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Oligarchia Revisited

  • Luke N. Madson EMAIL logo and Amy C. Smith EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: May 18, 2024
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From the journal Klio Volume 106 Issue 1

Summary

This article revisits an ostensibly important monument in Classical Attic historiography: the so-called Tomb of Critias, as preserved in a scholium note in Aeschines’ “Against Timarchus” (1.39). We survey prior scholarly positions on the realia of this monument, suggest it is a fiction, and consider the possible sources for the hexameter verse associated with it. We argue that the poetic composition from which the entire tradition derives, rather than being an inscription on a tomb, may in fact be an oligarchic commemoration, perhaps an encomium or epitaphios logos recited at Eleusis in the aftermath of the fall of the Thirty. As such, the verse composition may allude to a historiographical tradition that viewed the Thirty as a subversive hetaireia/kōmos group led out to govern the unruly dēmos. The reception of this composition generates a ‘lieu de mémoire’ in the historical imagination of later readers. The composition offers a piece of comparanda for the political views expressed by other Athenians with pro-oligarchic tendencies, an extreme formulation that strongly contrasts with the extant writings of Critias, Plato, and Xenophon. In revisiting this short anecdote we highlight the relevance of both scholia and monuments in our understanding of Attic historiography.

Keywords: Adikia; Dikē; Chest of Cypselus; Democracy; Eunomia; Critias; Oligarchy; Political Personification; Polygnotus’ Nekyia; Thirty Tyrants

In memoriam J. J. Pollitt

Acknowledgements

First and foremost the authors would like to thank each other for the opportunity to work through a historical anecdote that both have found so intellectually stimulating. The original draft was composed at the American School of Classical Studies, in the Spring of 2023, where we benefited from the resources of the Blegen Library. Additional research was conducted with the support of the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst at Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen. We are most grateful to E.M.M. Aston, T. J. Figueira, B. C. Fuchs, H. A. Shapiro, M. Simonton and M. Zaccarini, each of whom read and usefully commented on earlier drafts of the article.

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Published Online: 2024-05-18
Published in Print: 2024-05-16

© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Titelseiten
  2. Aufsätze
  3. The Tyrants’ Cousins. Ruling Practices and Political Concepts between Anatolia and Early Greece
  4. Oligarchia Revisited
  5. Paradox of Voting: Extra-Urban Voters in the Late Roman Republic
  6. Quaestorian insignia on Roman Coins of the Late Republic
  7. Les citoyens romains à Cos du ier s. av. n.è. à 212 de n.è. Étude chronologique à partir d’un corpus prosopographique
  8. Los primeros magistrados de las colonias y municipios de época cesariano-augustea en la Hispania Ulterior Baetica
  9. Σενέκα οὐσία: considerazioni circa la formazione della proprietà di Seneca in Egitto (e la datazione del soggiorno senecano nella provincia)
  10. Logistics and Crises: Understanding Roman Military Logistics and Procedures from the Unit Level and Upwards in 2nd to 4th Centuries CE Egypt Using the Surviving ‘Paperwork’
  11. Literaturkritik
  12. Marie Oellig, Die Sukzession von Weltreichen. Zu den antiken Wurzeln einer geschichtsmächtigen Idee, Stuttgart (Franz Steiner Verlag) 2023 (Oriens et Occidens 38), 714 S., ISBN 978-3-515-13195-7 (geb.), € 98,–
  13. Irini Kyriakou, Généalogies épiques. Les fonctions de la parenté et les femmes ancêtres dans la poésie épique grecque archaïque, Berlin – Boston (De Gruyter) 2020 (Untersuchungen zur antiken Literatur und Geschichte 134), XI, 363 S., 9 Abb., 3 Tab., ISBN 978-3-11-065315-1 (geb.), € 134,95
  14. Sophie Marianne Bocksberger, Telamonian Ajax. The Myth in Archaic and Classical Greece, Oxford (Oxford University Press) 2022 (Oxford Classical Monograph), XXI, 304 S., 40 Abb., ISBN 978-0-19-886476-9 (geb.), £ 75,–
  15. Joachim Heiden (Hg.), Die antike Siedlungstopographie Triphyliens, Berlin (Gebr. Mann Verlag) 2020 (Athenaia 11), VIII, 234 S., 186 Abb., ISBN 978-3-7861-2812-0 (brosch.), € 59,–
  16. Judith M. Barringer, Olympia. A Cultural History, Princeton – Oxford (Princeton University Press) 2022, 336 S., 181 Abb., 2 Kt., ISBN 978-0-69121047-6 (geb.), £ 35,–
  17. Zinon Papakonstantinou, Sport and Identity in Ancient Greece, London – New York (Routledge) 2019, 236 S., ISBN 978-1-4724-3822-5 (geb.), £ 130,–
  18. Madalina Dana, La correspondance grecque privée sur plomb et sur tesson. Corpus épigraphique et commentaire historique, München (C.H.Beck) 2021 (Beiträge zur Alten Geschichte 73), XIX, 476 S., 221 Abb., ISBN 978-3-406-77439-3 (geb.), € 128,–
  19. Waldemar Heckel, Who’s Who in the Age of Alexander and his Successors. From Chaironeia to Ipsos (338–301 BC), London (Greenhill Books) 2021, 576 S., ISBN 978-1-78438-648-1 (geb.), £ 30,–
  20. Sviatoslav Dmitriev, The Orator Demades. Classical Greece Reimagined through Rhetoric, New York – Oxford (Oxford University Press) 2021, X, 336 S., ISBN 978-0-19-751782-6 (geb.), £ 82,–
  21. Ian Worthington, Athens after Empire. A History from Alexander the Great to the Emperor Hadrian, New York – Oxford (Oxford University Press) 2021, 432 S., ISBN 978-0-19-063398-1 (geb.), £ 35,49
  22. Julian Wünsch, Großmacht gegen lokale Machthaber. Die Herrschaftspraxis der Seleukiden an den Rändern ihres Reiches, Wiesbaden (Harrassowitz Verlag) 2022 (Philippika 164), 430 S., ISBN 978-3-447-11905-4 (geb.), € 98,–
  23. Dan-el Padilla Peralta, Divine Institutions. Religions and Community in the Middle Roman Republic, Princeton – Oxford (Princeton University Press) 2020, 344 S., 21 Abb., ISBN 978-0-691-16867-8 (geb.), £ 42,–
  24. Marian Helm, Kampf um Mittelitalien. Roms ungerader Weg zur Großmacht, Stuttgart (Franz Steiner Verlag) 2022 (Hermes – Einzelschriften 122), 450 S., 7 Kt., ISBN 978-3-515-13113-1 (geb.), € 91,–
  25. Dominic M. Machado, Voluntas Militum. Community, Collective Action, and Popular Power in the Armies of the Middle Republic (300–100 BCE), Sevilla (Editorial Universidad de Sevilla) 2023, 346 S., ISBN 978-84-472-2496-8 (brosch.), € 28,–
  26. Chantal Gabrielli, Res publica servanda est. La svolta dei Gracchi tra prassi politica e violenza nella riflessione storiografica, Sevilla (Editorial Universidad de Sevilla) 2022 (Libera Res Publica 7), 230 S., ISBN 978-84-472-2346-6 (brosch.), € 22,–
  27. Henrik Mouritsen, The Roman Elite and the End of the Republic. The Boni, the Nobles and Cicero, Cambridge (Cambridge University Press) 2022, 348 S., ISBN 978-1-009-18065-8 (geb.), £ 75,–
  28. Hartwin Brandt, Die Kaiserzeit. Römische Geschichte von Octavian bis Diocletian. 31 v. Chr.–284 n. Chr., München (C.H.Beck) 2021 (Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft Abt. 3, T. 11), XII, 707 S., 3 Kt., 4 Taf., ISBN 978-3-406-77502-4 (geb.), € 98,–
  29. Mareile Rassiller, Kaiserliche Autorität in Kult- und Göttermotiven. Eine Analyse der Münzen von Augustus bis Trajan, Stuttgart (Kohlhammer) 2022 (Forum historische Forschung: Antike), 260 S., 72 Abb., ISBN 978-3-17-042049-6 (brosch.), € 58,–
  30. Claudia Schmieder, Bild und Text auf römischen Mosaiken. Intermediale Kommunikationsstrategien im Kontext der Wohnkultur des 3.–5. Jahrhunderts, Berlin – Boston (De Gruyter) 2022 (Materiale Textkulturen 35), IX, 598 S., 338 Abb., ISBN 978-3-11-077536-5 (geb.), € 129,95
  31. Silvia Evangelisti, I pantomimi nelle città dell’Italia romana, Rom (Edizioni Quasar) 2022 (Urbana Species 6), 207 S., ISBN 978-88-5491-200-7 (brosch.), € 15,–
  32. Jacob Burckhardt, Alte Geschichte, I: Ägypten und Alter Orient – Römische Geschichte: Republik, München (C.H.Beck) 2022 (JBW 23,1), aus dem Nachlaß herausgegeben von Leonhard Burckhardt – Stefan Rebenich – Alfred Schmid – Jürgen von Ungern-Sternberg, 1421 S., 9 Abb., ISBN 978-3-406-78126-1 (geb.), € 248,–
https://doi.org/10.1515/klio-2023-0022
Keywords for this article
Adikia; Dikē; Chest of Cypselus; Democracy; Eunomia; Critias; Oligarchy; Political Personification; Polygnotus’ Nekyia; Thirty Tyrants

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Titelseiten
  2. Aufsätze
  3. The Tyrants’ Cousins. Ruling Practices and Political Concepts between Anatolia and Early Greece
  4. Oligarchia Revisited
  5. Paradox of Voting: Extra-Urban Voters in the Late Roman Republic
  6. Quaestorian insignia on Roman Coins of the Late Republic
  7. Les citoyens romains à Cos du ier s. av. n.è. à 212 de n.è. Étude chronologique à partir d’un corpus prosopographique
  8. Los primeros magistrados de las colonias y municipios de época cesariano-augustea en la Hispania Ulterior Baetica
  9. Σενέκα οὐσία: considerazioni circa la formazione della proprietà di Seneca in Egitto (e la datazione del soggiorno senecano nella provincia)
  10. Logistics and Crises: Understanding Roman Military Logistics and Procedures from the Unit Level and Upwards in 2nd to 4th Centuries CE Egypt Using the Surviving ‘Paperwork’
  11. Literaturkritik
  12. Marie Oellig, Die Sukzession von Weltreichen. Zu den antiken Wurzeln einer geschichtsmächtigen Idee, Stuttgart (Franz Steiner Verlag) 2023 (Oriens et Occidens 38), 714 S., ISBN 978-3-515-13195-7 (geb.), € 98,–
  13. Irini Kyriakou, Généalogies épiques. Les fonctions de la parenté et les femmes ancêtres dans la poésie épique grecque archaïque, Berlin – Boston (De Gruyter) 2020 (Untersuchungen zur antiken Literatur und Geschichte 134), XI, 363 S., 9 Abb., 3 Tab., ISBN 978-3-11-065315-1 (geb.), € 134,95
  14. Sophie Marianne Bocksberger, Telamonian Ajax. The Myth in Archaic and Classical Greece, Oxford (Oxford University Press) 2022 (Oxford Classical Monograph), XXI, 304 S., 40 Abb., ISBN 978-0-19-886476-9 (geb.), £ 75,–
  15. Joachim Heiden (Hg.), Die antike Siedlungstopographie Triphyliens, Berlin (Gebr. Mann Verlag) 2020 (Athenaia 11), VIII, 234 S., 186 Abb., ISBN 978-3-7861-2812-0 (brosch.), € 59,–
  16. Judith M. Barringer, Olympia. A Cultural History, Princeton – Oxford (Princeton University Press) 2022, 336 S., 181 Abb., 2 Kt., ISBN 978-0-69121047-6 (geb.), £ 35,–
  17. Zinon Papakonstantinou, Sport and Identity in Ancient Greece, London – New York (Routledge) 2019, 236 S., ISBN 978-1-4724-3822-5 (geb.), £ 130,–
  18. Madalina Dana, La correspondance grecque privée sur plomb et sur tesson. Corpus épigraphique et commentaire historique, München (C.H.Beck) 2021 (Beiträge zur Alten Geschichte 73), XIX, 476 S., 221 Abb., ISBN 978-3-406-77439-3 (geb.), € 128,–
  19. Waldemar Heckel, Who’s Who in the Age of Alexander and his Successors. From Chaironeia to Ipsos (338–301 BC), London (Greenhill Books) 2021, 576 S., ISBN 978-1-78438-648-1 (geb.), £ 30,–
  20. Sviatoslav Dmitriev, The Orator Demades. Classical Greece Reimagined through Rhetoric, New York – Oxford (Oxford University Press) 2021, X, 336 S., ISBN 978-0-19-751782-6 (geb.), £ 82,–
  21. Ian Worthington, Athens after Empire. A History from Alexander the Great to the Emperor Hadrian, New York – Oxford (Oxford University Press) 2021, 432 S., ISBN 978-0-19-063398-1 (geb.), £ 35,49
  22. Julian Wünsch, Großmacht gegen lokale Machthaber. Die Herrschaftspraxis der Seleukiden an den Rändern ihres Reiches, Wiesbaden (Harrassowitz Verlag) 2022 (Philippika 164), 430 S., ISBN 978-3-447-11905-4 (geb.), € 98,–
  23. Dan-el Padilla Peralta, Divine Institutions. Religions and Community in the Middle Roman Republic, Princeton – Oxford (Princeton University Press) 2020, 344 S., 21 Abb., ISBN 978-0-691-16867-8 (geb.), £ 42,–
  24. Marian Helm, Kampf um Mittelitalien. Roms ungerader Weg zur Großmacht, Stuttgart (Franz Steiner Verlag) 2022 (Hermes – Einzelschriften 122), 450 S., 7 Kt., ISBN 978-3-515-13113-1 (geb.), € 91,–
  25. Dominic M. Machado, Voluntas Militum. Community, Collective Action, and Popular Power in the Armies of the Middle Republic (300–100 BCE), Sevilla (Editorial Universidad de Sevilla) 2023, 346 S., ISBN 978-84-472-2496-8 (brosch.), € 28,–
  26. Chantal Gabrielli, Res publica servanda est. La svolta dei Gracchi tra prassi politica e violenza nella riflessione storiografica, Sevilla (Editorial Universidad de Sevilla) 2022 (Libera Res Publica 7), 230 S., ISBN 978-84-472-2346-6 (brosch.), € 22,–
  27. Henrik Mouritsen, The Roman Elite and the End of the Republic. The Boni, the Nobles and Cicero, Cambridge (Cambridge University Press) 2022, 348 S., ISBN 978-1-009-18065-8 (geb.), £ 75,–
  28. Hartwin Brandt, Die Kaiserzeit. Römische Geschichte von Octavian bis Diocletian. 31 v. Chr.–284 n. Chr., München (C.H.Beck) 2021 (Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft Abt. 3, T. 11), XII, 707 S., 3 Kt., 4 Taf., ISBN 978-3-406-77502-4 (geb.), € 98,–
  29. Mareile Rassiller, Kaiserliche Autorität in Kult- und Göttermotiven. Eine Analyse der Münzen von Augustus bis Trajan, Stuttgart (Kohlhammer) 2022 (Forum historische Forschung: Antike), 260 S., 72 Abb., ISBN 978-3-17-042049-6 (brosch.), € 58,–
  30. Claudia Schmieder, Bild und Text auf römischen Mosaiken. Intermediale Kommunikationsstrategien im Kontext der Wohnkultur des 3.–5. Jahrhunderts, Berlin – Boston (De Gruyter) 2022 (Materiale Textkulturen 35), IX, 598 S., 338 Abb., ISBN 978-3-11-077536-5 (geb.), € 129,95
  31. Silvia Evangelisti, I pantomimi nelle città dell’Italia romana, Rom (Edizioni Quasar) 2022 (Urbana Species 6), 207 S., ISBN 978-88-5491-200-7 (brosch.), € 15,–
  32. Jacob Burckhardt, Alte Geschichte, I: Ägypten und Alter Orient – Römische Geschichte: Republik, München (C.H.Beck) 2022 (JBW 23,1), aus dem Nachlaß herausgegeben von Leonhard Burckhardt – Stefan Rebenich – Alfred Schmid – Jürgen von Ungern-Sternberg, 1421 S., 9 Abb., ISBN 978-3-406-78126-1 (geb.), € 248,–
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