Abstract
While the grammaticalization of subject agreement appears to be a diachronic near-universal, there has been little agreement on usage-based motivations for this crosslinguistic tendency. Three usage-based approaches – Givón’s NP detachment under topicalization, Ariel’s accessibility theory, and a set of accounts in terms of frequency-driven morphologization – are examined here in the light of corpus data from the Oceanic language Vera’a. The high frequency of overt pronouns in 1st and 2nd person subjects, as well as formal reduction in some 1st-person pronouns, observed in the corpus seem suggestive of grammaticalization of subject agreement in speech-act participants (SAPs). Yet, the remaining variation between pronominal and zero forms and the distribution of reduced forms do not appear to reflect functional factors in the way of topicalization or accessibility. Overall, frequency-driven accounts appear to fare better in explaining the Vera’a facts, in particular the distribution of 1st person zero subjects and the formal reduction of 1st person subject pronouns. The overall high levels of subject pronouns, however, are not fully accounted for by any of the three approaches; I suggest that, in addition to genre effects, the deictic and shifting nature of reference to speech-act participants may be a relevant factor.
Abbreviations
- abl
ablative
- ao
aorist
- art
article (common)
- ass
associative
- cs
construct suffix
- dat
dative
- del
delimitative aktionsart
- dem
demonstrative
- dl
dual
- dom
domestic (possessed)
- drink
drink (possessed)
- eat
eat (possessed)
- emph
emphatic
- ex
exclusive
- fut
future
- gen
general (possessed)
- house
house (possessed)
- imm
immediacy
- in
inclusive
- interj
interjection
- loc
locative
- neg
negation
- obj
object
- pers
personal (article)
- pl
plural
- poss
possessive classifier
- proh
prohibitive
- pro.obl
preform (oblique)
- red
reduplication
- sbj
subject
- sg
singular
- sp
specific
- stat
stative
- tamp
tense, aspect, mood, polarity
- thingy
lexical dummy word
- tl
trial
- ves
vessel (possessed)
Appendix: Overview of Vera’a corpus data
Vera’a corpus of narrative texts.
text ID | speaker initials | age group | text type | text size (clause units) |
---|---|---|---|---|
ANV | AN | 18–25 | narrative | 208 |
AS.1 | AS | 35 – 50 | narrative | 224 |
GABG | GA | 35 – 50 | narrative | 178 |
GAQG | GA | 35 – 50 | narrative | 232 |
HHAK | HH | 18–25 | narrative | 446 |
ISAM | IS | 50+ | narrative | 248 |
ISWM | IS | 50+ | narrative | 608 |
JJQ | JJ | 50+ | narrative | 929 |
MVBW | MV | 25–35 | narrative | 314 |
PALA | PH | 35 – 50 | narrative | 402 |
TOTALS | 3789 |
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© 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Agreement in grammar and discourse: A research overview
- Whence subject-verb agreement? Investigating the role of topicality, accessibility, and frequency in Vera’a texts
- The grammaticalization of object pronouns: Why differential object indexing is an attractor state
- The rise of person agreement in East Lezgic: Assessing the role of frequency
- Agreement with overt and null arguments in Ingush
- Gender agreement is different
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Agreement in grammar and discourse: A research overview
- Whence subject-verb agreement? Investigating the role of topicality, accessibility, and frequency in Vera’a texts
- The grammaticalization of object pronouns: Why differential object indexing is an attractor state
- The rise of person agreement in East Lezgic: Assessing the role of frequency
- Agreement with overt and null arguments in Ingush
- Gender agreement is different