How did COVID-19 impact the use of Japanese complex words with masuku ‘mask’ in 2020?

Kiyoko Toratani

doi:10.1515/lingvan-2021-0143

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How did COVID-19 impact the use of Japanese complex words with masuku ‘mask’ in 2020?

Kiyoko Toratani

Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 22. Mai 2023

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Aus der Zeitschrift Linguistics Vanguard

Abstract

This paper examines how the situation caused by COVID-19 impacted the use of a well-entrenched word in Japanese: masuku ‘mask’. An inspection of data gathered from an online newspaper shows a sharp increase in token and type frequency in the use of complex words with masuku ‘mask’ in 2020 (mid-pandemic) compared to 2019 (pre-pandemic), implying the recurrence and variegation of mask-related topics in the media. Focusing on the varied types of complex words containing masuku ‘mask’, the paper offers a construction morphology account of how they distribute within a network of words. The most dominant means to expand the network was compounding, creating not only hyponyms of masuku ‘mask’ (i.e., using masuku as the head of the compound, as in ago-masuku ‘chin mask’) but also hyponyms of other well-entrenched words (i.e., using masuku as the non-head, as in masuku-gimu ‘mask obligation’). Beyond compounding, a playful use of language in blends led to the creation of a new path, albeit a small one. The paper argues the development of the word network involved both mundane and exceptional creativity.

Keywords: blends; compounds; constructional schema; COVID-19 linguistics; linguistic creativity

Corresponding author: Kiyoko Toratani, Department of Languages, Literatures and Linguistics, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Professional Studies, York University, S546 Ross Building, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada, E-mail: ktora@yorku.ca

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to valuable comments by an anonymous reviewer to improve the quality of the paper. I thank Elizabeth Thompson and Tim Curnow for their editorial assistance.

Appendix: Complete list of complex words with masuku ‘mask’ in the 2020 data

Item #	X-masuku compounds	Translation	No. of tokens
1	nuno-masuku	‘cloth mask’	442
2	tezukuri-masuku	‘handmade mask’	96
3	iryōyō-masuku	‘mask for medical use’	68
4	nunosei-masuku	‘mask made of cloth’	34
5	tsukaisute-masuku	‘disposable mask’	31
6	N95-masuku	‘N95 mask’	24
7	fushokufu-masuku	‘unwoven mask’	20
8	kōseinō-masuku	‘high quality mask’	13
9	sājikaru-masuku	‘surgical mask’	12
10	kōkinō-masuku	‘high functionality mask’	12
11	kodomoyō-masuku	‘mask for children’	10
12	orijinaru-masuku	‘original mask’	8
13	bichiku-masuku	‘reserved mask’	8
14	kan’i-masuku	‘simplified mask’	7
15	tōmei-masuku	‘transparent mask’	7
16	ninpuyō-masuku	‘mask for pregnant women’	6
17	gāze-masuku	‘gauze mask’	5
18	natsuyō-masuku	‘mask for summer’	5
19	rittai-masuku	‘three-dimensional mask’	5
20	eisei-masuku	‘hygiene mask’	5
21	hin’yari-masuku	‘nice and cold mask’	4
22	meishi-masuku	‘name card mask’	4
23	ninpumuke-masuku	‘mask designed for pregnant women’	4
24	ago-masuku	‘chin mask’	3
25	feisu-masuku	‘face mask’	3
26	shiyōzumi-masuku	‘used mask’	3
27	hiyashi-masuku	‘cooling mask’	3
28	iryō-masuku	‘medical mask’	3
29	kokusan-masuku	‘mask made in Japan’	3
30	natsu-masuku	‘summer mask’	3
31	kateiyō-masuku	‘mask for family use’	3
32	shihan-masuku	‘masks on the market’	3
33	jishasei-masuku	‘mask made in house’	3
34	eko-masuku	‘eco-mask’	2
35	kamata-masuku	‘Kamata mask’	2
36	gifuto-masuku	‘gift mask’	2
37	tēburumanā-masuku	‘table manner mask’	2
38	denimu-masuku	‘denim mask’	2
39	mizuno-masuku	‘Mizuno mask’	2
40	yuniquro-masuku	‘Uniqlo mask’	2
41	kodomomuke-masuku	‘masks for children’	2
42	seifu-masuku	‘government mask’	2
43	mishiyō-masuku	‘unused mask’	2
44	mizugi-masuku	‘mask made from bathing suit material’	2
45	tokuchū-masuku	‘made-to-order mask’	2
46	tokusei-masuku	‘specially made mask’	2
47	kimono-masuku	‘mask made from kimono’	2
48	kami-masuku	‘paper mask’	2
49	shokuin’yō-masuku	‘mask for staff’	2
50	aizome-masuku	‘indigo-dyed mask’	2
51	inshokuyō-masuku	‘mask for drinking and eating’	2
52	asa-masuku	‘linen mask’	2
53	“okaeshi”-masuku	‘masks as a gift “in return” (for receiving something)’	1
54	“hottosan”-masuku	‘“Hottosan” (name of a city mascot) mask’	1
55	“hotosangāze”-masuku	‘“Hottosan gauze” mask’	1
56	“chisanchishō”-masuku	‘mask “locally produced and locally used”’	1
57	“tairyōbata”-masuku	‘mask made from “flags to celebrate a large catch of fish”’	1
58	“nihonganbare”-masuku	‘“Go-Japan-go” mask’	1
59	IKE-masuku	‘IKE mask’	1
60	P2-masuku	‘P2 mask’	1
61	ainumoyō-masuku	‘Ainu pattern mask’	1
62	uōtā-masuku	‘water mask’ (with a wettable inner sheet)	1
63	oshare-masuku	‘fashionable mask’	1
64	otesei-masuku	‘handmade mask’	1
65	otegaru-masuku	‘easy-to-make mask’	1
66	karafuru-masuku	‘colourful mask’	1
67	samā-masuku	‘summer mask’	1
68	shāpu-masuku	‘Sharp mask’	1
69	shāpusei-masuku	‘mask made by Sharp’	1
70	shirukukotton-masuku	‘silk cotton mask’	1
71	zonbi-masuku	‘zombie mask’	1
72	nanofaibā-masuku	‘nanofiber mask’	1
73	nanofaibāsei-masuku	‘mask made from nanofiber’	1
74	noizī-masuku	‘noisy mask’ (named after a movie, Mrs. Noisy)	1
75	hankachi-masuku	‘mask made from a handkerchief’	1
76	handomeido-masuku	‘handmade mask’	1
77	pinku-masuku	‘pink mask’	1
78	fingā-masuku	‘finger (operated) mask’	1
79	feisushīrudotsuki-masuku	‘mask with a face shield’	1
80	ferutosei-masuku	‘mask made from felt’	1
81	purītsugata-masuku	‘pleated style mask’	1
82	furoidekun-masuku	‘Mr. Froide mask’	1
83	berumāre-masuku	‘Bellmare mask’	1
84	mai-masuku	‘mask (for) my (own use)’	1
85	mairyūLOVE-masuku	‘Mairyū (name of a character) LOVE mask’	1
86	mini-masuku	‘mini mask’	1
87	megane-masuku	‘mask for glasses (wearers)’	1
88	yamashinfirutā-masuku	‘Yamashin filter masks’	1
89	ran-masuku	‘mask for running’	1
90	rogoiri-masuku	‘mask with a logo’	1
91	ippan’yō-masuku	‘masks for the public’	1
92	chūgoku-masuku	‘masks from China’	1
93	kurumegasuri-masuku	‘mask made from Kurume cloth with splashed patterns’	1
94	nijū-masuku	‘double mask’	1
95	kaigoshietsumuke-masuku	‘masks for nursing homes’	1
96	isezakimeisen-masuku	‘Isezakimeisen (silk) mask’	1
97	hoyū-masuku	‘possessed masks’	1
98	koseiha-masuku	‘distinctive masks’	1
99	nise-masuku	‘fake masks’	1
100	kōtarō-masuku	‘Kotaro mask’	1
101	seishikin-masuku	‘masks that prevent virus’	1
102	shōbu-masuku	‘masks that bring a victory’	1
103	jukeisha-masuku	‘mask made by inmates’	1
104	taiwan-masuku	‘mask from Taiwan’	1
105	namaeiri-masuku	‘mask with names’	1
106	wa-masuku	‘Japanese style mask’	1
107	wagara-masuku	‘mask with Japanese patterns’	1
108	enjiyō-masuku	‘mask for kindergarten children’	1
109	chiikigentei-masuku	‘region-specific mask’	1
110	kisekinoipponmatsu-masuku	‘The Miracle Pine Tree mask’	1
111	ninpu-masuku	‘mask for pregnant women’	1
112	anshin-masuku	‘masks (that make one feel) relieved’	1
113	yamazumi-masuku	‘mask piled-up high’	1
114	kyodai-masuku	‘gigantic mask’	1
115	heimen-masuku	‘flat mask’	1
116	tenugui-masuku	‘hand-towel mask’	1
117	temochi-masuku	‘mask in stock’	1
118	kōkin-masuku	‘antibacterial mask’	1
119	saishin-masuku	‘the latest model mask’	1
120	shōken-masuku	‘mask made of pure silk’	1
121	hade-masuku	‘showy mask’	1
122	tokushu-masuku	‘special mask’	1
123	hacchū-masuku	‘mask on order’	1
124	shiro-masuku	‘white mask’	1
125	rittaisei-masuku	‘three-dimensionally shaped mask’	1
126	tsutsujō-masuku	‘tube-shaped mask’	1
127	kamisei-masuku	‘mask made of paper’	1
128	tsumugi-masuku	‘mask made from pongee’	1
129	kyūshoku-masuku	‘mask to serve lunch’	1
130	taisui-masuku	‘waterproof mask’	1
131	nijiiro-masuku	‘rainbow colour mask’	1
132	nishijin’ori-masuku	‘mask made from Nishijin brocade’	1
133	akachan’yō-masuku	‘mask for babies’	1
134	tabikiji-masuku	‘mask made from split-toe socks’	1
135	tensha-masuku	‘mask with the person’s own smile printed’	1
136	tenbai-masuku	‘resold mask’	1
137	yunyū-masuku	‘imported mask’	1
138	haifu-masuku	‘distributed mask’	1
139	shokujiyō-masuku	‘mask for dining’	1
140	kōhinshitsu-masuku	‘high quality mask’	1
141	shikagawa-masuku	‘mask made from deer leather’	1
142	asasei-masuku	‘mask made from linen’	1
143	kuro-masuku	‘black mask’	1
144	hanadashi-masuku	‘nose revealing mask’	1

Item #	Masuku-Y compounds	Translation	No. of tokens
1	masuku-chakuyō	‘wearing of a mask’	902
2	masuku-sugata	‘figure with a mask’	598
3	masuku-busoku	‘mask shortage’	151
4	masuku-zukuri	‘mask making’	39
5	masuku-haifu	‘distribution of a mask’	34
6	masuku-kaishoku	‘dining together while wearing a mask’	31
7	masuku-nashi	‘without a mask’	31
8	masuku-gaikō	‘mask diplomacy’	29
9	masuku-seisan	‘mask production’	18
10	masuku-seikatsu	‘mask life’	14
11	masuku-zōsan	‘a production increase of masks’	13
12	masuku-hanbai	‘mask sales’	13
13	masuku-posuto	‘mask donation box’	12
14	masuku-juyō	‘mask demand’	12
15	masuku-seizō	‘mask production’	10
16	masuku-kabā	‘mask cover’	9
17	masuku-kōnyūken	‘mask purchase ticket’	9
18	masuku-kēsu	‘mask case’	8
19	masuku-mēkā	‘mask maker’	6
20	masuku-kyohi	‘mask refusal’	6
21	masuku-kakuho	‘securing masks’	6
22	masuku-horudā	‘mask holder’	5
23	masuku-fuchakuyō	‘not wearing a mask’	5
24	masuku-shinausu	‘low mask stock’	5
25	masuku-sōchaku	‘wearing of a mask’	5
26	masuku-keisatsu	‘mask police’	5
27	masuku-kōnyūken	‘mask purchasing ticket’	5
28	masuku-chīmu	‘mask team’	4
29	masuku-kyōkyū	‘mask supply’	4
30	masuku-kizō	‘mask donation’	4
31	masuku-teikyō	‘offering of masks’	4
32	masuku-bunka	‘mask culture’	4
33	masuku-michakuyō	‘mask not worn’	4
34	masuku-gimu	‘mask obligation’	4
35	masuku-kitto	‘mask kit’	3
36	masuku-sōdatsusen	‘scrambles for masks’	3
37	masuku-gawari	‘mask alternatives’	3
38	masuku-kakaku	‘mask price’	3
39	masuku-uriba	‘mask sales floor’	3
40	masuku-kifu	‘mask donation’	3
41	masuku-kōjō	‘mask factory’	3
42	masuku-chōtatsu	‘mask procurement’	3
43	masuku-yushutsu	‘mask export’	3
44	masuku-gao	‘mask face’	3
45	masuku-1guranpuri	‘mask-1-grand prix’	2
46	masuku-juerī	‘mask jewellery’	2
47	masuku-zukan	‘mask pictorial book’	2
48	masuku-banku	‘mask bank’	2
49	masuku-bando	‘straps for masks’	2
50	masuku-purojekuto	‘mask project’	2
51	masuku-rabo	‘mask laboratory’	2
52	masuku-jijō	‘mask circumstances’	2
53	masuku-jigyō	‘mask business’	2
54	masuku-shiyō	‘mask use’	2
55	masuku-iri	‘a mask contained’	2
56	masuku-nyūshu	‘obtaining a mask’	2
57	masuku-nyūka	‘mask delivery’	2
58	masuku-ken	‘mask tickets’	2
59	masuku-sen’yō	‘exclusive use for masks’	2
60	masuku-tettei	‘invariable wearing of masks’	2
61	masuku-shien	‘mask support’	2
62	masuku-yake	‘(unevenly) tanned (face from wearing a) mask’	2
63	masuku-hatsubai	‘mask sales’	2
64	masuku-are	‘rough dry skin (caused by wearing a) mask’	2
65	masuku-tenbai	‘mask resale’	2
66	masuku-kanren	‘mask-related’	2
67	masuku-hichakuyō	‘mask non-wearing’	2
68	masuku-kazari	‘mask accessory’	2
69	masuku-furī	‘free from wearing a mask’	1
70	masuku-NG	‘not wearing a mask’	1
71	masuku-āto	‘mask art’	1
72	masuku-innā	‘inner sheets of masks’	1
73	masuku-echiketto	‘mask etiquette’	1
74	masuku-kīpā	‘mask keeper’	1
75	masuku-korekushon	‘mask collection’	1
76	masuku-saizu	‘mask size’	1
77	masuku-charenji	‘mask challenge’	1
78	masuku-piasu	‘pierced accessory for masks’	1
79	masuku-bijinesu	‘mask business’	1
80	masuku-himo	‘mask strap’	1
81	masuku-hea	‘hair style for masks’	1
82	masuku-beruto	‘mask belt’	1
83	masuku-raifu	‘mask life’	1
84	masuku-fuyō	‘mask, unnecessary’	1
85	masuku-sekai	‘mask world’	1
86	masuku-daikin	‘cost of mask’	1
87	masuku-izon	‘mask dependency’	1
88	masuku-gire	‘mask shortage’	1
89	masuku-tōchaku	‘mask arrival’	1
90	masuku-seisaku	‘mask production’	1
91	masuku-reikou	‘strict adherence to mask (wearing)’	1
92	masuku-torihiki	‘dealings of masks’	1
93	masuku-shuzai	‘interviews on masks’	1
94	masuku-mondai	‘mask issues’	1
95	masuku-jizō	‘a Jizo statue wearing a mask’	1
96	masuku-katawaku	‘a mould for mask shape’	1
97	masuku-katagami	‘paper pattern for masks’	1
98	masuku-uriwatashi	‘selling masks (over to someone)’	1
99	masuku-daisakusen	‘major strategy on masks’	1
100	masuku-taikyoku	‘a game of shogi wearing a mask’	1
101	masuku-senmon	‘mask specialization’	1
102	masuku-tenji	‘mask display’	1
103	masuku-haiki	‘mask disposal’	1
104	masuku-hitsubi	‘necessity of stocking masks’	1
105	masuku-hicchaku	‘necessity of wearing masks’	1
106	masuku-hissū	‘obligatory wearing of masks’	1
107	masuku-kaigiron	‘scepticism about wearing a mask’	1
108	masuku-sagashi	‘mask search’	1
109	masuku-oshi	‘fans wearing a mask’	1
110	masuku-shikyū	‘providing a mask’	1
111	masuku-sū	‘the number of masks’	1
112	masuku-bae	‘(someone) who looks good with a mask’	1
113	masuku-jidai	‘mask era’	1
114	masuku-jōrei	‘mask regulations’	1
115	masuku-gyōkai	‘mask industries’	1
116	masuku-hanbai	‘mask sales’	1
117	masuku-hassō	‘mask dispatch’	1
118	masuku-kinshihō	‘mask prohibition law’	1
119	masuku-kanri	‘mask management’	1
120	masuku-jihanki	‘mask vending machine’	1
121	masuku-gyōretsu	‘queues (to buy) masks’	1
122	masuku-hyōmen	‘mask surface’	1
123	masuku-seisaku	‘mask creation’	1
124	masuku-seihin	‘products related to masks’	1
125	masuku-seihō	‘mask manufacturing method’	1
126	masuku-yōsei	‘mask request’	1
127	masuku-shiten	‘from the perspective of (wearing) a mask’	1
128	masuku-dangi	‘discussion on masks’	1
129	masuku-ronsō	‘debate on masks’	1
130	masuku-zōtei	‘giving masks’	1
131	masuku-ato	‘marks (created from wearing) a mask’	1
132	masuku-yusō	‘mask transportation’	1
133	masuku-tsuika	‘additional (order of) masks’	1
134	masuku-undō	‘mask campaign’	1
135	masuku-erabi	‘mask selection’	1
136	masuku-bubun	‘mask parts’	1
137	masuku-haikyū	‘mask supply’	1
138	masuku-ryō	‘mask volume’	1
139	masuku-kaihatsu	‘mask development’	1
140	masuku-chinretsu	‘mask display’	1
141	masuku-shūdan	‘a group of people wearing a mask’	1
142	masuku-roten	‘street stalls (selling) masks’	1
143	masuku-rui	‘items related to masks’	1

Item #	Masuku + suffix words	Translation	No. of tokens
1	masuku-goshi	‘over the mask’	49
2	masuku-yō	‘for masks’	5
3	masuku-hen	‘mask version’	3
4	masuku-nai	‘inside the mask’	2
5	masuku-shita	‘under the mask’	1
6	masuku-nami	‘the same level as the mask’	1

Item #	Prefix + masuku words	Translation	No. of tokens
1	datsu-Abenomasuku	‘exit-from Abe’s mask’	2
2	datsu-masuku	‘exit-from mask’	2

Item #	Blends	Translation	No. of tokens
1	Abenomasuku	‘Abe’s mask’	146
2	urikomishimasuku	‘I-will-sell-mask’	2
3	sekkyakushimasuku	‘I-will-wait-on-clients-mask’	2
4	eigyōshimasuku	‘I-will-do-business-mask’	1
5	atashinomasuku	‘my mask’	1
6	anenomasuku	‘my sister’s mask’	1
7	seijikanomasuku	‘politician’s mask’	1
8	nabenomasuku	‘(Wata)nabe’s masks’ (name of a shogi player)	1
9	komanomasuku	‘masks with (shogi) pieces printed on them’	2
10	ametomasuku	‘candy and mask’	2

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Received: 2021-12-09

Accepted: 2022-11-22

Published Online: 2023-05-22

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https://doi.org/10.1515/lingvan-2021-0143

Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel

blends; compounds; constructional schema; COVID-19 linguistics; linguistic creativity