Startseite A Hydrogen-fueled hybrid system based on HT-PEMFCs for simultaneous electrical power generation and high-value heat storage
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A Hydrogen-fueled hybrid system based on HT-PEMFCs for simultaneous electrical power generation and high-value heat storage

  • Houcheng Zhang ORCID logo , Han Wang EMAIL logo , Min Kuang und Yejian Xue EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 29. Juli 2025
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Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics
Aus der Zeitschrift Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics

Abstract

High-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) inherently produce waste heat, leading to component degradation, increased cooling demands, and reduced efficiency and longevity. To mitigate these challenges, this study introduces isopropanol-acetone-hydrogen chemical heat pumps (IAH-CHPs), selected for their proven ability to efficiently upgrade and store the waste heat from HT-PEMFCs in a high-value form. Grounded in thermodynamic and electrochemical principles, a comprehensive mathematical model, incorporating key irreversible losses, is developed to evaluate the potential. Numerical calculations predict a 29 % increase in the hybrid system’s maximum power density compared to a standalone HT-PEMFC operating at 443 K, along with corresponding enhancements of 14.17 % in energy efficiency and 14.16 % in exergy efficiency. Preliminary predictions confirm the feasibility of this approach, and the optimal operating ranges for maximizing power density are identified. Additionally, exhaustive parametric studies reveal the impacts of various structural and operational parameters – such as leakage current density, phosphoric acid doping, relative humidity, operating temperatures, and critical factors within the heat pump cycle – on the system’s thermodynamic performance and key current density indicators. Local sensitivity analyses highlight effective performance regulation strategies. These results provide essential insights for mitigating waste heat challenges, enhancing system efficiency, and extending the operational lifespan for HT-PEMFCs.

Keywords: high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell; isopropanol-acetone-hydrogen chemical heat pump; system integration; waste heat upgrading; combined heat and power
Corresponding authors: Han Wang, School of New Energy, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, 315211, China; and Ningbo Key Laboratory of Green Shipping Technology, Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China, E-mail: ; and Yejian Xue, School of New Energy, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, 315211, China, E-mail: 

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from all individuals included in this study, or their legal guardians or wards.

  3. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: This work has been supported by the Baima Lake Laboratory Joint Funds of the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. LBMHY24B060004.

  7. Data availability: Date will be made available on request.

Nomenclature

A

Effective electrode area of HT-PEMFC (cm−2)

A Le

Heat-leak area (cm−2)

A re

Heat transfer area of the regenerator # 1 (cm−2)

C pa

Specific heat of gaseous acetone (J mol−1 K−1)

C pal

Specific heat of liquid acetone (J mol−1 K−1)

C pk

Specific heat of hydrogen (J mol−1 K−1)

C pp

Specific heat of gaseous isopropanol (J mol−1 K−1)

C ppl

Specific heat of liquid isopropanol (J mol−1 K−1)

d

Total molar flow rate of isopropanol and acetone entering exothermic reactors (mol s −1)

DL

Phosphoric acid doping level

E act

Activation overpotential (V)

E con

Concentration overpotential (V)

E ohm

Ohmic overpotential (V)

E re

Reversible cell potential in HT-PEMFCs (V)

ExD HT-PEMFC

Exergy destruction rate of HT-PEMFC (W)

E x D HT − PEMFC *

Exergy destruction rate density of HT-PEMFC (W cm−2)

E x D HT − PEMFC , P *

Exergy destruction rate density of HT-PEMFC at j HT-PEMFC,P (W cm−2)

ExD HY

Exergy destruction rate of the hybrid system (W)

E x D HY *

Exergy destruction rate density of the hybrid system (W cm−2)

E x D HY , C *

Exergy destruction rate density of the hybrid system at j C (W cm−2)

E x D HY , P *

Exergy destruction rate density of the hybrid system at j P (W cm−2)

ExD IAH-CHP

Exergy destruction rate of IAH chemical heat pump (W)

E x D IAH − CHP *

Exergy destruction rate density of IAH chemical heat pump (W cm−2)

F

Faraday’s constant (C mol−1)

j

Operating current density of HT-PEMFC (A cm−2)

j 0

Exchange current density in the electrodes of the HT-PEMFC (A cm−2)

j C

Minimum operating current density allowing IAH chemical heat pump to work (A cm−2)

j Lc

Limiting current density (A cm−2)

j m

Maximum operating current density allowing IAH chemical heat pump to work (A cm−2)

j P

Operating current density of the hybrid system at P H Y , ⁡ max * (A cm−2)

K Le

Heat-leak coefficient (J cm−2 K−1 s−1)

K re

Heat-transfer coefficient of the regenerator # 1 (J cm−2 K−1 s−1)

m a

Molar fraction of acetone in the total molar quantity of isopropanol and acetone before the exothermic reaction

n a

Molar fraction of acetone in the total molar quantity of isopropanol and acetone after the exothermic reaction

n e

Number of electrons

P HY

Output power of the hybrid system (W)

P H Y *

Output power density of the hybrid system (W cm−2)

P HT-PEMFC

Output power of HT-PEMFC (W)

P HT-PEMFC,max

Maximum power density of HT-PEMFC (W cm−2)

P HY , C *

Power density of the hybrid system at j C (W cm−2)

P H 2

Partial pressure of H 2 (atm)

P H 2 O

Partial pressure of H 2 O (atm)

P IAH-CHP

Power output of the IAH chemical heat pump (W)

P HY , ⁡ max *

Maximum power density of the hybrid system (W cm−2)

P O 2

Partial pressure of O 2 (atm)

Q • C

Heat load rate from the condenser at temperature T C (J s−1)

Q • D

Heat rate of the endothermic reaction (J s−1)

Q • EL

Rate of heat absorbed by the effluent of the reboiler flowing into the endothermic reactor (J s−1)

Q • EH

Rate of heat absorbed by the effluent of the regenerator # 2 flowing into the exothermic reactor (J s−1)

Q • F

Heat rate of the exothermic reaction (J s−1)

Q • H

Rate of heat released by the exothermic reactor (J s−1)

Q • L

Total heat consumed per unit time by the endothermic reactor and the distillation process (J s−1)

Q • Le

Heat leakage rate from HT-PEMFC to environment (J s−1)

Q • R

Heat load rate from the reboiler at temperature T R during the distillation reflux process (J s−1)

Q • re

Regenerative losses heat of the regenerator # 1 (J s−1)

Q • W

Rate of heat from HT-PEMFC to IAH chemical heat pump (J s−1)

R

Reflux ratio

R g

Universal gas constant (J mol−1 K−1)

RH

relative humidity

r L

Isopropanol conversion ratio in the endothermic reactor

r H

Acetone conversion ratio in the exothermic reactor

T

Operating temperature of HT-PEMFC (K)

T 0

Environment temperature (K)

T C

Temperature of the condense (K)

T H

Temperature of the exothermic reaction (K)

T H,i

Inlet temperature of reactions in the exothermic reactor (K)

T L

Temperature of the IAH chemical heat pump endothermic reactor (K)

T Bp-a

Boiling point temperature of acetone (K)

T Bp-p

Boiling point temperature of isopropanol (K)

T R

Temperature of the reboiler (K)

t mem

Membrane thickness (cm)

U

Voltage output of HT-PEMFC (V)

w

Total molar flow rate of isopropanol and acetone entering endothermic reactor (mol s−1)

x a

Molar fraction of acetone in the total molar quantity of isopropanol and acetone before the endothermic reaction

x h

Molar ratio of hydrogen to acetone in the exothermic reactor before the exothermic reaction

x a

Molar fraction of acetone in the total molar quantity of isopropanol and acetone after the endothermic reaction

Greek symbols

β

Effectiveness of the regenerator # 1

β 1

Constant dependent of P H 2 and P O 2

Δ G •

Total Gibbs free energy change rate for the reaction inside HT-PEMFC (J s−1)

ΔG L (T L ))

Standard Gibbs free energy change for the endothermic reaction at temperature T L (J mol−1)

ΔG H (T H )

Standard Gibbs free energy change for the exothermic reaction at temperature T H (J mol−1)

Δ g f 0

Standard molar Gibbs free energy change (C mol−1)

Δ H •

Total enthalpy change rate for the reaction inside HT-PEMFC (J s−1)

ΔH H

Exothermic reaction enthalpy (J mol−1)

ΔH L

Endothermic reaction enthalpy (J mol−1)

Δh

Standard molar enthalpy change (J mol−1)

Δ S •

Total entropy change rate for the reaction inside HT-PEMFC (J K−1 s−1)

Δs 0

Standard molar entropy change (J mol−1)

ε

Efficiency of the regenerator in the heat pump system

η HY

Efficiency of the hybrid system

η HT-PEMFC

Efficiency of HT-PEMFC

η IAH-CHP

Efficiency of IAH chemical heat pump

η HY,C

Efficiency of the hybrid system at j C

η HY,P

Efficiency of the hybrid system at P H Y , ⁡ max *

η HT-PEMFC,P

Efficiency of the hybrid system at P H T − P E M F C , ⁡ max *

φ HT-PEMFC

Exergy efficiency of HT-PEMFC

φ HT-PEMFC,P

Exergy efficiency of HT-PEMFC at j HT-PEMFC,P

φ HY

Exergy efficiency of the hybrid system

φ HY,C

Exergy efficiency of the hybrid system at j C

φ HY,P

Exergy efficiency of the hybrid system at j P

φ IAH-CHP

Exergy efficiency of IAH chemical heat pump

ω

Improvement coefficient of the maximum output power density of the hybrid system relative to that of the single fuel cell

Subscripts

Act

Activation

Con

Concentration

C

Condenser

H

High

HT

High-Temperature

HY

Hybrid system

L

Low

Le

Leak

Max

Maximum

Ohm

Ohmic

W

Waste heat

*

Unit area

·

Unit time

Acronyms

CHP

Chemical heat pump

HFC

Hydrogen fuel cell

IAH

Isopropanol-acetone-hydrogen

IAH-CHP

Isopropanol-acetone-hydrogen chemical heat pump

PEMFC

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell

HT-PEMFC

High-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell

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Received: 2024-12-24
Accepted: 2025-06-20
Published Online: 2025-07-29

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

https://doi.org/10.1515/jnet-2024-0122
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell; isopropanol-acetone-hydrogen chemical heat pump; system integration; waste heat upgrading; combined heat and power
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