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Whence subject-verb agreement? Investigating the role of topicality, accessibility, and frequency in Vera’a texts

  • Stefan Schnell EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: June 14, 2018

Abstract

While the grammaticalization of subject agreement appears to be a diachronic near-universal, there has been little agreement on usage-based motivations for this crosslinguistic tendency. Three usage-based approaches – Givón’s NP detachment under topicalization, Ariel’s accessibility theory, and a set of accounts in terms of frequency-driven morphologization – are examined here in the light of corpus data from the Oceanic language Vera’a. The high frequency of overt pronouns in 1st and 2nd person subjects, as well as formal reduction in some 1st-person pronouns, observed in the corpus seem suggestive of grammaticalization of subject agreement in speech-act participants (SAPs). Yet, the remaining variation between pronominal and zero forms and the distribution of reduced forms do not appear to reflect functional factors in the way of topicalization or accessibility. Overall, frequency-driven accounts appear to fare better in explaining the Vera’a facts, in particular the distribution of 1st person zero subjects and the formal reduction of 1st person subject pronouns. The overall high levels of subject pronouns, however, are not fully accounted for by any of the three approaches; I suggest that, in addition to genre effects, the deictic and shifting nature of reference to speech-act participants may be a relevant factor.

Abbreviations

abl

ablative

ao

aorist

art

article (common)

ass

associative

cs

construct suffix

dat

dative

del

delimitative aktionsart

dem

demonstrative

dl

dual

dom

domestic (possessed)

drink

drink (possessed)

eat

eat (possessed)

emph

emphatic

ex

exclusive

fut

future

gen

general (possessed)

house

house (possessed)

imm

immediacy

in

inclusive

interj

interjection

loc

locative

neg

negation

obj

object

pers

personal (article)

pl

plural

poss

possessive classifier

proh

prohibitive

pro.obl

preform (oblique)

red

reduplication

sbj

subject

sg

singular

sp

specific

stat

stative

tamp

tense, aspect, mood, polarity

thingy

lexical dummy word

tl

trial

ves

vessel (possessed)

Appendix: Overview of Vera’a corpus data

Table A:

Vera’a corpus of narrative texts.

text IDspeaker initialsage grouptext typetext size (clause units)
ANVAN18–25narrative208
AS.1AS35 – 50narrative224
GABGGA35 – 50narrative178
GAQGGA35 – 50narrative232
HHAKHH18–25narrative446
ISAMIS50+narrative248
ISWMIS50+narrative608
JJQJJ50+narrative929
MVBWMV25–35narrative314
PALAPH35 – 50narrative402
TOTALS3789

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Published Online: 2018-6-14
Published in Print: 2018-6-26

© 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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