Abstract
Objectives
To explore the experiences and perceptions of young adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) after they transferred care from a pediatric to an adult clinic, utilizing an organized transfer process that included a Diabetes Transition Clinic (DTC) and a transfer letter (TL).
Methods
This retrospective study used a semi-structured interview 1–1.5 years after transfer of care, which gathered both quantitative and qualitative data of young adults (n=12) who transferred care at an average age of 19.6 years, within a Midwest academic medical center. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used to analyze the data and to identify emerging themes.
Results
Most participants were worried about their transfer of care and found attending a DTC valuable. Most found the TL helpful in summarizing their diabetes care. Emerging themes demonstrated the importance of preparing the young adult for change, supporting their emotional journey, and developing connections with their new diabetes team.
Conclusions
For young adults with diabetes, the transfer of care from pediatric to adult is a time of apprehension. Incorporating a DTC and TL can facilitate this journey by preparing patients for change and developing ways to deepen connections with new providers.
Funding source: American Family Hospital and Clinics and the University of Wisconsin-Madison Pediatrics
Award Identifier / Grant number: 233-AAJ6714-536752-4
-
Research ethics: The University of Wisconsin-Madison IRB approved this study #2022-0890, with ethical approval granted on 8/1/24. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013).
-
Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from all individuals included in this study, or their legal guardians or wards.
-
Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
-
Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.
-
Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.
-
Research funding: This study was financially supported by American Family Children’s Hospital and the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Pediatric Faculty Research and Development Award: Number: 233-AAJ6714-536752-4.
-
Data availability: The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
1. McDowell, ME, Litchman, ML, Guo, JW. The transition experiences of adolescents with type 1 diabetes from paediatric to adult care providers. Child Care Health Dev 2020;46:692–702. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12798.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
2. Peters, A, Laffel, L, American Diabetes Association Transitions Working Group. Diabetes care for emerging adults: recommendations for transition from pediatric to adult diabetes care systems: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association, with representation by the American College of Osteopathic Family Physicians, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, the American Osteopathic Association, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Children with Diabetes, the Endocrine Society, the International. Diabetes Care 2011;34:2477–85. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-1723.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
3. Nakhla, M, Daneman, D, To, T, Paradis, G, Guttmann, A. Transition to adult care for youths with diabetes mellitus: findings from a universal health care system. Pediatrics 2009;124:e1134–41. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-0041.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
4. James, S, Gallagher, R, Dunbabin, J, Perry, L. Prevalence of vascular complications and factors predictive of their development in young adults with type 1 diabetes: systematic literature review. BMC Res Notes 2014;7:593. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-593.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
5. Jaiswal, M, Divers, J, Dabelea, D, Isom, S, Bell, RA, Martin, CL, et al.. Prevalence of and risk factors for diabetic peripheral neuropathy in youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: SEARCH for diabetes in youth study. Diabetes Care 2017;40:1226–32. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-0179.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
6. Buschur, EO, Glick, B, Kamboj, MK. Transition of care for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus from pediatric to adult health care systems. Transl Pediatr 2017;6:373–82. https://doi.org/10.21037/tp.2017.09.06.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
7. Campbell, F, Biggs, K, Aldiss, SK, O’Neill, PM, Clowes, M, McDonagh, J, et al.. Transition of care for adolescents from paediatric services to adult health services. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;4:CD009794. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009794.pub2.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
8. Garvey, KC, Foster, NC, Agarwal, S, DiMeglio, LA, Anderson, BJ, Corathers, SD, et al.. Health care transition preparation and experiences in a U.S. National sample of young adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2017;40:317–24. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc16-1729.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
9. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Aleppo, G, Bannuru, RR, Bruemmer, D, Collins, BS, Ekhlaspour, L, et al.. Children and adolescents: standards of care in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2024;47:S258–81. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc24-S014.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
10. Gregory, JW, Cameron, FJ, Joshi, K, Eiswirth, M, Garrett, C, Garvey, K, et al.. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: diabetes in adolescence. Pediatr Diabetes 2022;23:857–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.13408.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
11. Suris, JC, Akre, C. Key elements for, and indicators of, a successful transition: an international Delphi study. J Adolesc Health 2015;56:612–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.02.007.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
12. Chiang, Y, Tsay, P, Chen, C, Hsu, C, Yu, H, Chang, C, et al.. A Delphi study on the healthcare needs of patients with type 1 diabetes during the transition from adolescence to adulthood: consensus among patients, primary caregivers, and healthcare providers. Int J Environ Res Publ Health 2021;18:7149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137149.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
13. D’Amico, RP, Pian, TM, Buschur, EO. Transition from pediatric to adult care for individuals with type 1 diabetes: opportunities and challenges. Endocr Pract 2023;29:279–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eprac.2022.12.006.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
14. Little, JM, Odiaga, JA, Minutti, CZ. Implementation of a diabetes transition of care program. J Pediatr Health Care 2017;31:215–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2016.08.009.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
15. Agarwal, S, Garvey, KC, Raymond, JK, Schutta, MH. Perspectives on care for young adults with type 1 diabetes transitioning from pediatric to adult health systems: a national survey of pediatric endocrinologists. Pediatr Diabetes 2017;18:524–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12436.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
16. Lotstein, DS, Seid, M, Klingensmith, G, Case, D, Lawrence, JM, Pihoker, C, et al.. Transition from pediatric to adult care for youth diagnosed with type 1 diabetes in adolescence. Pediatrics 2013;131:e1062–70. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-1450.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
17. Kipps, S, Bahu, T, Ong, K, Ackland, FM, Brown, RS, Fox, CT, et al.. Current methods of transfer of young people with type 1 diabetes to adult services. Diabet Med 2002;19:649–54. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-5491.2002.00757.x.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
18. Garvey, KC, Beste, MG, Luff, D, Atakov-Castillo, A, Wolpert, HA, Ritholz, MD. Experiences of health care transition voiced by young adults with type 1 diabetes: a qualitative study. Adolesc Health Med Therapeut 2014;5:191–8. https://doi.org/10.2147/AHMT.S67943.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
19. Ladd, JM, Reeves-Latour, J, Dasgupta, K, Bell, LE, Anjachak, N, Nakhla, M. Toward a better understanding of transition from paediatric to adult care in type 1 diabetes: a qualitative study of adolescents. Diabet Med 2022;39:e14781. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.14781.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
20. Braun, V, Clarke, V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol 2006;3:77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.Suche in Google Scholar
21. Williams, S, Newhook, LAA, Power, H, Shulman, R, Smith, S, Chafe, R. Improving the transitioning of pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes into adult care by initiating a dedicated single session transfer clinic. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol 2020;6:11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40842-020-00099-z.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
22. White, P, Schmidt, A, Shorr, J, Ilango, S, Beck, D, McManus, M. Six Core Elements of Health Care Transition™ 3.0. Washington, DC: Got Transition, The National Alliance to Advance Adolescent Health; 2020.Suche in Google Scholar
23. Iyengar, J, Thomas, IH, Soleimanpour, SA. Transition from pediatric to adult care in emerging adults with type 1 diabetes: a blueprint for effective receivership. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol 2019;5:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40842-019-0078-7.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
24. The Endocrine Society. Transitions of care: managing pediatric to adult transitions of care. https://www.endocrine.org/improving-practice/transitions#t1d [Accessed 21 Nov 2024].Suche in Google Scholar
25. Kamoun, C, Khoury, JC, Beal, SJ, Crimmins, N, Corathers, SD. Opportunities for enhanced transition of care preparation for adolescents and emerging adults with type 1 diabetes: use of the READDY transition tool. Diabetes Spectr 2022;35:57–65. https://doi.org/10.2337/ds20-0104.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
26. Olsson, S, Otten, J, Blusi, M, Lundberg, E, Hörnsten, Å. Experiences of transition to adulthood and transfer to adult care in young adults with type 1 diabetes: a qualitative study. J Adv Nurs 2023;79:4621–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15740.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
27. Hooyman, A, Wulf, G, Lewthwaite, R. Impacts of autonomy-supportive versus controlling instructional language on motor learning. Hum Mov Sci 2014;36:190–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2014.04.005.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
28. Zurynski, Y, Carrigan, A, Meulenbroeks, I, Sarkies, MN, Dammery, G, Halim, N, et al.. Transition models of care for type 1 diabetes: a systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res 2023;23:779. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-09644-9.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
29. Patel, NJ, Datye, KA, Jaser, SS. Importance of patient–provider communication to adherence in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Healthcare 2018;6:30. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare6020030.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Original Articles
- Diabetes distress, depression, and future glycemic control among adolescents with type 1 diabetes
- Is oxytocin related to psychiatric symptoms in adolescents with obesity?
- Associations between body mass index and sleep duration in Brazilian children and adolescents: the moderating role of screen time
- The transfer of care experience in young adults with type 1 diabetes
- Assessing the efficacy of a hybrid closed loop system in a racial-ethnic minority cohort of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes
- Do children with type 1 diabetes mellitus remain protected against hepatitis B?
- Influence of excess weight on metabolic risk factors in Argentinian preschool children
- Causal associations between childhood obesity and delayed puberty or height: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study
- Differentiating true precocious puberty and puberty variants in consecutive 275 girls: a single center experience
- Development of bone mineral density and content in children with cerebral palsy: a retrospective, longitudinal study
- Insights in non-CAH pediatric primary adrenal insufficiency: a single-center experience from India
- Effect of empagliflozin treatment on laboratory and clinical findings of patients with glycogen storage disease type Ib: first study from Türkiye
- Clinical and laboratory characteristics of propionic acidemia in a Turkish cohort
- Short Communication
- The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on DKA severity in Black and White pediatric patients
- Case Reports
- Evinacumab as an adjunct to lipid apheresis in an infant with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia
- DNA ligase IV deficiency identified in a patient with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism: a case report
- Moebius syndrome and hypopituitarism: a case of multiple pituitary hormone deficiency and revision of the literature
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Original Articles
- Diabetes distress, depression, and future glycemic control among adolescents with type 1 diabetes
- Is oxytocin related to psychiatric symptoms in adolescents with obesity?
- Associations between body mass index and sleep duration in Brazilian children and adolescents: the moderating role of screen time
- The transfer of care experience in young adults with type 1 diabetes
- Assessing the efficacy of a hybrid closed loop system in a racial-ethnic minority cohort of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes
- Do children with type 1 diabetes mellitus remain protected against hepatitis B?
- Influence of excess weight on metabolic risk factors in Argentinian preschool children
- Causal associations between childhood obesity and delayed puberty or height: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study
- Differentiating true precocious puberty and puberty variants in consecutive 275 girls: a single center experience
- Development of bone mineral density and content in children with cerebral palsy: a retrospective, longitudinal study
- Insights in non-CAH pediatric primary adrenal insufficiency: a single-center experience from India
- Effect of empagliflozin treatment on laboratory and clinical findings of patients with glycogen storage disease type Ib: first study from Türkiye
- Clinical and laboratory characteristics of propionic acidemia in a Turkish cohort
- Short Communication
- The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on DKA severity in Black and White pediatric patients
- Case Reports
- Evinacumab as an adjunct to lipid apheresis in an infant with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia
- DNA ligase IV deficiency identified in a patient with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism: a case report
- Moebius syndrome and hypopituitarism: a case of multiple pituitary hormone deficiency and revision of the literature