Impairments Computation for Routing Purposes in a Transparent-Access Optical Network Based on Optical CDMA and WDM
-
Ahmed Musa
Abstract
Optical access networks are becoming more widespread and the use of multiple services might require a transparent optical network (TON). Multiplexing and privacy could benefit from the combination of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and optical coding (OC) and wavelength conversion in optical switches. The routing process needs to be cognizant of different resource types and characteristics such as fiber types, fiber linear impairments such as attenuation, dispersion, etc. as well as fiber nonlinear impairments such as four-wave mixing, cross-phase modulation, etc. Other types of impairments, generated by optical nodes or photonic switches, also affect the signal quality (Q) or the optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR), which is related to the bit error rate (BER). Therefore, both link and switch impairments must be addressed and somehow incorporated into the routing algorithm. However, it is not practical to fully integrate all photonic-specific attributes in the routing process. In this study, new routing parameters and constraints are defined that reflect the distinct characteristics of photonic networking. These constraints are applied to the design phase of TON and expressed as a cost or metric form that will be used in the network routing algorithm.
References
[1] Pachnicke S, Luck N, Krummrich P. Online physical-layer impairment-aware routing with quality of transmission constraints in translucent optical networks. IEEE International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON 2009), Ponta Delgada, Portugal, June 2009.10.1109/ICTON.2009.5185064Search in Google Scholar
[2] Shadaram M, Musa A, Gonzalez V, Medrano J. Routing algorithm using the flooding mechanism in a hybrid optical-CDMA and WDM all-optical network. J Opt Fiber Technol 2007;13:149–55.10.1016/j.yofte.2006.11.003Search in Google Scholar
[3] Azodolmolky S, Klinkowski M, Marin E, Careglio D, Pareta J, Tomkos I. A survey on physical layer impairments aware routing and wavelength assignment algorithms in optical networks. Comput Networks: Int J Comput Telecommun Networking 2009;53:926–44.10.1016/j.comnet.2008.11.014Search in Google Scholar
[4] Daniel AR, Chaves DO, Aguiar CJ, Bastos Filho A, Martins-Filho JF. Fast and adaptive impairment aware routing and wavelength assignment algorithm optimized by offline simulations. Opt Switching Networking 2010;7:127–38.10.1016/j.osn.2010.05.001Search in Google Scholar
[5] Chang F, Salmanian M. Routing requirements in photonic networks. Available at: http://www.nortelnetworks.com/corporate/programs/opt_planning/collateral/nfoec_photonic_routing_03.pdfSearch in Google Scholar
[6] Nguyen T, et al. “Dynamic lightpath setup solution based on 2-bit coded lambda state for WDM-routed networks,” OFC, FA4 (2003).10.1109/OFC.2003.316141Search in Google Scholar
[7] Cartledge JC, Downie JD. Long-haul performance of 112 Gb/s PM-QPSK: implications of enhanced optical fiber transmission properties. J Lightwave Technol 2012;30:3771–8.10.1109/JLT.2012.2205898Search in Google Scholar
[8] Downie JD, et al. Transmission of 112 Gb/s PM-QPSK Signals over 7200 km of Optical Fiber with Very Large Effective Area and Ultra-Low Loss in 100 km Spans with EDFAs Only. OFC 2011, paper OMI6 (2011).10.1364/OFC.2011.OMI6Search in Google Scholar
[9] Sleiffer V, et al. 73.7 Tb/s (96X3x256-Gb/s) mode-division-multiplexed DP-16QAM transmission with inline MM-EDFA. European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication, Optical Society of America, June 2012.10.1364/ECEOC.2012.Th.3.C.4Search in Google Scholar
[10] Rahbar AG. Dynamic impairment-aware RWA in multi-fiber wavelength-routed all-optical networks supporting class-based traffic. IEEE J Opt Commun Networking 2010;2:915–27.10.1364/JOCN.2.000915Search in Google Scholar
[11] Azodolmolky S, et al. A dynamic impairment-aware networking solution for transparent mesh optical networks. IEEE Commun Mag 2009;47:38–47.10.1109/MCOM.2009.4939275Search in Google Scholar
[12] Pachnicke S. Fiber-optic transmission networks: efficient design and dynamic operation. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2012.10.1007/978-3-642-21055-6Search in Google Scholar
[13] Haung Y, Wen W, Hertiage J, Mukherjee B. Signal-quality consideration for dynamic connection provisioning in all-optical wavelength-routed networks. Available at: http://networks.cs.ucdavis.edu/publications/2003_yrhuang_2003-07-17_06_07_05.pdf, Feb. 2004.Search in Google Scholar
[14] Ming-Kang Liu M. Principles and applications of optical communications. Irwin, McGraw-Hill, 1996.Search in Google Scholar
[15] Strand J, Chiu AL, Tkack R. Issues for routing in the optical layer. IEEE Commun Mag 2001;39:81–7.10.1109/35.900635Search in Google Scholar
[16] Keiser G. Optical fiber communications. 3rd Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000.Search in Google Scholar
[17] Bernstein G, Rajagopalan B, Saha D. Optical network control: architecture, protocols, and standards. Boston, MA: Addison–Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., 2003.Search in Google Scholar
[18] Peterson L, Davie B. Computer networks. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 2000.Search in Google Scholar
[19] http://www.hitachi-cable.co.jp/en/review/22/pdf/h-01.pdf. Accessed September 26, 2011.Search in Google Scholar
[20] http://www.lanl.gov/lanp/WDM/Gigabit-networking.html. Accessed December 2011.Search in Google Scholar
[21] http://www.corning.com/docs/opticalfiber/AN7079.pdf#search='E%20Alan%20Dowdell. Accessed January 2012.Search in Google Scholar
[22] Papadimitriou D, Penninckx D. Physical routing impairments in wavelength-switched optical networks. Business Briefing: Global Optical Communication, 2002.Search in Google Scholar
[23] Jackson T, Hahn T, Lin W, Wolff RS, Mumey B. Bit error rate reduction by power shaping in WDM networks with EDFAs. Opt Fiber Technol 2009;15:425–30.10.1016/j.yofte.2009.07.002Search in Google Scholar
[24] Medrano J. Dual stage optical multi-protocol label switching using out-of-band wavelength and code properties. PhD dissertation, University of Texas at El Paso, November 2005.10.1109/TPSD.2006.5507431Search in Google Scholar
[25] http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.692-199810-I/en. Accessed February 2013.Search in Google Scholar
[26] Ciavattone L, Morton A, Ramachandran G. Standardized active measurements on a tier 1 IP backbone. IEEE Commun Mag 2003;41:90–7.10.1109/MCOM.2003.1204753Search in Google Scholar
[27] Kakekhani A, Rahbar AG. CRE: A novel QoT-aware routing and wavelength assignment algorithm in all-optical networks. Opt Fiber Technol 2011;17:145–55.10.1016/j.yofte.2011.01.004Search in Google Scholar
[28] ITU-T G.975. Forward error correction for submarine systems. October 2000.Search in Google Scholar
[29] Medrano J, Gonzalez V, Musa A, Shadaram M. Architecture of a dual stage optical label switch using out-of-band wavelength and code optical properties. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron 2007;13:1568–78.10.1109/JSTQE.2007.905504Search in Google Scholar
©2016 by De Gruyter
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Devices
- The Design of Vibration Sensing System Used for the Internet of Things
- All-Optical NAND Gate Based on Nonlinear Photonic Crystal Ring Resonators
- Misalignment Consideration in Laser Diode to Circular Core Single-Mode Dispersion-Shifted/Dispersion-Flattened Fiber Excitation via Hemispherical Microlens on the Tip of the Fiber
- Electro-optic Mach-Zehnder Interferometer based Optical Digital Magnitude Comparator and 1’s Complement Calculator
- Transmission of Duobinary Signal in Optical 40 GHz Millimeter-Wave Radio-Over-Fiber Systems Utilizing Dual-Arm LiNbO3 Mach–Zehnder Modulator for Downstream
- An Optical Packet Switch with Recirculation Limited Range Wavelength Converter Groups and Recirculation Optical Buffers
- Fibers
- Simplified Loss Estimation of Splice to Photonic Crystal Fiber using New Model
- Lasers
- Bifurcation, Locking and Quasi-Period Synchronization in a Round-Coupling Laser System
- Mesurement
- Accurate Fiber Length Measurement Using Time-of-Flight Technique
- Networks
- Comparative Study of Triple-Clad Dispersion-Shifted, Dispersion-Flattened and Dispersion-Compensated Fiber for Broadband Optical Network Application
- Impairments Computation for Routing Purposes in a Transparent-Access Optical Network Based on Optical CDMA and WDM
- Design of an All-Optical Network Based on LCoS Technologies
- Systems
- Construction and Analysis of Novel 2-D Optical Orthogonal Codes Based on Extended Quadratic Congruence Codes and Modified One-Coincidence Sequence
- Successive Interference Cancellation for DS-Optical PPM-CDMA Systems
- Theory
- Performance Analysis of Different Modulation Formats in Optical Communication
- Analysis of the Performance of a PAM/PPM/OOK System Operating with OCDMA, under Nonlinear Optical Effects in Optical Fiber Propagation
- Performance Analysis of Hybrid PON (WDM-TDM) with Equal and Unequal Channel Spacing
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Devices
- The Design of Vibration Sensing System Used for the Internet of Things
- All-Optical NAND Gate Based on Nonlinear Photonic Crystal Ring Resonators
- Misalignment Consideration in Laser Diode to Circular Core Single-Mode Dispersion-Shifted/Dispersion-Flattened Fiber Excitation via Hemispherical Microlens on the Tip of the Fiber
- Electro-optic Mach-Zehnder Interferometer based Optical Digital Magnitude Comparator and 1’s Complement Calculator
- Transmission of Duobinary Signal in Optical 40 GHz Millimeter-Wave Radio-Over-Fiber Systems Utilizing Dual-Arm LiNbO3 Mach–Zehnder Modulator for Downstream
- An Optical Packet Switch with Recirculation Limited Range Wavelength Converter Groups and Recirculation Optical Buffers
- Fibers
- Simplified Loss Estimation of Splice to Photonic Crystal Fiber using New Model
- Lasers
- Bifurcation, Locking and Quasi-Period Synchronization in a Round-Coupling Laser System
- Mesurement
- Accurate Fiber Length Measurement Using Time-of-Flight Technique
- Networks
- Comparative Study of Triple-Clad Dispersion-Shifted, Dispersion-Flattened and Dispersion-Compensated Fiber for Broadband Optical Network Application
- Impairments Computation for Routing Purposes in a Transparent-Access Optical Network Based on Optical CDMA and WDM
- Design of an All-Optical Network Based on LCoS Technologies
- Systems
- Construction and Analysis of Novel 2-D Optical Orthogonal Codes Based on Extended Quadratic Congruence Codes and Modified One-Coincidence Sequence
- Successive Interference Cancellation for DS-Optical PPM-CDMA Systems
- Theory
- Performance Analysis of Different Modulation Formats in Optical Communication
- Analysis of the Performance of a PAM/PPM/OOK System Operating with OCDMA, under Nonlinear Optical Effects in Optical Fiber Propagation
- Performance Analysis of Hybrid PON (WDM-TDM) with Equal and Unequal Channel Spacing