Abstract
In this paper, I argue that the koine formation process is better understood when placed in a national context of language norms and use. Researchers often state that in cases of koine formation, where a koine forms within the same speech community from which the speakers originate – for instance within the same nation – the process will be influenced by that same speech community. Yet, most research on koine formation focusses on the local level, such as the levelling between the language variants of the incomers or the negotiations of power between social classes in the new town. The empirical data presented in this paper, collected in the Norwegian industrial town of Sauda, show that the historical context of language norms and use on the national level has influenced the process on the local level. This influence can be demonstrated by the variants that go into the so-called mix, as well as by the direction on the formation and the outcome of the focussing process. The mechanistic view that the majority variant always wins does not fit the facts presented here. I also hypothesise that since the koine formation process stretches out in time, the context of language norms and use may change during that period, and this sociocultural change may cause the formation process to change direction.
References
Aarthun, Tronn. 1973. Befolkningsutvikling og endringer av den yrkesmessige struktur i Sauda 1900–1920 [Population development and changes in structure of the labour force in Sauda 1900–1920]. Bergen: University of Bergen hovedfag [corresponds to MA thesis].Suche in Google Scholar
Akselberg, Gunnstein. 2005. Dialects and regional varieties in the 20th century II: Norway. In Oscar Bandle, Kurt Braunmüller, Ernst Håkon Jahr, Allan Karker, Hans-Peter Naumann, Ulf Telemann, Lennart Elmevik & Gun Vidmark (eds.), The Nordic languages. An international handbook of the history of the North Germanic languages, 1707–1721. Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter.Suche in Google Scholar
Berntsen, Mandius & Amund B. Larsen. 1925. Stavanger bymål [Stavanger urban dialect]. Oslo: Bymaalslaget, Aschehoug.Suche in Google Scholar
Bjørkum, Andreas. 1974. Generasjonsskilnad i indresognsmål: Talemålet i industribygdi Årdal og dei fire næraste jordbruksbygdene [Generational differences in dialects in Indre Sogn. The dialect of the industrial town Årdal and the four closest agricultural villages]. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.Suche in Google Scholar
Britain, David. 2012. Koineization and cake baking: Reflections on methods in dialect contact research. In Volker Gast, Andrea Ender & Adrian Leemann (eds.), Methods in contemporary linguistics, 219–237. Munchen: Walter de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110275681.219Suche in Google Scholar
Hagen, Willy. 1953. Innflyttingen til industristedet Sauda: Vandringsveier og vandringsmåter [Migration into the industrial town of Sauda: Migration routes and migration aspects]. Oslo: University of Oslo hovedfag [corresponds to MA thesis].Suche in Google Scholar
Jahr, Ernst Håkon. 2007. Bruk av omgrepa ‘standardtalemål’, ‘normalisering’ og ‘knot’ for å skildre språktilhøva i Noreg i dag [Use of the terms ‘standardised speech’, ‘normalisation’ and ‘pretentious speech’ for describing the language use in Norway today]. In Gunnstein Akselberg & Johan Myking (eds.), Å sjå samfunnet gjennom språket. Heidersskrift til Helge Sandøy på 60-årsdagen 14.06.2007, 93–98. Oslo: Novus forlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Jahr, Ernst Håkon. 2013. Dialect ecology: The case of Norway – history and background. In Wim Vandenbussche, Ernst Håkon Jahr & Peter Trudgill (eds.), Language ecology for the 21st century: Linguistic conflicts and social environments, 189–205. Oslo: Novus forlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Kerswill, Paul. 1994. Dialektkontakt og språklige strukturer i Norge og i England [Dialect contact and linguistic structures in Norway and England]. In Ulla-Britt Kotsinas & John Helgander (eds.), Dialektkontakt, språkkontakt och språkförändring i Norden, 220–231. Stockholm: Meddelanden från Institutionen för nordiska språk vid Stockholms universitet, MINS 40.Suche in Google Scholar
Kerswill, Paul & Peter Trudgill. 2005. The birth of new dialects. In Paul Kerswill, Peter Auer & Frans Hinskens (eds.), Dialect change: Convergence and divergence in European languages, 196–220. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511486623.009Suche in Google Scholar
Kerswill, Paul & Ann Williams. 2000. Creating a new town koine: Children and language change in Milton Keynes. Language in Society 29. 65–115.10.1017/S0047404500001020Suche in Google Scholar
Larsen, Amund B. 1907. Kristiania bymål: Vulgærsproget med henblik på den utvungne dagligtale [Oslo town dialect: Vulgar tongue in comparison with educated speech]. Kristiania: Bymaalslaget, Cammermeyer.Suche in Google Scholar
Mæhlum, Brit. 2007. Konfrontasjoner. Når språk møtes [Confrontations. When languages meet]. Oslo: Novus forlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Nesse, Agnete. 2008. Bydialekt, riksmål og identitet: Sett frå Bodø [Town dialect, standardised speech and identity: Seen from Bodø]. Oslo: Novus forlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Nesse, Agnete. 2015. Bruk av dialekt og standardtalemål i offentligheten i Norge etter 1800 [Use of dialect and standard language in the public sphere in Norway after 1800]. In Helge Sandøy (ed.), Talemål etter 1800. Norsk i jamføring med andre nordiske språk, 89–111. Oslo: Novus.Suche in Google Scholar
Neteland, Randi. 2013. Industristedtalemål og dialektendring [Industrial town dialects and dialect change]. Norsk lingvistisk tidsskrift 31(1). 76–97.Suche in Google Scholar
Neteland, Randi. 2014. Koinéforming av industristedtalemål. En sosiolingvistisk studie av språkutviklingen i Sauda og Årdal de siste hundre årene [Koine formation of industrial town dialects. A sociolinguistic study of the development of the dialects of Sauda and Årdal the last hundred years]. Bergen: University of Bergen PhD dissertation.Suche in Google Scholar
Omdal, Helge. 1979. Høyangermålet – en ny dialekt [The Høyanger dialect – a new dialect]. In Lars S. Vikør & Geir Wiggen (eds.), Språklig samling på folkemåls grunn. Artikler frå bladet Språklig Samling, 75–77. Oslo: Novus.Suche in Google Scholar
Røyneland, Unn. 2005. Dialektnivellering, ungdom og identitet. Ein komparativ studie av språkleg variasjon og endring i to tilgrensande dialektområde, Røros og Tynset [Dialect levelling, youth and identity. A comparative study of language variation and change in two bordering dialect areas, Røros and Tynset]. Trondheim: University of Trondheim PhD dissertation.Suche in Google Scholar
Sandøy, Helge. 2000. Utviklingslinjer i moderne norske dialektar [Developmental traits in modern Norwegian dialects]. Folkmålsstudier: meddeladen från Förendingen för nordisk filologi 39. 345–384.Suche in Google Scholar
Sandøy, Helge. 2013. Driving forces in language change – in the Norwegian perspective. In Tore Kristiansen & Stefan Grondelaers (eds.), Language (de)standardization in late modern Europe: Experimental studies, 125–151. Oslo: Novus.Suche in Google Scholar
Sandve, Bjørn Harald. 1976. Om talemålet i industristadane Odda og Tyssedal: generasjonsskilnad og tilnærming mellom dei to målføre [On the dialects of the industrial towns Odda and Tyssedal: generational differences and levelling between the two dialects]. Bergen: University of Bergen hovedfag [corresponds to MA thesis].Suche in Google Scholar
Siegel, Jeff. 1985. Koines and koineization. Language in Society 14(3). 357–378.10.1017/S0047404500011313Suche in Google Scholar
Siegel, Jeff. 2001. Koine formation and creole genesis. In Norval Smith & Tonjes Veenstra (eds.), Creolization and contact, 175–197. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.10.1075/cll.23.08sieSuche in Google Scholar
Skagen, Finn. 1977. Industriens innflytelse på utviklinga i Sauda i perioden 1915–1940 [Industry’s influence on the development of Sauda in the period 1915–1940]. Bergen: University of Bergen hovedfag [corresponds to MA thesis].Suche in Google Scholar
Solheim, Randi. 2006. Språket i smeltegryta: sosiolingvistiske utviklingsliner i industrisamfunnet Høyanger [Language in the melting pot: Sociolinguistic development traits in the industrial town of Høyanger]. Trondheim, University of Trondheim PhD dissertation.Suche in Google Scholar
Solheim, Randi. 2009. Dialect development in a melting pot: The formation of a new culture and a new dialect in the industrial town of Høyanger. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 32(2). 191–206.10.1017/S0332586509990035Suche in Google Scholar
Sørlie, Mikjel. 1959. Om Odda-målet i dag [On the Odda dialect today]. Maal og minne. 1. 55–66.Suche in Google Scholar
Statistics Norway. 2016. Population and population changes, 1. January 2016. Table 2: Population 1 January. The whole country, counties and municipalities. https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/folkemengde/aar-per-1-januar/2016-02-19?fane=tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=256009 (accessed 10 June 2016).Suche in Google Scholar
Thorson, Per. 1929. Målet i Nordaust-Ryfylke: Umrit av ljodlæra [The dialect in North-East Ryfylke: Outline of the phonology]. Oslo: Aschehoug.Suche in Google Scholar
Thorson, Per. 1930. Ryfylke-målet: Eit umrit av ljod- og formlæra [The Ryfylke dialect: Anoutline of the phonology and morphology]. Oslo: Norli.Suche in Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 1986. Dialects in contact. Oxford: Blackwell.Suche in Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 2004. New-dialect formation. The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
© 2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- When natives became Africans: A historical sociolinguistic study of semantic change in colonial discourse
- Koine formation in context
- Historical sociolinguistics in colonial New Guinea: The Rhenish mission society in the Astrolabe Bay
- James Buchanan’s use of Anne Fisher’s A new grammar: Towards the development of an English grammar teaching method in eighteenth-century English grammar writing
- Book Reviews
- Nicola, McLelland: German through English Eyes. A History of Language Teaching and Learning in Britain 1500–2000
- Wilcken, Viola: Historische Umgangssprachen zwischen Sprachwirklichkeit und literarischer Gestaltung. Formen, Funktionen und Entwicklungslinien des ‚Missingsch
- Rena Torres Cacoullos, Nathalie Dion & André Lapierre: Linguistic variation: Confronting fact and theory
- Villa, Laura & Rik Vosters: The Historical sociolinguistics of spelling
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- When natives became Africans: A historical sociolinguistic study of semantic change in colonial discourse
- Koine formation in context
- Historical sociolinguistics in colonial New Guinea: The Rhenish mission society in the Astrolabe Bay
- James Buchanan’s use of Anne Fisher’s A new grammar: Towards the development of an English grammar teaching method in eighteenth-century English grammar writing
- Book Reviews
- Nicola, McLelland: German through English Eyes. A History of Language Teaching and Learning in Britain 1500–2000
- Wilcken, Viola: Historische Umgangssprachen zwischen Sprachwirklichkeit und literarischer Gestaltung. Formen, Funktionen und Entwicklungslinien des ‚Missingsch
- Rena Torres Cacoullos, Nathalie Dion & André Lapierre: Linguistic variation: Confronting fact and theory
- Villa, Laura & Rik Vosters: The Historical sociolinguistics of spelling