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Defining Fire as a Weapon (FaaW): Clarity, Implications, and Opportunity for the Homeland Security Enterprise

  • Michael Marino EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 6. Dezember 2022

Abstract

Fire as a weapon (FaaW) is discussed within the first responder community but still vaguely defined. This ambiguity, coupled with absent reporting mechanisms, leads to an inability to estimate the size of the problem correctly. This research offers a comprehensive definition of FaaW and argues for its inclusion as a high-threat response. It evaluates fire as a weapon as a homeland security issue requiring additional attention and leadership by offering new data and analysis that demonstrates the severity of the problem, especially compared to other high-threat events such as active shooter incidents. It clarifies which incident types should receive the most focus and argues for strategic shifts in how we currently perceive this threat. It also elucidates the potential to apply established national standards and tactics for active shooter response to fire as a weapon mitigation strategy.


Corresponding author: Michael Marino, Department of Clinical Research and Leadership, George Washington University, Washington, USA, E-mail:

Appendix: List of 2020 U.S. FaaW Incidents.

See Table 1.

Table 1:

Combined data of the Author’s database and the Arlington County high-threat FaaW Database.

Month Day Year Incident City State/region
January 19 2020 Stabbing, Shooting and FaaW Honolulu Hawaii
Feb 19 2020 Barricade with Fire San Antonio Texas
Feb 25 2020 Barricade with Fire Waukegan Illinois
March 4 2020 Barricade, shooting, fire alarm activation Las Vegas Nevada
March 27 2020 Fire as a Weapon in Subway New York New York
March 29 2020 Domestic Dispute with Faaw Arlington Virginia
March 30 2020 Suspect Attacks Firefighters During House Fire East Rockaway New York
April 7 2020 Barricade with Fire Kingsport Tennessee
April 10 2020 Barricade with Fire Springhill Florida
April 13 2020 Brush Fire Ambush and Shooting Charleston West Virginia
April 17 2020 Ambush and Shooting at Firefighters Optima Wildlife Refuge Oklahoma
April 20 2020 FaaW Incident at residence with barricade Osceola County Florida
April 27 2020 Barricade with Fire Chandler Arizona
April 28 2020 Barricade/Murder/Fire Sweet Home Oregon
May 1 2020 Shooting with House Fire Detroit Michigan
May 4 2020 House fire with shooting victim Grant Valley Township Minnesota
May 11 2020 High-Rise Building Fire After a Dispute Bronx New York
May 12 2020 Standoff with FaaW Hilltown Township Pennsylvania
May 15 2020 Barricade with Fire Aurora Illinois
May 16 2020 Stabbing in Apartment with FaaW Harlem New York
May 16 2020 Luring, Fire Alarm Activation, and Shooting Kwethluk Alaska
May 23 2020 Hospital Barricade and FaaW Philadelphia Pennsylvania
May 26 2020 Protesters in Minneapolis Set Fires Minneapolis Minnesota
May 30 2020 Probation Office Set on Fire San Antonio Texas
May 30 2020 Cop car set on fire amid protest New York New York
May 30 2020 Car/building set on fire during protest Philadelphia Pennsylvania
May 30 2020 Building Burned During Civil Disturbance Tampa Florida
May 31 2020 FaaW During Protest Washington District of Columbia
May 31 2020 Protesters Set Fire; Block Fire Department Richmond Virginia
May 31 2020 Extremists Charged with Plot to Terrorize Protests Las Vegas Nevada
May 31 2020 Protesters Overturn Cop Car and Set it on Fire Salt Lake City Utah
June 1 2020 Backpack with Molotov Cocktails Found Amid Protests Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
June 1 2020 Protest with Molotov Device set fire to business Louisville Kentucky
June 2 2020 Arson Building Fire with People Trapped During Riot Richmond Virginia
June 5 2020 House Set on Fire After Mass Shooting Morgan County Alabama
June 5 2020 IIDs at Protest (Thwarted) Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
June 6 2020 Commercial Fireworks at Protest and Molotov incident Portland Oregon
June 9 2020 Arson with Stabbing/Barricade Patterson New Jersey
June 13 20202 Wendy’s Fire with Protest Atlanta Georgia
June 14 2020 Barricade with Fire Hollywood California
June 21 2020 Arson Suspect Assaults Firefighters Myrtle Beach South Carolina
June 23 2020 Shooting, Arson and Civil Disturbance Milwaukee Wisconsin
June 24 2020 Standoff with Shooting and FaW Andover Minnesota
July 4 2020 July Fourth Rally Turns Violent Portland Oregon
July 5 2020 Crowd Attacks Responders with Fireworks Jackson Tennessee
July 9 2020 Fire Starts Amid Standoff With Suspect Fort Worth Texas
July 10 2020 Pharmacy Firebomb Attack Plot Thwarted Auburn Nebraska
July 11 2020 Vehicle Ramming and FaaW Against Church Ocala Florida
July 19 2020 IID inside a protest Seattle Washington
July 20 2020 Portland Courthouse Set on Fire Portland Oregon
July 21 2020 Portland protest with arson at courthouse Portland Oregon
July 24 2020 Barricade with Fire Baytown Texas
July 25 2020 Courthouse and Police Station Set on Fire Oakland California
July 28 2020 Arson Suspect Threatens Firefighters with Machete Douglas County Oregon
July 28 2020 Suicide with House Fire Wort Wayne Indiana
July 31 2020 Bomb/Fire Threat by Violent Suicidal Suspect Alexandria Virginia
August 5 2020 House Fire Kills Five Victims Denver Colorado
August 5 2020 FaaW Against Police Precinct Portland Oregon
August 9 2020 Set Fire and Fireworks at Protest Portland Oregon
August 12 2020 Victim Stabbed and Set on Fire Following a Dispute Bronx New York
August 13 2020 Portland Police Union Office Arson Attempt inside Riot Portland Oregon
August 16 2020 House Fire with Suicidal Subject (Barricade) Folcroft Pennsylvania
August 23 2020 Fire Set at Portland Police Precinct Portland Oregon
August 24 2020 Riots with Vandalism and FaaW Kenosha Wisconsin
August 24 2020 Seattle Rioters Try to Set Fire to Precinct Seattle Washington
August 28 2020 Armed Barricade with Trapped Persons and Fire San Bernadino California
August 29 2020 FaaW During Violent Riot Washington District of Columbia
August 29 2020 Shooting with Apartment Fire Jane Lew West Virginia
August 31 2020 IID’s at Protest at Police Station Seattle Washington
August 31 2020 Residential Standoff with Shooting, Explosion and Fire Hoquiam Washington
September 5 2020 House Fire, Car Chase, Shooting Berkeley South Carolina
September 10 2020 Barricade, Shooting and Fire Los Angles California
September 12 2020 Fire As a Weapon Distractor Vienna Virginia
September 13 2020 Protest with Arson Lansaster Pennsylvania
September 15 2020 Bomb-Making Materials Found After Fire New York New York
September 24 2020 Protesters Set Fire Outside Police Building Portland Oregon
October 11 2020 Barricade with Hostage and Explosives Bakersfield California
October 14 2020 Barricade with Set Fire Raleigh North Carolina
October 15 2020 FaaW Aganist Police Officer Seattle Washington
October 19 2020 Protest with FaW and Vandalism Portland Oregon
November 15 2020 Demonstrators Attacked with Fireworks Washington District of Columbia
November 19 2020 Residential Standoff with FaaW Nassau County New York
November 30 2020 Barricade with Fire Belgrade Montana
December 13 2020 Shooting Outside a Cathedral New York New York

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Received: 2022-03-27
Accepted: 2022-10-31
Published Online: 2022-12-06

© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Heruntergeladen am 22.9.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/jhsem-2022-0014/html?lang=de
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