UWOC performance based on dual polarization and raised cosine filter
-
Jabbar K. Mohammed
und
Riyadh Mansoor
Abstract
In underwater optical communications (UWOC) systems, when an optical signal encounters scattering objects or reflects off other underwater bodies before reaching the detector, it ultimately results in the scattering of waveform time and time spreading, which decreases the data rate due to inter-symbol interference (ISI). This paper proposes using a simple transmitter for pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) combined with dual-polarization (DP), and a raised cosine filter (RCF) is utilized at the receiver. The main goal of this system is to double the data rate capacity for features of DP, improve the bit error rate (BER), and ensure an optimized coverage range for the capabilities of mitigating symbol interferences. Different attenuation cases for the proposed system are examined based on water turbidity. In addition, the proposed system is evaluated in different worse cases, such as in turbulences, channel delay, and the different inclination angle and roll-off factors. However, it can reach an acceptable coverage distance of 7 m for turbid water while it increases to 72 m for pure water at BER = 10−6.
-
Research ethics: Not applicable.
-
Informed consent: Not applicable.
-
Author contributions: The author conceived and designed the study, collected and analyzed the data, and wrote the paper.
-
Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.
-
Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Data availability: The corresponding author will provide the datasets and curves produced during the current investigation upon reasonable request.
References
1. Rong, Y, Nordholm, S, Duncan, A. On the capacity of underwater optical wireless communication systems [internet]. In: 2021 fifth underwater communications and networking conference (UComms). IEEE; 2021:1–4 pp. Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9598156/.10.1109/UComms50339.2021.9598156Suche in Google Scholar
2. Qi, Z, Zhao, X, Pompili, D. Polarized OFDM-based pulse position modulation for high-speed wireless optical underwater communications. IEEE Trans Commun 2023;71:7163–73. https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2023.3315313.Suche in Google Scholar
3. Hameed, SM. UOWC performance based on GMSK modulation. J Opt Commun 2025;46:209–14. https://doi.org/10.1515/joc-2022-0263.Suche in Google Scholar
4. Chen, H, Lin, T, Huang, F, Li, S, Tang, X, Xie, R-J. Laser-driven high-brightness green light for underwater wireless optical communication. Adv Opt Mater [Internet] 2022;10:2200836. https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.202200836.Suche in Google Scholar
5. Nootz, G, Jarosz, E, Dalgleish, FR, Hou, W. Quantification of optical turbulence in the ocean and its effects on beam propagation. Appl Opt [Internet] 2016;55:8813. https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.55.008813.Suche in Google Scholar
6. Li, D-C, Chen, C-C, Liaw, S-K, Afifah, S, Sung, J-Y, Yeh, C-H. Performance evaluation of underwater wireless optical communication system by varying the environmental parameters. Photonics [Internet] 2021;8:74. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8030074.Suche in Google Scholar
7. Singh, M, Singh, ML, Singh, R. Performance enhancement of 112 Gbps UWOC link by mitigating the air bubbles induced turbulence with coherent detection MIMO DP-16QAM and advanced digital signal processing. Optik (Stuttg) [Internet] 2022;259:168986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2022.168986.Suche in Google Scholar
8. Geldard, CT, Butler, IME, Popoola, WO. Beyond 10 Gbps in hostile underwater optical wireless communication channel conditions using polarisation division multiplexing. J Lightwave Technol 2024;42:4444–53. https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2024.3373328.Suche in Google Scholar
9. Palitharathna, KWS, Godaliyadda, RI, Herath, VR, Suraweera, HA. Relay-assisted optical wireless communications in turbid water [Internet]. In: Proceedings of the thirteenth ACM International Conference on Underwater Networks & Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM; 2018:1–5 pp.10.1145/3291940.3291984Suche in Google Scholar
10. Guo, Y, Wang, X, Fu, M. QAM–OFDM transmission in underwater wireless optical communication system with limited resolution DAC. Opt Quantum Electron [Internet] 2020;52:419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02529-9.Suche in Google Scholar
11. Sajmath, PK, Ravi, RV. Beamforming based underwater wireless optical communication systems. In: Proc 4th Int Conf Commun Electron Syst ICCES 2019 (ICCES). IEEE; 2019:1289–93 pp.10.1109/ICCES45898.2019.9002249Suche in Google Scholar
12. Zhang, J, Fan, F, Zeng, J, Wang, J. Prototype system for underwater wireless optical communications employing orbital angular momentum multiplexing. Opt Express [Internet] 2021;29:35570. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.442728.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
13. Chaudhary, S, Sharma, A, Khichar, S, Shah, S, Ullah, R, Parnianifard, A, et al.. A salinity-impact analysis of polarization division multiplexing-based underwater optical wireless communication system with high-speed data transmission. J Sens Actuator Netw 2023;12. https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan12050072.Suche in Google Scholar
14. Azzawi, HM, Ali, AH, Gitaffa, SA, Kadhim, SA, Azawi, HA. Performance evaluation of dual polarization coherent detection optical for next generation of UWOC systems [Internet]. In: 2020 International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (CSASE). IEEE; 2020:117–22 pp. Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9142086/.10.1109/CSASE48920.2020.9142086Suche in Google Scholar
15. Singh, M, Atieh, A, Anand, G, Aly, MH, Abd El-Mottaleb, SA. Underwater optical wireless communication system based on dual polarization states with optical code division multiple access: performance evaluation. Opt Quantum Electron [Internet] 2024;56:595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-06192-8.Suche in Google Scholar
16. Singh, M, Abd El-Mottaleb, SA, Atieh, A, Aly, MH. Performance analysis of 80 Gbps underwater optical wireless communications system based on dual-polarization-16-quadrature amplitude modulation-orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing signals. Opt Eng [Internet] 2024;63:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.63.7.078105.Suche in Google Scholar
17. Boluda-Ruiz, R, Rico-Pinazo, P, Castillo-Vazquez, B, Garcia-Zambrana, A, Qaraqe, K. Impulse response modeling of underwater optical scattering channels for wireless communication. IEEE Photonics J [Internet] 2020;12:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1109/jphot.2020.3012302.Suche in Google Scholar
18. Zedini, E, Oubei, HM, Kammoun, A, Hamdi, M, Ooi, BS, Alouini, M-S. Unified statistical channel model for turbulence-induced fading in underwater wireless optical communication systems. IEEE Trans Commun [Internet] 2019;67:2893–907. https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2019.2891542.Suche in Google Scholar
19. Al-Zhrani, S, Bedaiwi, NM, El-Ramli, IF, Barasheed, AZ, Abduldaiem, A, Al-Hadeethi, Y, et al.. Underwater optical communications: a brief overview and recent developments. Eng Sci [Internet] 2021;16:146–86.10.30919/es8d574Suche in Google Scholar
20. Monteiro, M, Stari, C, Cabeza, C, Martí, AC. The polarization of light and malus’ law using smartphones. Phys Teach [Internet] 2017;55:264–6. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.4981030.Suche in Google Scholar
21. Hameed, SM, Mohammed, JK, Abdulsatar, SM. Performance of adaptive M-PAM modulation for FSO systems based on end-to-end learning. J Opt 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-024-01914-x.Suche in Google Scholar
22. Durrant, R, Kennedy, WP. Experimental results of an optical 20-Mbps bipolar coded raised cosine digital communications link [Internet]. Proc SPIE.F 1990:374–84. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.18203.Suche in Google Scholar
23. Roy, A, Doherty, JF. Raised cosine filter-based empirical mode decomposition. IET Signal Process 2011;5:121–9. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-spr.2009.0207.Suche in Google Scholar
24. Adnan, SA, Hassan, HA, Alchalaby, A, Kadhim, AC. Experimental study of underwater wireless optical communication from clean water to turbid harbor under various conditions. Int J Des Nat Ecodyn 2021;16:219–26. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.160212.Suche in Google Scholar
25. Peppas, KP, Boucouvalas, AC, Ghassemloy, Z. Performance of underwater optical wireless communication with multi-pulse pulse-position modulation receivers and spatial diversity. IET Optoelectron 2017;11:180–5. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-opt.2016.0130.Suche in Google Scholar
© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
