Abstract
Background: Despite an increase in the number of cesarean deliveries conducted worldwide, meta-analyses on the long-term effect of cesarean section (CS) on subsequent placental disorders are sparse.
Objective: To examine the association between CS and three major types of placental disorders (placental abruption, placenta previa, and placenta accreta with its variants increta/percreta) in subsequent pregnancies.
Search strategy: We followed the MOOSE consensus statement for meta-analyses of observational studies and searched the PubMed database for observational studies published between January 1990 and July 2011 for examining the association between CS and placental disorders in subsequent pregnancies, without focusing on the effect of increasing number of CSs.
Selection criteria: We included studies which provided adjusted measures of association for multiparous singleton-pregnant women with one of the three outcomes and information about prior mode of delivery.
Data collection and analysis: Five cohort and 11 case-control studies met the inclusion criteria for this meta-analysis. We combined the results of the included cohort and case-control studies as no significant heterogeneity was found across the studies.
Main results: The calculated summary odds ratio was 1.47 (95% confidence interval, CI: 1.44–1.51) for placenta previa, 1.96 (95% CI: 1.41–2.74) for placenta accreta, and 1.38 (95% CI: 1.35–1.41) for placental abruption.
Conclusion: In this meta-analysis, cesarean delivery appeared as a consistently reported risk factor for all three major forms of placental disorders in subsequent pregnancies.
References
[1] Ananth CV, Smulian JC, Vintzileos AM. The association of placenta previa with history of cesarean delivery and abortion: a metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;177:1071–8.10.1016/S0002-9378(97)70017-6Search in Google Scholar
[2] Ananth CV, Smulian JC, Vintzileos AM. The effect of placenta previa on neonatal mortality: a population-based study in the United States, 1989 through 1997. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;188:1299–304.10.1067/mob.2003.76Search in Google Scholar
[3] Armstrong CA, Harding S, Matthews T, Dickinson JE. Is placenta accreta catching up with us? Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol. 2004;44:210–13.10.1111/j.1479-828X.2004.00208.xSearch in Google Scholar
[4] Baumann P, Blackwell SC, Schild C, Berry SM, Friedrich HJ. Mathematic modeling to predict abruptio placentae. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183:815–22.10.1067/mob.2000.108847Search in Google Scholar
[5] Daltveit AK, Tollånes MC, Pihlstrøm H, Irgens LM. Cesarean delivery and subsequent pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;111:1327–34.10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181744110Search in Google Scholar
[6] Faiz AS, Ananth CV. Etiology and risk factors for placenta previa: an overview and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2003;13:175–90.10.1080/jmf.13.3.175.190Search in Google Scholar
[7] Getahun D, Oyelese Y, Salihu Hamisu M, Ananth Cande V. Previous cesarean delivery and risks of placenta previa and placental abruption. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107:771–8.10.1097/01.AOG.0000206182.63788.80Search in Google Scholar
[8] Gilliam M, Rosenberg D, Davis F. The likelihood of placenta previa with greater number of cesarean deliveries and higher parity. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;99:976–80.Search in Google Scholar
[9] Gurol-Urganci I, Cromwell DA, Edozien LC, Smith GC, Onwere C, Mahmood TA, et al. Risk of placenta previa in second birth after first birth cesarean section: a population-based study and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2011;11:95.10.1186/1471-2393-11-95Search in Google Scholar
[10] Hemminki E, Meriläinen J. Long-term effects of cesarean sections: ectopic pregnancies and placental problems. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;174:1569–74.10.1016/S0002-9378(96)70608-7Search in Google Scholar
[11] Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. Br Med J. 2003;327:557–60.10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[12] Hung TH, Shau WY, Hsieh CC, Chiu TH, Hsu JJ, Hsieh TT. Risk factors for placenta accreta. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;93: 545–50.Search in Google Scholar
[13] Kennare R, Tucker G, Heard A, Chan A. Risks of adverse outcomes in the next birth after a first cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;109:270–6.10.1097/01.AOG.0000250469.23047.73Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[14] Klar M, Laub M, Schulte-Moenting J, Proempeler H, Kunze M. Clinical risk factors for complete and partial placental retention-a case-control study. J Perinat Med. 2013;41: 529–34.10.1515/jpm-2012-0260Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[15] Laughon SK, Wolfe HM, Visco AG. Prior cesarean and the risk for placenta previa on second-trimester ultrasonography. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:962–5.10.1097/01.AOG.0000158114.47925.faSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
[16] Lydon-Rochelle M, Holt VL, Easterling TR, Martin DP. First-birth cesarean and placental abruption or previa at second birth(1). Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97:765–9.10.1097/00006250-200105000-00023Search in Google Scholar
[17] McMahon MJ, Li R, Schenck AP, Olshan AF, Royce RA. Previous cesarean birth. A risk factor for placenta previa? J Reprod Med. 1997;42:409–12.Search in Google Scholar
[18] Morlando M, Sarno L, Napolitano R, Smith GCS, Onwere C, Mahmood TA, et al. Placenta accreta: incidence and risk factors in an area with a particularly high rate of cesarean section. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2013;92:457–60.10.1111/aogs.12080Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[19] OHRI. Available at: http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp. Accessed September 16, 2011.Search in Google Scholar
[20] Oyelese Y, Smulian JC. Placenta previa, placenta accreta, and vasa previa. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107:927–41.10.1097/01.AOG.0000207559.15715.98Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[21] Pariente G, Wiznitzer A, Sergienko R, Mazor M, Holcberg G, Sheiner E. Placental abruption: critical analysis of risk factors and perinatal outcomes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011;24:698–702.10.3109/14767058.2010.511346Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[22] Rasmussen S, Albrechtsen S, Dalaker K. Obstetric history and the risk of placenta previa. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2000;79:502–7.Search in Google Scholar
[23] Rasmussen S, Irgens LM, Bergsjo P, Dalaker K. The occurrence of placental abruption in Norway 1967–1991. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1996;75:222–8.10.3109/00016349609047091Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[24] Rasmussen S, Irgens LM, Dalaker K. A history of placental dysfunction and risk of placental abruption. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 1999;13:9–21.10.1046/j.1365-3016.1999.00159.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
[25] Rosenberg T, Pariente G, Sergienko R, Wiznitzer A, Sheiner E. Critical analysis of risk factors and outcome of placenta previa. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011;284:47–51.10.1007/s00404-010-1598-7Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[26] Schmidt FL, Oh I-S, Hayes TL. Fixed- versus random-effects models in meta-analysis: model properties and an empirical comparison of differences in results. Br J Math Stat Psychol. 2009;62:97–128.10.1348/000711007X255327Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[27] Sheiner E, Shoham-Vardi I, Hallak M, Hershkowitz R, Katz M, Mazor M. Placenta previa: obstetric risk factors and pregnancy outcome. J Matern Fetal Med. 2001;10:414–9.10.1080/jmf.10.6.414.419Search in Google Scholar
[28] Silver RM, Landon MB, Rouse DJ, Leveno KJ, Spong CY, Thom EA, et al. Maternal morbidity associated with multiple repeat cesarean deliveries. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107:1226–32.10.1097/01.AOG.0000219750.79480.84Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[29] Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, Olkin I, Williamson GD, Rennie D, et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE) group. J Am Med Assoc. 2000;283:2008–12.10.1001/jama.283.15.2008Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[30] Suknikhom W, Tannirandorn Y. Previous uterine operation and placenta previa. J Med Assoc Thai. 2011;94:272–7.Search in Google Scholar
[31] Taylor VM, Kramer MD, Vaughan TL, Peacock S. Placenta previa and prior cesarean delivery: how strong is the association? Obstet Gynecol. 1994;84:55–7.Search in Google Scholar
[32] Tikkanen M. Placental abruption: epidemiology, risk factors and consequences. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2011;90:140–9.10.1111/j.1600-0412.2010.01030.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
[33] Tikkanen M, Gissler M, Metsäranta M, Luukkaala T, Hiilesmaa V, Andersson S, et al. Maternal deaths in Finland: focus on placental abruption. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2009;88:1124–7.10.1080/00016340903214940Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[34] Tikkanen M, Nuutila M, Hiilesmaa V, Paavonen J, Ylikorkala O. Prepregnancy risk factors for placental abruption. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2006;85:40–4.10.1080/00016340500324241Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[35] Wu S, Kocherginsky M, Hibbard JU. Abnormal placentation: twenty-year analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192: 1458–61.10.1016/j.ajog.2004.12.074Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[36] Yang Q, Wen SW, Oppenheimer L, Chen XK, Black D, Gao J, et al. Association of caesarean delivery for first birth with placenta praevia and placental abruption in second pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2007;114:609–13.10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01295.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
[37] Yang Q, Wen SW, Phillips K, Oppenheimer L, Black D, Walker MC. Comparison of maternal risk factors between placental abruption and placenta previa. Am J Perinatol. 2009;26:279–86.10.1055/s-0028-1103156Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[38] Yazicioglu F, Gökdogan A, Kelekci S, Aygün M, Savan K. Incomplete healing of the uterine incision after caesarean section: is it preventable? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2006;124: 32–6.10.1016/j.ejogrb.2005.03.023Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[39] Zlatnik MG, Cheng YW, Norton ME, Thiet M-P, Caughey AB. Placenta previa and the risk of preterm delivery. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2007;20:719–23.10.1080/14767050701530163Search in Google Scholar PubMed
The authors stated that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article.
©2014 by De Gruyter
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- The CROWN Initiative: journal editors invite researchers to develop core outcomes in women’s health
- Academy’s Corner
- Invasive or non-invasive prenatal genetic diagnosis?
- Original articles - Obstetrics
- Effect of depth on shear-wave elastography estimated in the internal and external cervical os during pregnancy
- Analysis of measurement process of placental volume in early pregnancy: an interobserver reliability study
- Acute pancreatitis in pregnancy: a comparison of associated conditions, treatments and complications
- Cesarean section and placental disorders in subsequent pregnancies – a meta-analysis
- Effect of magnesium sulfate and nifedipine on the risk of developing pulmonary edema in preterm births
- Prediction of preeclampsia by placental protein 13 and background risk factors and its prevention by aspirin
- Maternal and neonatal outcome of labour induction at term comparing two regimens of misoprostol
- Comparison of placental alpha microglobulin-1 in vaginal fluid with intra-amniotic injection of indigo carmine for the diagnosis of rupture of membranes
- Clinical differences between early- and late-onset severe preeclampsia and analysis of predictors for perinatal outcome
- Maternal serum placental growth factor and fetal SGA in pregnancy complicated by type 1 diabetes mellitus
- Original article – Fetus
- Imaging of fetal thymus in pregnant women with rheumatic diseases
- Original articles – Newborn
- Milk demystified by chemistry
- Absence of antibodies against Bordetella pertussis in pregnant women and newborns in the state of Nuevo Leon
- Mortality among sons of female dental personnel – a national cohort study
- IAPM Statements 2005–2012
- DECLARATIONS of the “International Academy of Perinatal Medicine” (IAPM)
- Congress Calendar
- Congress Calendar
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- The CROWN Initiative: journal editors invite researchers to develop core outcomes in women’s health
- Academy’s Corner
- Invasive or non-invasive prenatal genetic diagnosis?
- Original articles - Obstetrics
- Effect of depth on shear-wave elastography estimated in the internal and external cervical os during pregnancy
- Analysis of measurement process of placental volume in early pregnancy: an interobserver reliability study
- Acute pancreatitis in pregnancy: a comparison of associated conditions, treatments and complications
- Cesarean section and placental disorders in subsequent pregnancies – a meta-analysis
- Effect of magnesium sulfate and nifedipine on the risk of developing pulmonary edema in preterm births
- Prediction of preeclampsia by placental protein 13 and background risk factors and its prevention by aspirin
- Maternal and neonatal outcome of labour induction at term comparing two regimens of misoprostol
- Comparison of placental alpha microglobulin-1 in vaginal fluid with intra-amniotic injection of indigo carmine for the diagnosis of rupture of membranes
- Clinical differences between early- and late-onset severe preeclampsia and analysis of predictors for perinatal outcome
- Maternal serum placental growth factor and fetal SGA in pregnancy complicated by type 1 diabetes mellitus
- Original article – Fetus
- Imaging of fetal thymus in pregnant women with rheumatic diseases
- Original articles – Newborn
- Milk demystified by chemistry
- Absence of antibodies against Bordetella pertussis in pregnant women and newborns in the state of Nuevo Leon
- Mortality among sons of female dental personnel – a national cohort study
- IAPM Statements 2005–2012
- DECLARATIONS of the “International Academy of Perinatal Medicine” (IAPM)
- Congress Calendar
- Congress Calendar