The areal typology of western Middle and South America: Towards a comprehensive view

Matthias Urban; Hugo Reyes-Centeno; Kate Bellamy; Matthias Pache

doi:10.1515/ling-2019-0032

Article

The areal typology of western Middle and South America: Towards a comprehensive view

Matthias Urban , Hugo Reyes-Centeno , Kate Bellamy and Matthias Pache

Published/Copyright: November 9, 2019

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From the journal Linguistics Volume 57 Issue 6

Abstract

Against a multidisciplinary background this contribution explores the areal typology of western Middle and South America. Based on a new language sample and a typological questionnaire that is specifically designed to bring some of the poorly documented and extinct languages into the debate, we explore the areal distribution of 77 linguistic traits in 44 languages. While one of the goals of the present article is to provide a general up-to-date view of the areal patterning of these traits on a large scale, we also explore a number of specific questions in more detail. In particular, we address the relationship between known language areas like Mesoamerica and the Central Andes with their respective peripheries, the possibility of detecting an areal-typological signal that predates the rise of these linguistic areas, and, finally, the question of linguistic convergence along the Pacific coast. We find that, while the languages of the Mesoamerican periphery are rather diffuse typologically, the structural profiles of the Central Andean languages are embedded organically into a more general cluster of Andean typological affinities that alters continuously as one moves through geographical space. In different ways, the typological properties of the peripheral languages may reflect a situation that goes back to time depths which are greater than that of the emergence of the Mesoamerican and Central Andean linguistic areas. Finally, while we can confirm typological affinities with Mesoamerica for some languages of coastal South America, we do not find support for large-scale linguistic convergence on the Pacific coast.

Keywords: typology; areal linguistics; language contact; Mesoamerican languages; Andean languages

Acknowledgements

Work on this article was supported by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)/ERC grant agreement no. 295918, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – Project Nos. UR 310/1-1 and FOR 2237. We thank Willem F.H. Adelaar, former members of the MesAndLin(g)k project in Leiden, and two anonymous reviewers for commenting on earlier drafts of this article.

Appendix

Appendix 1:

The full template of the questionnaire.

No.	Area	Subarea	Description	Comments/cross-references
1	Phonology	Consonants	Is there a voicing contrast in stops?
2	Phonology	Consonants	Are there phonemic glottalized/ejective consonants?	cf. Maddieson (2013a)
3	Phonology	Consonants	Are there phonemic aspirated consonants?
4	Phonology	Consonants	Are there phonemic uvulars?	cf. Maddieson (2013b)
5	Phonology	Consonants	Is there a labiodental fricative?
6	Phonology	Vowels	Is there a phonemic high central vowel?
7	Phonology	Vowels	Is there phonemic vowel length?
8	Phonology	Vowels	Is there phonemic vowel nasalization?	cf. Hajek (2013)
9	Phonology	Vowels	Are there more than two phonemically relevant degrees of aperture?	i. e. are there phonemic mid vowels (/e/, /o/)
10	Phonology	Vowels	Are there more than three phonemically relevant degrees of aperture?	i. e. are there any near-high or close-mid vowel phonemes (/ɪ/, /ɛ/, /ʊ/, /ʌ/, /ɔ/)
11	Phonology	Suprasegmental	Are there contrastive tones?
12	Phonology	Suprasegmental	Is there contrastive stress?
13	Phonology	Syllable Structure	Are there codas?	“no” also if highly constrained
14	Phonology	Syllable Structure	Are there complex onsets?	“no” also if highly constrained
15	Morphology	General	Is there a preference for prefixes in nominal inflectional morphology?	A language is said to have a preference for prefixing if (1) there is at most one inflectional category in nouns realized as a suffix and (2) there are at least two realized as prefixes. Categories need not be obligatory. Clitics do not count.
16	Morphology	General	Is there a preference for suffixes in nominal inflectional morphology?	A language is said to have a preference for suffixing if (1) there is at most one inflectional category in nouns realized as a prefix and (2) there are at least two realized as suffixes. Categories need not be obligatory. Clitics do not count.
17	Morphology	General	Is there a preference for prefixes in verbal inflectional morphology?	A language is said to have a preference for prefixing if (1) there is at most one inflectional category in verbs realized as a suffix and (2) there are at least two realized as prefixes. Categories need not be obligatory. Clitics do not count.
18	Morphology	General	Is there a preference for suffixes in verbal inflectional morphology?	A language is said to have a preference for suffixing if (1) there is at most one inflectional category in verbs realized as a prefix and (2) there are at least two realized as suffixes. Categories need not be obligatory. Clitics do not count.
19	Morphology	General	Is there productive reduplication?	cf. Rubino (2013)
20	Morphology	Transcategorical operations	Is there productive nominalizing morphology?
21	Morphology	Transcategorical operations	Is there productive verbalizing morphology?
22	Morphology	Parts of speech	Is there a morphosyntactically definable class of adjectives?	“no” also if adjectives are described as a subclass of either nouns or verbs
23	Morphology	Nominal morphology	Are there possessive classes?	defined as in Nichols and Bickel (2013b)
24	Morphology	Nominal morphology	Are there numeral classifiers?	cf. Gil (2013)
25	Morphology	Nominal morphology	Are there noun classes/genders?	trigger agreement
26	Morphology	Nominal morphology	Are there noun classifiers?	do not normally trigger agreement
27	Morphology	Nominal morphology	Is there an inclusive/exclusive distinction in independent prounouns?	cf. Cysouw (2013)
28	Morphology	Nominal morphology	Can inanimates be marked for plurality?	cf. Haspelmath (2013)
29	Morphology	Nominal morphology	Can human nouns be marked for plurality?	cf. Haspelmath (2013)
30	Morphology	Nominal morphology	Are there cases for other than core relations?	adpositions are considered here only if they cliticize and NPs can be hosts.
31	Morphology	Verbal morphology	Is there verbal person marking only for the A argument?	Coding follows Siewierska (2013c)
32	Morphology	Verbal morphology	Is there verbal person marking only for the P argument?	Coding follows Siewierska (2013c)
33	Morphology	Verbal morphology	Is there verbal person marking for the A or the P argument, but not both?	Coding follows Siewierska (2013c)
34	Morphology	Verbal morphology	Is there verbal person marking for both A and P arguments?	Coding follows Siewierska (2013c)
35	Morphology	Verbal morphology	Is tense a verbal category?	as expressed by affixes (not necessarily obligatory) in the verb complex to the exclusion of adverbs etc.
36	Morphology	Verbal morphology	Is aspect a verbal category?	as expressed by affixes (not necessarily obligatory) in the verb complex to the exclusion of adverbs etc.
37	Morphology	Verbal morphology	Are there directional affixes on verbs?
38	Morphology	Verbal morphology	Are there valency-changing prefixes?	including but not limited to causative morphology; Uto-Aztecan “unspecified object prefixes” trigger answer “yes”.
39	Morphology	Verbal morphology	Are there valency-changing suffixes?	including but not limited to causative morphology
40	Syntax	Possession	Are possessive phrases dependent-marked?	cf. Nichols and Bickel (2013a); here, we target constructions where both possessor and possessed are lexical NPs
41	Syntax	Possession	Are possessive phrases head-marked?	cf. Nichols and Bickel (2013a); here, we target constructions where both possessor and possessed are lexical NPs
42	Syntax	Possession	Is there a verb ‘to have’ in predicative possession?	cf. Stassen (2013)
43	Syntax	Alignment	Does case marking in full NPs operate on a nominative-accusative-basis?	cf. Comrie (2013a). In the absence of core case marking “no”; adpositions are considered here only if they cliticize and NPs can be hosts.
44	Syntax	Alignment	Does case marking in full NPs operate on an ergative-absolutive basis?	cf. Comrie (2013a). In the absence of core case marking “no”; adpositions are considered here only if they cliticize and NPs can be hosts.
45	Syntax	Alignment	Does case marking in full NPs operate on a tripartite basis?	cf. Comrie (2013a). In the absence of core case marking “no”; adpositions are considered here only if they cliticize and NPs can be hosts.
46	Syntax	Alignment	Does case marking in full NPs operate on a active-inactive basis?	cf. Comrie (2013a). In the absence of core case marking “no”; adpositions are considered here only if they cliticize and NPs can be hosts.
47	Syntax	Alignment	Does verbal person marking operate on a nominative-accusative-basis?	Coding follows Siewierska (2013a); pronominal clitics in the absence of full NPs are also taken into account.
48	Syntax	Alignment	Does verbal person marking operate on an ergative-absolutive-basis?	Coding follows Siewierska (2013a); pronominal clitics in the absence of full NPs are also taken into account.
49	Syntax	Alignment	Does verbal person marking operate on an active-stative-basis?	Coding follows Siewierska (2013a); pronominal clitics in the absence of full NPs are also taken into account.
50	Syntax	Alignment	Does verbal person marking operate on a hierarchical basis?	Coding follows Siewierska (2013a); pronominal clitics in the absence of full NPs are also taken into account.
51	Syntax	Alignment	Does verbal person marking operate on more than one of the above systems?	Coding follows Siewierska (2013a); pronominal clitics in the absence of full NPs are also taken into account.
52	Syntax	Word order	Is the dominant constituent order in intransitive clauses VS?	cf. Dryer (2013f)
53	Syntax	Word order	Is the dominant constituent order in intransitive clauses SV?	cf. Dryer (2013f)
54	Syntax	Word order	Is the dominant constituent order in transitive clauses VS?	cf. Dryer (2013g)
55	Syntax	Word order	Is the dominant constituent order in transitive clauses VO?	cf. Dryer (2013g)
56	Syntax	Word order	Is the dominant constituent order in transitive clauses OS?	cf. Dryer (2013g)
57	Syntax	Word order	Is the dominant order in possessive phrases possessor-possessed?	cf. Dryer (2013d)
58	Syntax	Word order	Is the dominant order in possessive phrases possessed-possessor?	cf. Dryer (2013d)
59	Syntax	Word order	Is the dominant order in NPs adjective-noun?	cf. Dryer (2013b)
60	Syntax	Word order	Is the dominant order in NPs noun-adjective?	cf. Dryer (2013b)
61	Syntax	Word order	Is the dominant order in NPs demonstrative-noun?	cf. Dryer (2013c)
62	Syntax	Word order	Is the dominant order in NPs noun-demonstrative?	cf. Dryer (2013c)
63	Syntax	Word order	Is the dominant order in NPs numeral-noun?	cf. Dryer (2013e)
64	Syntax	Word order	Is the dominant order in NPs noun-numeral?	cf. Dryer (2013e)
65	Syntax	Word order	Is the element indicating clausal negation preceding the verb (root)?	Assessed in declarative sentences and regardless of morphosyntactic boundness, cf. Dryer (2013a)
66	Syntax	Complex constructions	Are there structural similarities between nominalization and relativization?	e. g. relative clauses involving a nominalized verb or homophony between relativizer and nominalizer
67	Syntax	Complex constructions	Is there a system of switch-reference?
68	Syntax	Complex constructions	Is there a morphological passive?	cf. Siewierska (2013b)
69	Lexicon	Morpheme Canon	Are nominal roots predominantly monosyllabic?	Sometimes reference grammars provide information on root structure, in which case what the authors say is to be taken over. If no information can be found in grammars, syllables of equivalents to items 16–23 and 35–52 for nouns and 54–71 for verbs on the Swadesh-100 list are counted as a small sample. Roots must be reasonably well identifiable and any inflectional and derivational morphology stripped off. Also excluded are complex forms (e. g. ‘eye’ = ‘see-instrument’) and redundantly complex forms (e. g. ‘eye’ = ‘eye-round.object’); in the latter case only the actual lexical root is counted. If the consulted source has more than one equivalent for a meaning, all are evaluated. Technically, “predominantly monosyllabic” and “predominantly disyllabic” is diagnosed if >75% of the items have the respective structure.
70	Lexicon	Morpheme Canon	Are nominal roots predominantly disyllabic?	see above
71	Lexicon	Morpheme Canon	Are verbal roots predominantly monosyllabic?	see above
72	Lexicon	Morpheme Canon	Are verbal roots predominantly disyllabic?	see above
73	Lexicon	Numerals	Is some part of the numeral system organized on a quinary basis?	cf. Comrie (2013b)
74	Lexicon	Numerals	Is some part of the numeral system organized on a decimal basis?	cf. Comrie (2013b)
75	Lexicon	Numerals	Is some part of the numeral system organized on a vigesimal basis?	cf. Comrie (2013b)
76	Lexicon	Basic orientation	Is the underived word for ‘smoke’ a verb?
77	Lexicon	Basic orientation	Is the underived word for ‘black’ a verb?

Appendix 2:

The full data underlying this study. Each row represents the typological profile of one language. Languages can be identified by the numbers in the first column, which are identical to those in Table 1. Each column represents a typological feature. Features can be identified by cross-checking the feature numbers with the full template of the questionnaire in Appendix 1.

	1										10										20										30										40										50										60										70
1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	?	1	1	1	?	?	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	?	?	1	1	0	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	?	?	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	1
2	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	?	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	?	?	?	?	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	?	?	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	?	?
3	0	0	0	1	0	0	?	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	?	?	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1
4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	?	?	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	?	0	0	0	0	?	1	1	?	?	?	?	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	?	1	?	?	?	?	0	1	1	?	0
5	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	?	?	0	0	1	0	0	0	?	?	?	1	1	?	0	0	0	?	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	?	?	?	1	1	?	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	?	?	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
6	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	?	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	?	?
7	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	?	?	?	?	1	0	1	?	?
8	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	?	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	?	?	?	?	1	?	?	?	?
9	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	?	1	?	?	1	?	0	?	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	?	?	?	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	0	?	?	?	?	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	?
10	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	?	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	?	?	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	0	0
11	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	?	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	?	0	0
12	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	?	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	?	?	?	?	0	1	1	?	0
13	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	?	1	?	1	1	?	1	0	1	1	1	?	1	0	0	0	1	1	?	1	0	?	?	?	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	?	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	?	?
14	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	1	1	0	?	?	1	?	1	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	?	1	?	1	?	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	?	?	?	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	?	?
15	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	?	?	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	?
16	?	1	0	0	0	0	?	0	1	0	1	?	0	1	0	0	?	?	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	?
17	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	?	1	0	0	?	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	?	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	?	?	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	?	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0
18	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	?	?	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	?	0	0	0	1	?	1	?	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	?	?	?	?	1	0	1	?	?	?	1	0	1	0	?	1	1	?	?
19	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	?	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	?	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	?	0	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	1	?	?
20	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	?	0	1	1	?	?	?	?	1	?	?	?	0	?	?	?	?	?	1	?	0	0	0	1	1	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	?	?	?
21	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	?	1	0	1	?	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	?	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0
22	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	?	0	?	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	?	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	?	?	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	?	?	?	?	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0
23	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	?	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	?	1	?	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	?	?	1	0	1	0	?	?	1	0	?	1	?	?	1	0	0	1	1	?	?
24	0	1	0	0	0	1	?	0	1	0	0	?	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	?	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	?	?	?	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	?	?	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	?	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	0
25	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	?	1	1	?	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	?	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0
26	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	?	0	1	0	?	?	?	?	1	1	?	?	?	0	0	?	0	1	1	?	0	0	0	1	?	?	1	?	?	0	?	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	?	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	?	0	?	?	?	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
27	0	0	0	0	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	?	?	?	?	1	1	?	?	?	?	?	1	1	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	0	?	?	?	0	1	0	1	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	?	?
28	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	?	0	1	1	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	1	?	0	0	0	0	1	?	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	?	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	?	0	0
29	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	?	?	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	?	?	0	1	0	1	?	?	1	0	0	?	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	?	?
30	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	?	?	?	?	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	0
31	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	?	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	?	0	1	0	0	?	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	?	?	?	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	?	?
32	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	?	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	?	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	?	?	1	0	0	0	0	?	?
33	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
34	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	?	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	?	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
35	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	?	?	?	1	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	0	?	1	?	?	?	0	0	1	0	?	?	1	?	?	?	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
36	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	?	1	1	?	?	?	?	0	?	0	?	1	1	?	?	?	0	1	1	?	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	?	1	?	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	0
37	?	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	?	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	?	0
38	?	0	0	0	1	0	?	0	1	0	?	?	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	?	?	?	?	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0
39	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	?	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0
40	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	?	?	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	?	0
41	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	?	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	?	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	?	?	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	?	0
42	0	?	0	?	0	?	1	0	1	?	?	?	1	1	?	?	?	?	1	?	?	1	?	?	?	?	0	1	1	1	?	?	?	?	1	?	?	?	1	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	0	0	0	?	?	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	?	?	?	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	?	?
43	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
44	0	1	?	1	1	0	0	0	?	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	?	?	0	1	1	?	0	?	0	0	?	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	?	0	0	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	0	0	?	1	0	0	1	?	?	0	0	0	?	?	1	?	?	?	?	0	0	0	?	?

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Published Online: 2019-11-09

Published in Print: 2019-11-18

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Articles in the same Issue

https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2019-0032

Keywords for this article

typology; areal linguistics; language contact; Mesoamerican languages; Andean languages

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13	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	?	1	?	1	1	?	1	0	1	1	1	?	1	0	0	0	1	1	?	1	0	?	?	?	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	?	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	?	?
14	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	1	1	0	?	?	1	?	1	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	?	1	?	1	?	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	?	?	?	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	?	?
15	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	?	?	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	?
16	?	1	0	0	0	0	?	0	1	0	1	?	0	1	0	0	?	?	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	?
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19	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	?	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	?	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	?	0	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	1	?	?
20	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	?	0	1	1	?	?	?	?	1	?	?	?	0	?	?	?	?	?	1	?	0	0	0	1	1	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	?	?	?
21	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	?	1	0	1	?	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	?	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0
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27	0	0	0	0	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	?	?	?	?	1	1	?	?	?	?	?	1	1	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	0	?	?	?	0	1	0	1	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	?	?
28	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	?	0	1	1	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	1	?	0	0	0	0	1	?	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	?	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	?	0	0
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30	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	?	?	?	?	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	0
31	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	?	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	?	0	1	0	0	?	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	?	?	?	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	?	?
32	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	?	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	?	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	?	?	1	0	0	0	0	?	?
33	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
34	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	?	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	?	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
35	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	?	?	?	1	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	0	?	1	?	?	?	0	0	1	0	?	?	1	?	?	?	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
36	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	?	1	1	?	?	?	?	0	?	0	?	1	1	?	?	?	0	1	1	?	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	?	1	?	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	0
37	?	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	?	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	?	0
38	?	0	0	0	1	0	?	0	1	0	?	?	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	?	?	?	?	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0
39	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	?	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0
40	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	?	?	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	?	0
41	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	?	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	?	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	?	?	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	?	0
42	0	?	0	?	0	?	1	0	1	?	?	?	1	1	?	?	?	?	1	?	?	1	?	?	?	?	0	1	1	1	?	?	?	?	1	?	?	?	1	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	0	0	0	?	?	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	?	?	?	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	?	?
43	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
44	0	1	?	1	1	0	0	0	?	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	?	?	0	1	1	?	0	?	0	0	?	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	?	0	0	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	0	0	?	1	0	0	1	?	?	0	0	0	?	?	1	?	?	?	?	0	0	0	?	?

	1										10										20										30										40										50										60										70
1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	?	1	1	1	?	?	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	?	?	1	1	0	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	?	?	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	1
2	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	?	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	?	?	?	?	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	?	?	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	?	?
3	0	0	0	1	0	0	?	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	?	?	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1
4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	?	?	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	?	0	0	0	0	?	1	1	?	?	?	?	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	?	1	?	?	?	?	0	1	1	?	0
5	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	?	?	0	0	1	0	0	0	?	?	?	1	1	?	0	0	0	?	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	?	?	?	1	1	?	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	?	?	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
6	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	?	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	?	?
7	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	?	?	?	?	1	0	1	?	?
8	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	?	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	?	?	?	?	1	?	?	?	?
9	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	?	1	?	?	1	?	0	?	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	?	?	?	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	0	?	?	?	?	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	?
10	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	?	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	?	?	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	0	0
11	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	?	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	?	0	0
12	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	?	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	?	?	?	?	0	1	1	?	0
13	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	?	1	?	1	1	?	1	0	1	1	1	?	1	0	0	0	1	1	?	1	0	?	?	?	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	?	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	?	?
14	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	1	1	0	?	?	1	?	1	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	?	1	?	1	?	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	?	?	?	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	?	?
15	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	?	?	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	?
16	?	1	0	0	0	0	?	0	1	0	1	?	0	1	0	0	?	?	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	?
17	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	?	1	0	0	?	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	?	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	?	?	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	?	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0
18	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	?	?	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	?	0	0	0	1	?	1	?	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	?	?	?	?	1	0	1	?	?	?	1	0	1	0	?	1	1	?	?
19	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	?	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	?	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	?	0	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	1	?	?
20	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	?	0	1	1	?	?	?	?	1	?	?	?	0	?	?	?	?	?	1	?	0	0	0	1	1	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	?	?	?
21	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	?	1	0	1	?	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	?	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0
22	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	?	0	?	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	?	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	?	?	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	?	?	?	?	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0
23	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	?	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	?	1	?	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	?	?	1	0	1	0	?	?	1	0	?	1	?	?	1	0	0	1	1	?	?
24	0	1	0	0	0	1	?	0	1	0	0	?	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	?	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	?	?	?	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	?	?	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	?	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	0
25	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	?	1	1	?	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	?	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0
26	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	?	0	1	0	?	?	?	?	1	1	?	?	?	0	0	?	0	1	1	?	0	0	0	1	?	?	1	?	?	0	?	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	?	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	?	0	?	?	?	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
27	0	0	0	0	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	?	?	?	?	1	1	?	?	?	?	?	1	1	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	0	?	?	?	0	1	0	1	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	?	?
28	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	?	0	1	1	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	1	?	0	0	0	0	1	?	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	?	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	?	0	0
29	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	?	?	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	?	?	0	1	0	1	?	?	1	0	0	?	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	?	?
30	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	?	?	?	?	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	0
31	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	?	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	?	0	1	0	0	?	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	?	?	?	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	?	?
32	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	?	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	?	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	?	?	1	0	0	0	0	?	?
33	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
34	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	?	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	?	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
35	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	?	?	?	1	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	0	?	1	?	?	?	0	0	1	0	?	?	1	?	?	?	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
36	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	?	1	1	?	?	?	?	0	?	0	?	1	1	?	?	?	0	1	1	?	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	?	1	?	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	0
37	?	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	?	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	?	0
38	?	0	0	0	1	0	?	0	1	0	?	?	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	?	?	?	?	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0
39	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	?	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0
40	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	?	?	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	?	0
41	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	?	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	?	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	?	?	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	?	0
42	0	?	0	?	0	?	1	0	1	?	?	?	1	1	?	?	?	?	1	?	?	1	?	?	?	?	0	1	1	1	?	?	?	?	1	?	?	?	1	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	0	0	0	?	?	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	?	?	?	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	?	?
43	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
44	0	1	?	1	1	0	0	0	?	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	?	?	0	1	1	?	0	?	0	0	?	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	?	0	0	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	0	0	?	1	0	0	1	?	?	0	0	0	?	?	1	?	?	?	?	0	0	0	?	?

	1										10										20										30										40										50										60										70
1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	?	1	1	1	?	?	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	?	?	1	1	0	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	?	?	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	1
2	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	?	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	?	?	?	?	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	?	?	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	?	?
3	0	0	0	1	0	0	?	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	?	?	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1
4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	?	?	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	?	0	0	0	0	?	1	1	?	?	?	?	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	?	1	?	?	?	?	0	1	1	?	0
5	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	?	?	0	0	1	0	0	0	?	?	?	1	1	?	0	0	0	?	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	?	?	?	1	1	?	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	?	?	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
6	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	?	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	?	?
7	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	?	?	?	?	1	0	1	?	?
8	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	?	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	?	?	?	?	1	?	?	?	?
9	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	?	1	?	?	1	?	0	?	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	?	?	?	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	0	?	?	?	?	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	?
10	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	?	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	?	?	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	0	0
11	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	?	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	?	0	0
12	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	?	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	?	?	?	?	0	1	1	?	0
13	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	?	1	?	1	1	?	1	0	1	1	1	?	1	0	0	0	1	1	?	1	0	?	?	?	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	?	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	?	?
14	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	1	1	0	?	?	1	?	1	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	?	1	?	1	?	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	?	?	?	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	?	?
15	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	?	?	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	?
16	?	1	0	0	0	0	?	0	1	0	1	?	0	1	0	0	?	?	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	?
17	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	?	1	0	0	?	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	?	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	?	?	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	?	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0
18	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	?	?	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	?	0	0	0	1	?	1	?	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	?	?	?	?	1	0	1	?	?	?	1	0	1	0	?	1	1	?	?
19	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	?	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	?	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	?	0	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	1	?	?
20	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	?	0	1	1	?	?	?	?	1	?	?	?	0	?	?	?	?	?	1	?	0	0	0	1	1	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	?	?	?
21	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	?	1	0	1	?	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	?	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0
22	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	?	0	?	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	?	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	?	?	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	?	?	?	?	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0
23	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	?	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	?	1	?	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	?	?	1	0	1	0	?	?	1	0	?	1	?	?	1	0	0	1	1	?	?
24	0	1	0	0	0	1	?	0	1	0	0	?	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	?	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	?	?	?	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	?	?	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	?	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	0
25	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	?	1	1	?	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	?	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0
26	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	?	0	1	0	?	?	?	?	1	1	?	?	?	0	0	?	0	1	1	?	0	0	0	1	?	?	1	?	?	0	?	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	?	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	?	0	?	?	?	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
27	0	0	0	0	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	?	?	?	?	1	1	?	?	?	?	?	1	1	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	0	?	?	?	0	1	0	1	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	?	?
28	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	?	0	1	1	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	1	?	0	0	0	0	1	?	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	?	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	?	0	0
29	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	?	?	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	?	?	0	1	0	1	?	?	1	0	0	?	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	?	?
30	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	?	?	?	?	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	0
31	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	?	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	?	0	1	0	0	?	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	?	?	?	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	?	?
32	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	?	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	?	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	?	?	1	0	0	0	0	?	?
33	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
34	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	?	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	?	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
35	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	?	?	?	1	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	0	?	1	?	?	?	0	0	1	0	?	?	1	?	?	?	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
36	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	?	1	1	?	?	?	?	0	?	0	?	1	1	?	?	?	0	1	1	?	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	?	1	?	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	0
37	?	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	?	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	?	0
38	?	0	0	0	1	0	?	0	1	0	?	?	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	?	?	?	?	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0
39	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	?	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0
40	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	?	?	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	?	0
41	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	?	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	?	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	?	?	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	?	0
42	0	?	0	?	0	?	1	0	1	?	?	?	1	1	?	?	?	?	1	?	?	1	?	?	?	?	0	1	1	1	?	?	?	?	1	?	?	?	1	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	0	0	0	?	?	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	?	?	?	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	?	?
43	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
44	0	1	?	1	1	0	0	0	?	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	?	?	0	1	1	?	0	?	0	0	?	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	?	0	0	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	0	0	?	1	0	0	1	?	?	0	0	0	?	?	1	?	?	?	?	0	0	0	?	?