 208, pp. 346–356, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.10.033.Search in Google Scholar

[24] K. Azouaoui, S. Rechak, Z. Azari, S. Benmedakhene, A. Laksimi, and G. Pluvinage, “Modelling of damage and failure of glass/epoxy composite plates subject to impact fatigue,” Int. J. Fatigue, vol. 23, no. 10, pp. 877–885, 2001, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-1123(01)00050-0.Search in Google Scholar

[25] B. Vieille, J. D. Pujols-Gonzalez, C. Bouvet, T. Breteau, and C. Gautrelet, “Influence of impact velocity on impact behaviour of hybrid woven-fibers reinforced PEEK thermoplastic laminates,” Compos. Part C: Open Access., vol. 2, p. 100029, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomc.2020.100029.Search in Google Scholar

[26] G. Coroller, et al., “Effect of flax fibres individualisation on tensile failure of flax/epoxy unidirectional composite,” Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf., vol. 51, pp. 62–70, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2013.03.018.Search in Google Scholar

[27] E. V. González, P. Maimí, J. R. Sainz de Aja, P. Cruz, and P. P. Camanho, “Effects of interply hybridization on the damage resistance and tolerance of composite laminates,” Compos. Struct., vol. 108, pp. 319–331, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2013.09.037.Search in Google Scholar

[28] P. Y. Hung, K. T. Lau, L. K. Cheng, J. Leng, and D. Hui, “Impact response of hybrid carbon/glass fibre reinforced polymer composites designed for engineering applications,” Comp. Part B Eng., vol. 133, pp. 86–90, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.09.026.Search in Google Scholar

[29] M. Najafi, S. M. R. Khalili, and R. Eslami-Farsani, “Hybridization effect of basalt and carbon fibers on impact and flexural properties of phenolic composites,” Iran. Polym. J., vol. 23, pp. 767–773, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-014-0272-5.Search in Google Scholar

[30] I. D. G. Ary Subagia, Y. Kim, L. D. Tijing, C. S. Kim, and H. K. Shon, “Effect of stacking sequence on the flexural properties of hybrid composites reinforced with carbon and basalt fibers,” Comp. Part B Eng., vol. 58, pp. 251–258, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.10.027.Search in Google Scholar

[31] J. Tirillò, et al., “High velocity impact behaviour of hybrid basalt-carbon/epoxy composites,” Compos. Struct., vol. 168, pp. 305–312, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.02.039.Search in Google Scholar

[32] F. Sarasini, et al., “Drop-weight impact behaviour of woven hybrid basalt–carbon/epoxy composites,” Comp. Part B Eng., vol. 59, pp. 204–220, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.12.006.Search in Google Scholar

[33] T. Roy, and D. Chakraborty, “Delamination in FRP laminates with holes under transverse impact,” Mater. Des., vol. 29, pp. 124–132, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2006.11.016.Search in Google Scholar

[34] S. Fidan, E. Avcu, and T. Sınmazçelik, “Cam fiber takviyeli polyester kompozitte tekrarlı darbe yüklemeleriyle oluşan hasar mekanizmaları,” in I. Ulusal Ege Kompozit Malzemeler Sempozyumu, İzmir, Kasım, 2011, pp. 17–19. 1-12.Search in Google Scholar

[35] Ü. Esendemir, R. Şimşek, and M. F. Saraç, “Kompozitlerin mekanik özelliklerine ve darbe davranışına fonksiyonellendirilmiş nanokil ilavesinin etkisi,” Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 800–806, 2021, https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.786231.Search in Google Scholar

[36] Ü. Esendemir, and Ö. Başaran, “Dairesel delikli kompozit plakaların düşük hızlı darbe davranışlarının deneysel olarak i̇ncelenmesi,” Teknik Bilimler Dergisi, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 20–27, 2023, https://doi.org/10.35354/tbed.1280285.Search in Google Scholar

[37] C. Zhang, Y. Rao, Z. Li, and W. Li, “Low-velocity impact behavior of interlayer/intralayer hybrid composites based on carbon and glass non-crimp fabric,” Materials, vol. 11, no. 2472, pp. 1–12, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11122472.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[38] R. Karakuzu, B. Algan, and M. E. Deniz, “Effects of specimen dimension and impact energy on energy absorption and damage of glass/epoxy composite plates,” Mater. Test., vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 231–238, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3139/120.111309.Search in Google Scholar

[39] A. K. J. Al-Shamary, R. Karakuzu, H. Kandas, and O. Ozdemir, “Low velocity impact response of sandwich composites with hybrid glass/natural fiber face-sheet and PET foam core,” Mater. Test., vol. 64, no. 10, pp. 1465–1479, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2022-0151.Search in Google Scholar

[40] H. E. Yalkın, R. Karakuzu, and T. Alpyıldız, “Low velocity impact behaviors of sandwich composites with different structural configurations of foam core: numerical study and experimental validation,” Phy. Scrapta, vol. 98, no. 11, 2023, Art no. 115942, https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ad008f.Search in Google Scholar

[41] H. E. Yalkın, R. Karakuzu, and T. Alpyıldız, “Low velocity impact behaviors of sandwich composites with different structural configurations: an experimental study,” J. Sandwich Struct. Mater., vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 1941–1960, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1177/10996362221115050.Search in Google Scholar

[42] A. Pourfarivarnezhad, O. Ozdemir, and M. E. Deniz, “Impact response of sandwich composites reinforced with metal wastes under single and repeated low-velocity impact loads,” Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct., pp. 1–11, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2023.2277856.Search in Google Scholar

[43] M. Korkmaz, R. Karakuzu, and M. Korkmaz, “Mechanical characterization and low-velocity impact behavior of flax woven fabric-reinforced polymer composites,” J. Compos. Mater., vol. 56, no. 20, pp. 3185–3195, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983221106250.Search in Google Scholar

[44] A. K. J. Al-Shamary, R. Karakuzu, H. Kandas, and O. Ozdemir, “Experimental investigation on impact behavior of glass/epoxy composite materials with the natural fiber layer,” Mater. Test., vol. 64, no. 6, pp. 780–786, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2021-2133.Search in Google Scholar

[45] H. E. Yalkın, R. Karakuzu, and T. Alpyıldız, “Experimental and numerical behaviors of GFRP laminates under low velocity impact,” J. Compos. Mater., vol. 54, no. 21, pp. 2999–3007, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998320906871.Search in Google Scholar

[46] R. Karakuzu, S. Kıyık, and H. Kandas, “Low velocity impact and compression-after impact behaviors of S2-glass/epoxy laminated composites under impact loading at low temperatures,” Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct., 2023, https://doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2023.2280725.Search in Google Scholar

[47] A. Djele, and R. Karakuzu, “An experimental study on quasi-static indentation, low velocity impact and damage behaviors of laminated composites at high temperatures,” Polym. Polym. Compos., vol. 29, no. 9S, pp. S969–S977, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1177/09673911211016932.Search in Google Scholar

[48] R. Karakuzu, A. Djele, and A. Doğan, “High temperature effect on quasi-static and low velocity impact behaviors of advanced composite materials,” in Proceedings of the Institutions of Mechanical Engineers Part C: The Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, vol. 235, no. 23, pp. 7110–7119, 2021.10.1177/09544062211007169Search in Google Scholar

[49] R. Karakuzu, İ. C. Çalık, and M. E. Deniz, “Tabakalı kompozit plakların darbe davranışı üzerine deniz suyu etkisinin araştırılması,” Batman Üniversitesi Yaşam Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 7, nos. 2/2, pp. 1–13, 2017.Search in Google Scholar
Published Online: 2025-02-21
Published in Print: 2025-04-28

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Bending of wavy spider web honeycomb sandwich structures using PLA
  3. Tensile testing of high-speed rail wheels using tiny specimens
  4. Impact breaking energies and transition temperatures of construction steels produced from scrap
  5. Creep failure analysis of directionally solidified CM247LC superalloy
  6. Corrosion behavior of a dissimilar Inconel 625 superalloy and AISI 316L stainless steel weld
  7. Electrochemical investigation on the resistance of batch hot-dip galvanized coatings using a gel-type electrolyte
  8. Effect of austempering on wear resistance of GGG50 nodular cast iron
  9. Enhanced hippopotamus optimization algorithm and artificial neural network for mechanical component design
  10. Application of the incremental hole-drilling method for residual stress determination in type 4 pressure vessels
  11. Fatigue strength of welded armor steels with different weld penetration
  12. Effect of hybridization type, hole-distance and number of holes on the resistance of intraply hybrid composite plates against multiple impact
  13. Effect of hygrothermal aging and ply-stacking sequence on low-velocity impact properties of CFRP composite plates
  14. Modelling the phase homogenization subsequent to the boriding process
  15. Optimal hydraulic engine mount parameters using design of experiment (DoE) and response surface methodology
  16. Improved material generation algorithm by opposition-based learning and laplacian crossover for global optimization and advances in real-world engineering problems
https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2024-0435
Keywords for this article
intraply hybrid composite; impact resistance; hole; repeat impact; damage area

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Bending of wavy spider web honeycomb sandwich structures using PLA
  3. Tensile testing of high-speed rail wheels using tiny specimens
  4. Impact breaking energies and transition temperatures of construction steels produced from scrap
  5. Creep failure analysis of directionally solidified CM247LC superalloy
  6. Corrosion behavior of a dissimilar Inconel 625 superalloy and AISI 316L stainless steel weld
  7. Electrochemical investigation on the resistance of batch hot-dip galvanized coatings using a gel-type electrolyte
  8. Effect of austempering on wear resistance of GGG50 nodular cast iron
  9. Enhanced hippopotamus optimization algorithm and artificial neural network for mechanical component design
  10. Application of the incremental hole-drilling method for residual stress determination in type 4 pressure vessels
  11. Fatigue strength of welded armor steels with different weld penetration
  12. Effect of hybridization type, hole-distance and number of holes on the resistance of intraply hybrid composite plates against multiple impact
  13. Effect of hygrothermal aging and ply-stacking sequence on low-velocity impact properties of CFRP composite plates
  14. Modelling the phase homogenization subsequent to the boriding process
  15. Optimal hydraulic engine mount parameters using design of experiment (DoE) and response surface methodology
  16. Improved material generation algorithm by opposition-based learning and laplacian crossover for global optimization and advances in real-world engineering problems
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 4.11.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/mt-2024-0435/html?lang=en
Scroll to top button