Thrifty Genotypes and Phenotypes in the Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
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Ken K.L. Ong
ABSTRACT
Dramatically high rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) have been observed in historically undernourished, recently urbanized populations. A comparable model is the high risk of DM in individuals who were growth restrained in utero and subsequently catch up in size. While it is proposed that undernutrition may somehow adversely program metabolism, both models could also be explained by genotypes that promoted survival during earlier nutritional adversity but later add to the risk of DM. Our recent studies in a contemporary birth cohort have identified two different candidate thrifty genotypes. The insulin gene VNTR ΙII/ΙΙΙ genotype promotes fetal growth and historically could thereby have enhanced survival during infancy. In contrast, the maternally inherited 16189 mitochondrial DNA variant is associated with restrained fetal growth and may therefore enhance the likelihood of maternal survival. Both genotypes are associated with an increased risk of adult type 2 DM in historical cohorts. However, the development of DM in individuals from contemporary birth cohorts may prove to be influenced more by genetic and other early determinants of childhood obesity.
© 2014 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Titelei
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- Foreword
- What Happens When Growth Hormone is Discontinued at Completion of Growth? Metabolic Aspects
- Growth Hormone Deficiency and Peak Bone Mass
- Optimal Strategy for Management of Pituitary Disease in the Growth Hormone-Deficient Teenager
- Ethical Dilemmas in Pediatric Endocrinology: Growth Hormone for Short Normal Children
- Evidence-Based Approach to Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy in Adults, with Special Emphasis on Body Composition
- Evidence-Based Growth Hormone Therapy Prediction Models
- New Paradigms for Growth Hormone Treatment in the 21st Century: Prediction Models
- Role of Insulin-like Growth Factor Monitoring in Optimizing Growth Hormone Therapy
- Knockout Mice Challenge Our Concepts of Glucose Homeostasis and the Pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus
- Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children: Pathophysiology and Risk Factors
- Emergence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children: Epidemiological Evidence
- Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents
- Diagnosis of Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young in the Pediatric Diabetes Clinic
- Thrifty Genotypes and Phenotypes in the Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
- Estradiol: A Protective Factor in the Adult Brain
- Estrogen Treatment and Estrogen Suppression: Metabolic Effects in Adolescence
- Estrogen, Bone, Growth and Sex: A Sea Change in Conventional Wisdom
- Route-Dependent Endocrine and Metabolic Effects of Estrogen Replacement Therapy
- Telomerase and the Cellular Lifespan: Implications for the Aging Process
- Human Aging and Progeria
- A Role for the Somatotropic Axis in Neural Development, Injury and Disease
- Hypothalamic Growth Hormone-Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Axis across the Human Life Span
- The Lost Voice: A History of the Castrato
- SELECTED POSTER ABSTRACTS
- GROWTH. FETAL GROWTH. SGA
- SYNDROMES: TURNER. PRADER-WILLI. NOONAN. PHP. OTHERS
- GHD. HYPOPITUITARISM. KIGS
- METABOLIC. GENETIC. ADULT. ACROMEGALY
- GH. IGF. IGFBPs
- GROWTH IN SYSTEMIC DISEASE. CRI. RICKETS. STEROIDS
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Titelei
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- Foreword
- What Happens When Growth Hormone is Discontinued at Completion of Growth? Metabolic Aspects
- Growth Hormone Deficiency and Peak Bone Mass
- Optimal Strategy for Management of Pituitary Disease in the Growth Hormone-Deficient Teenager
- Ethical Dilemmas in Pediatric Endocrinology: Growth Hormone for Short Normal Children
- Evidence-Based Approach to Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy in Adults, with Special Emphasis on Body Composition
- Evidence-Based Growth Hormone Therapy Prediction Models
- New Paradigms for Growth Hormone Treatment in the 21st Century: Prediction Models
- Role of Insulin-like Growth Factor Monitoring in Optimizing Growth Hormone Therapy
- Knockout Mice Challenge Our Concepts of Glucose Homeostasis and the Pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus
- Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children: Pathophysiology and Risk Factors
- Emergence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children: Epidemiological Evidence
- Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents
- Diagnosis of Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young in the Pediatric Diabetes Clinic
- Thrifty Genotypes and Phenotypes in the Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
- Estradiol: A Protective Factor in the Adult Brain
- Estrogen Treatment and Estrogen Suppression: Metabolic Effects in Adolescence
- Estrogen, Bone, Growth and Sex: A Sea Change in Conventional Wisdom
- Route-Dependent Endocrine and Metabolic Effects of Estrogen Replacement Therapy
- Telomerase and the Cellular Lifespan: Implications for the Aging Process
- Human Aging and Progeria
- A Role for the Somatotropic Axis in Neural Development, Injury and Disease
- Hypothalamic Growth Hormone-Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Axis across the Human Life Span
- The Lost Voice: A History of the Castrato
- SELECTED POSTER ABSTRACTS
- GROWTH. FETAL GROWTH. SGA
- SYNDROMES: TURNER. PRADER-WILLI. NOONAN. PHP. OTHERS
- GHD. HYPOPITUITARISM. KIGS
- METABOLIC. GENETIC. ADULT. ACROMEGALY
- GH. IGF. IGFBPs
- GROWTH IN SYSTEMIC DISEASE. CRI. RICKETS. STEROIDS
