Subordinate and interrogative clause negation in Iquito

Cynthia Hansen

doi:10.1515/lingty-2018-0004

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Subordinate and interrogative clause negation in Iquito

Cynthia Hansen

Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 25. April 2018

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Aus der Zeitschrift Linguistic Typology Band 22 Heft 1

Abstract

This paper describes a specific non-standard negation strategy in Iquito, a moribund Zaparoan language spoken in northern Peruvian Amazonia. This strategy is used in finite subordinate clauses (namely adverbial dependent clauses and relative clauses), as well as information questions, and it utilizes two negative markers: a negative particle which is also found in standard negation, and a verbal affix which does not function as a negator in any other context. Using existing typological characterizations of subordinate clause negation, we see that Iquito exhibits the following attested traits: it uses the standard negator in a different position, it also utilizes a distinct negator, and it employs more negators in the subordinate clause than in the main clause. But unlike the languages presented in the literature, Iquito utilizes these parameters simultaneously. Additionally, the position of the standard negator changes within the subordinate clause, depending on the reality status of the clause. Using Iquito as a case study, I propose a set of parameters for comparing subordinate clause and interrogative negation strategies to standard negation strategies, which include the type of negator used, its position, the overall number of negators, the potential for interaction with other grammatical categories, such as reality status, and the resulting word order of the clause. This set of parameters expands the initial typological characterizations of subordinate clause negation strategies.

Keywords: non-standard negation; subordinate clauses; interrogatives; reality status; language endangerment; Iquito; Zaparoan; Amazonia

Abbreviations

1: first person
2: second person
3: third person
abl: ablative (motion away from speaker or another orientation point)
abs: absolutive
an: animate
ben: benefactive
cl.end: marker that indicates the end of a (dependent) clause
cond: conditional
cop: copula
counter: counter-expectational
cvant: anterior
cvirr: irrealis
cvsim: simultaneous
dat: dative
dei.perf: deictic perfective
dem: demonstrative
dep: suffix for verbs in dependent clauses
der: derivational root
det: determiner
dgen: gender prefix
dir: directional
dpst: distant past
ds: dative subject
dur: durative for habitual/progressive action
erg: ergative
evid: evidential
excl: exclusive
foc: focus
gem: focus gemination
gen: general number
ido: internal direct object
imp: imperative
impf: imperfective
inan: inanimate
inch: inchoative
incl: inclusive
incp: inceptive
ind: indicative
inf: infinitive
infl: inflectional root
inst: instrumental
ivn: instrumental verbal noun
jgen: gender prefix
loc: locative
mmt.prf: momentary perfective
nass: non-assertive hypothetical
neg: negation
nom: nominative case
npst: non-past
nrld: non-realized
ns: non-singular
nz: nominalizer
perf: perfective
pl: plural
poss: possessive
pro: pronoun
pro.cl: pro-clause
pro.indef: indefinite pronoun
prs: present
pst: past tense
refl: reflexive
rel: relative pronoun
rep: reportative evidential
rpst: recent past
sbj: subject case
sbj.rel: subject relative
sg: singular
sim.cvb: simultaneous converb
stat: stative
svn: subjective verbal noun
temp.cvb: temporal converb
vgen: gender prefix
wp: witnessed past.

Acknowledgements

Special thanks are in order to the Iquito speakers that I have worked with: Hermenegildo Díaz Cuyasa, Ligia Inuma Inuma, Jaime Pacaya Inuma, and Ema Llona Yareja. I also thank my student researchers Braden Brown, Lauren McLoughlin, Maria Richardson, Emily Sue Tomac, and Briannah Wilson for their work organizing, analyzing, questioning, and re-analyzing the negation data. I am extremely grateful to Chris Beier for carefully reviewing my examples and text to make sure that I am representing the Iquito language data accurately, following the most recent analyses and orthographic conventions, especially with regards to tone. All remaining errors are my own. I also thank Lev Michael and Judy Hunter for their comments and advice, and Debi Fleischauer, Emilia Edmonson, Shannon Audley, Lori Czerwionka, Tabitha Hart, Gayle Robinson, Vetria Byrd, and Angelo Mercado for their support through the writing process.

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Received: 2016-04-30

Revised: 2017-02-17

Revised: 2017-08-17

Published Online: 2018-04-25

Published in Print: 2018-04-25

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https://doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2018-0004

Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel

non-standard negation; subordinate clauses; interrogatives; reality status; language endangerment; Iquito; Zaparoan; Amazonia