Abstract
The World Health Organization defined climate change as the most important issue for the 21st century. In 2014, the State of Hawaii called climate change “a matter of security” that directly threatens “economic systems – food, water, energy, biodiversity and health” and has called for “actionable information for local decision making.” According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the burden of human morbidity attributable to climate change is relatively small although not well quantified. Nevertheless, generic climate change impacts are often used to justify actions without adequate supporting local evidence. This paper analyzes Hawaii’s health risks in relation to air pollution, heat extremes, ultraviolet radiation, and weather extremes and finds that Hawaii’s natural geography, robust water, and sanitation infrastructure render the islands less vulnerable to many of the often-mentioned climate change threats. It concludes that the health security threat posed by climate change effects on Hawaii’s physical environment over the next 35 years is slight in most areas and moderate with regard to ecosystem health. Because all global communities tend to be both discrete and unique in their vulnerability, it recommends the collection of grassroots, community-based resilience data to reveal local vulnerabilities that can inform strategic statewide planning.
References
Abercrombie, N., and J. K. Thiel. 2013. Navigating Change: Hawaii’s Approach to Adaptation. Report for the First Meeting of State, Local and Tribal Leaders Task Force on Climate Preparedness and Resilience.. Honolulu: State of Hawaii https://hawaiigreengrowth.org/images/Navigating%20Change.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Ainsworth, A., and R. Loh. 2009. “Fire and Rain: Stemming the Tide of Invasive Plants in Hawaiian Ecosystems.” Fire Science Brief 36: 1–12.Search in Google Scholar
Armstrong, B. K. 2004. “How Sun Exposure Causes Skin Cancer: An Epidemiological Perspective.” In Prevention of Skin Cancer, edited by Hill, D., J. M. Elwood, and D. R. English. 89–116. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.10.1007/978-94-017-0511-0_6Search in Google Scholar
Aucan, J., R. Hoeke, and M. A. Merrifield. 2012. “Wave-Driven Sea Level Anomalies at the Midway Tide Gauge as an Indicator of North Pacific Storminess over the Past 60 Years.” Geophysical Research Letters 39: L17603.10.1029/2012GL052993Search in Google Scholar
Baker, K. K. 2014. Baseline Estimates Chronic Disease Hawaii Health Survey, HHS: Mortality 2011-2013 Selected ICD10 codes. Honolulu: Hawaii Asthma Institute http://www.hawaiipublichealth.org/Resources/Documents/Baseline%20Estimates%20Disease%20HHS%20and%20Mortality%20-%20Kathleen%20Baker.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). 2013. The World Factbook 2013–14. Washington, D.C.: CIA. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html.Search in Google Scholar
Chan, C.-C., K.-J. Chuang, W.-J. Chen, W.-T. Chang, C.-T. Lee, and C.-M. Peng. 2008. “Increasing Cardiopulmonary Emergency Visits by Long-Range Transported Asian Dust Storms in Taiwan.” Environmental Research 106: 393–400.10.1016/j.envres.2007.09.006Search in Google Scholar
Chan, M. 2014. “How Climate Change Can Rattle the Foundations of Public Health.” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-margaret-chan/how-climate-change-can-ra_b_5822950.html.Search in Google Scholar
Chu, P-S., and H. Chen. 2005. “Interannual and Interdecadal Rainfall Variations in the Hawaiian Islands.” Journal of Climate 18: 4796–4813.10.1175/JCLI3578.1Search in Google Scholar
Chu, P-S., Y. R. Chen, and T. A. Schroeder. 2010. “Changes in Precipitation Extremes in the Hawaiian Islands in a Warming Climate.” Journal of Climate 23 (18): 4881–4900.10.1175/2010JCLI3484.1Search in Google Scholar
Colwell, R. R. 1996. “Global Climate and Infectious Disease: The Cholera Paradigm.” Science 274 (5295): 2025–2031.10.1126/science.274.5295.2025Search in Google Scholar
Costello, A., M. Abbas, A. Allen, S. Ball, S. Bell, R. Bellamy, and C. Patterson. 2009. “Managing the Health Effects of Climate Change.” Lancet and University College London Institute for Global Health Commission.” Lancet 373: 1693–1733.10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60935-1Search in Google Scholar
Cristini, L., L. J. Cox, D. E. Konan, and D. Eversole. 2013. Climate Change and the Visitor Industry-People, Place, Culture, and the Hawaii Experience. A report for the Hawaii Tourism Authority, 1–38. Honolulu: Sea Grant College Program, University of Hawaii.Search in Google Scholar
Current Results. 2017. Monthly Humidity Averages for Hawaii. https://www.currentresults.com/Weather/Hawaii/humidity-by-month.php.Search in Google Scholar
Curriero, F. C., K. S. Heiner, J. M. Samet, S. L. Zeger, L. Strug, and J. A. Patz. 2002. “Temperature and Mortality in 11 Cities of the Eastern United States.” American Journal of Epidemiology 155: 80–87.10.1093/aje/155.1.80Search in Google Scholar
Doherty, T. J., and S. Clayton. 2011. “The Psychological Impacts of Global Climate Change.” American Psychologist 66: 265–276.10.1037/a0023141Search in Google Scholar
Dolce, C., and J. Erdman. 2014. “Hawaii Hurricanes: How Unusual Are They?.” www.weather.com/news/weather-hurricanes/Hawaii-hurricanes-history-typical-tracks-20140804.Search in Google Scholar
Ebi, K. L., R. S. Kovats, and B. Menne. 2006. “An Approach for Assessing Human Health Vulnerability and Public Health Interventions to Adapt to Climate Change.” Environmental Health Perspectives 114: 1930–1934.10.1289/ehp.8430Search in Google Scholar
Eversole, D., and A. Andrews. 2014. Climate Change Impacts in Hawaii: A Summary of Climate Change and Its Impacts to Hawaii’s Ecosystems and Communities. Honolulu: Sea Grant College Program, University of Hawaii at Mānoa.Search in Google Scholar
Garfield, R. M., J. J. Polonsky, and F. M. Burkle. 2012. “Changes in Size of Populations and Level of Conflict since World War II: Implications for Health and Health Services.” Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 6 (3): 241–246.10.1001/dmp.2012.37Search in Google Scholar
Gerber, B. J. 2007. “Disaster Management in the United States: Examining Key Political and Policy Challenges.” Policy Studies Journal 35 (2): 227–238.10.1111/j.1541-0072.2007.00217.xSearch in Google Scholar
Gordon, S. 2014. “Heat Illness in Hawaii.” Hawaii Journal of Medicine and Public Health 73 (11 S2): 33–36.Search in Google Scholar
Hajat, S., and T. Kosatsky. 2010. “Heat-Related Mortality: A Review and Exploration of Heterogeneity.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 64: 753–760.10.1136/jech.2009.087999Search in Google Scholar
Hawaii Food Policy Council (HFPC). 2012. HB 2703: The Next Call to Action. http://www.Hawaiifoodpolicycouncil.org/2012/03/the-next-call-to-action-re-hb2703/.Search in Google Scholar
Hawaii State Department of Health (HDoH), Clean Air Branch (CAB). 2014. Hawaii Ambient Air Quality Data. Honolulu: CAB, HDoH http://health.hawaii.gov/cab/hawaii-ambient-air-quality-data/.Search in Google Scholar
Hawaii State Legislature (HSL). 2012. Act 286, HRS §226-109. http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol04_Ch0201-0257/HRS0226/HRS_0226-0109.htm.Search in Google Scholar
Hawaii State Legislature (HSL). 2013. HB1184: Relating to Food Self-Sufficiency. http://legiscan.com/HI/text/HB1184/id/976825.Search in Google Scholar
Hawaii State Legislature (HSL). 2014. HB1714 Act 083: Relating to Climate Change. http://23.23.45.64/uploads/asset/asset_file/2349/2014_Hawaii_Act_83.PDF.Search in Google Scholar
HDo. 2001. Hunger and Food Insecurity in Hawaii: Baseline Estimates Honolulu. Honolulu: Office of Health Status Monitoring, HDoH .Search in Google Scholar
HDo. 2014. Mortality, Selected ICD10 Codes, Years 2011–2013. Honolulu: Office of Health Status Monitoring, HDoH.Search in Google Scholar
HDoH, Hawaii Health Matters (HHM). 2014. Food Insecurity among Households. Honolulu: HHM, HDoH .Search in Google Scholar
Hess, J. J., J. Z. McDowell, and G. Luber. 2010. “Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Public Health Practice: Using Adaptive Management to Increase Adaptive Capacity and Build Resilience.” Environmental Health Perspectives 120: 171–179.10.1289/ehp.1103515Search in Google Scholar
Huang, C., A. G. Barnett, X. Wang, and S. Tong. 2012. “The Impact of Temperature on Years of Life Lost in Brisbane, Australia.” Nature Climate Change 2: 265–270.10.1038/nclimate1369Search in Google Scholar
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2013. “Summary for Policy Makers.” In Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by T. F. Stocker, D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, and P. M. Midgley. New York: Cambridge University Press .Search in Google Scholar
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2014. Climate Change 2014. IPCC Fifth Assessment Synthesis Report. Geneva: IPCC, World Meteorological Organization .10.1017/CBO9781107415416Search in Google Scholar
Kana’iaupuni, S. M., N. J. Malone, and K. Ishibashi. 2005. Income and Poverty among Native Hawaiians: Summary of Ka Huaka’i Findings. Honolulu: Kamehameha Schools. http://www.ksbe.edu/spi/PDFS/Reports/Demography_Well-being/05_06_5.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Keener, V.W., J. J. Marra, M. L. Finucane, D. Spooner, and M. H. Smith. 2012. Climate Change and Pacific Islands: Indicators and Impacts. Report for the 2012 Pacific Islands Regional Climate Assessment (PIRCA). Washington, D.C.: Island Press.Search in Google Scholar
Keim, M. 2008. “Building Human Resilience: The Role of Public Health Preparedness and Response as an Adaptation to Climate Change.” American Journal of Preventative Medicine 35 (5): 508–16.10.1016/j.amepre.2008.08.022Search in Google Scholar
Kelfkens, G., A. Bergman, F. R. de Gruijl, J. C. Van der Leun, A. Piquet, T. van Oijen, W. W. C. Gieskens, H. van Loveren, G. J. M. Velders, and P. Martens. 2002. Ozone and Climate Change Interactions; Influence on UV Levels and UV-Related Effects. Bilthoven: RIVM, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment.Search in Google Scholar
Kent, G. 2013. “Food Security in Hawaii.” http://www2.hawaii.edu/~kent/FOODSECURITYINHAWAII.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Kim, C. T., Y. Lim, and H. Kim. 2013. “Investigating Mortality Attributable to High Temperature in Seoul, South Korea 1992 to 2009.” In The First Pacific Regional Climate Change and Health Symposium, edited by M. Kumar. Fiji: Secretariat of the Pacific Community.Search in Google Scholar
Kovats, R. S., and S. Hajat. 2008. “Heat Stress and Public Health: A Critical Review.” Annual Review of Public Health 29: 41–55.10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090843Search in Google Scholar
Lewis, N. 2012. “Islands in a Sea of Change: Climate Change, Health and Human Security in Small Island States.” In National Security and Human Health Implications of Climate Change, edited by H. J. S. Fernando, Z. Klaic, and J. L. McCulley. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security 13–24. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.10.1007/978-94-007-2430-3_2Search in Google Scholar
Lombardo, D., N. Ciancio, R. Campisi, A. Di Maria, L. Bivona, V. Poletti, A. Mistretta, A. Biggeri, and G. Di Maria. 2013. “A Retrospective Study on Acute Health Effects due to Volcanic Ash Exposure during the Eruption of Mount Etna (Sicily) in 2002.” Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine 8: 51.10.1186/2049-6958-8-51Search in Google Scholar
Longo, B. M. 2013. “Adverse Health Effects Associated with Increased Activity at Kilauea Volcano: A Repeated Population-Based Survey.” ISRN Public Health. Open Access ID 475962.10.1155/2013/475962Search in Google Scholar
Longo, B. M., and A. A. Longo. 2013. “Volcanoic Ash in the Air We Breathe.” Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine 8: 52.10.1186/2049-6958-8-52Search in Google Scholar
Luber, G., and M. McGeehin. 2008. “Climate Change and Extreme Heat Events.” American Journal of Preventative Medicine 35: 429–435.10.1016/j.amepre.2008.08.021Search in Google Scholar
Makin, J. 2011. “Implications of Climate Change for Skin Cancer Prevention in Australia.” Health Promotion Journal of Australia 22: S39–S41.10.1071/HE11439Search in Google Scholar
McDaniels, T., S. Chang, D. Cole, J. Mikawoz, and H. Longstaff. 2008. “Fostering Resilience to Extreme Events within Infrastructure Systems: Characterizing Decision Contexts for Mitigation and Adaptation.” Global Environmental Change 18 (2): 310–318.10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.03.001Search in Google Scholar
Medina-Ramon, M., A. Zanobetti, D. P. Cavanagh, and J. Schwartz. 2006. “Extreme Temperatures and Mortality: Assessing Effect Modification by Personal Characteristics and Specific Cause of Death in a Multicity Case-Only Analysis.” Environmental Health Perspectives 114: 1331–1336.10.1289/ehp.9074Search in Google Scholar
Min, K., M. Yoshida, R. Miike, and E. Tam. 2014. “Aeroallergen Sensitivity in Hawaii: Association with Asthma and Increased Prevalence of Sensitivity to Indoor Allergens since 1966.” Hawai‘i Journal of Medicine & Public Health 73 (9 Suppl. 1): 9–12. .Search in Google Scholar
Mora, C., A. G. Frazier, E. J. Tong, R. J. Longman, L. R. Kaiser, R. S. Dacks, M. M. Walton, I. Fernandez-Silva, Y. O. Stender, and J. M. Anderson. 2013. “The Projected Timing of Climate Departure from Recent Variability.” Nature 502: 183–187.10.1038/nature12540Search in Google Scholar
Myers, S. S., and J. A. Patz. 2009. “Emerging Threats to Human Health from Global Environmental Change.” Annual Review of Environmental Resources 34 (1): 223–252.10.1146/annurev.environ.033108.102650Search in Google Scholar
National Cancer Institute and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (NCI/CDC). 2017a. State Cancer Profiles: Melanoma 2010–2014. https://statecancerprofiles.cancer.gov/incidencerates/index.php?stateFIPS=00&cancer=053&race=07&sex=0&age=001&year=0&type=incd&sortVariableName=rate&sortOrder=default#results.Search in Google Scholar
National Cancer Institute and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (NCI/CDC). 2017b. State Cancer Profiles: Melanoma 2010–2014. https://statecancerprofiles.cancer.gov/deathrates/index.php?stateFIPS=00&cancer=053&race=07&sex=0&age=001&year=0&type=death&sortVariableName=rate&sortOrder=default#results.Search in Google Scholar
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 2006a. Economic Statistics Report. www.economics.noaa.gov/library/documents/economic_statistics_and_methodology/NOAAEconomicStatistics-May2006.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 2006b. Flash Floods in Hawaii. www.prh.noaa.gov/hnl/pages/weather_hazards_stats.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 2007. Climate of Hawaii. www.prh.noaa.gov/hnl/pages/climate_summary.php.Search in Google Scholar
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 2014. Previous Tropical Systems in the Central Pacific. Central Pacific Hurricane Center, National Weather Service. http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries.Search in Google Scholar
Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). 2013. Extreme Heat: More Intense Hot Days and Heat Waves. http://www.nrdc.org/health/climate/heat.asp.Search in Google Scholar
Nichols, J. L., E. O. Owens, S. J. Dutton, and T. J. Luben. 2013. “Systematic Review of the Effects of Black Carbon on Cardiovascular Disease among Individuals with Pre-Existing Disease.” International Journal of Public Health 58: 707–24.10.1007/s00038-013-0492-zSearch in Google Scholar
Office of Planning Department of Business Economic Development & Tourism (OPDBEDT). 2012. Increased Food Security and Food Self-Sufficiency Strategy. OPDBEDT in cooperation with the Department of Agriculture, Honolulu, State of Hawaii.Search in Google Scholar
O’Neill, M. S., and K. L. Ebi. 2009. “Temperature Extremes and Health: Impacts of Climate Variability and Change in the United States.” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 51: 13–25.10.1097/JOM.0b013e318173e122Search in Google Scholar
Page, L. A., and L. M. Howard. 2010. “The Impact of Climate Change on Mental Health (but Will Mental Health Be Discussed at Copenhagen?).” Psychological Medicine 40: 177–180.10.1017/S0033291709992169Search in Google Scholar
Perez, L., A. Tobias, X. Querol, J. Pey, A. Alastuey, J. Diaz, and J. Sunyer. 2012. “Saharan Dust, Particulate Matter and Cause-Specific Mortality: A Casecrossover Study in Barcelona (Spain).” Environment International 48: 150–155.10.1016/j.envint.2012.07.001Search in Google Scholar
Portier, C. J., and K. T. Tart. 2010. A Human Health Perspective on Climate Change: A Report Outlining the Research Needs on the Human Health Effects of Climate Change. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: Environmental Health Perspectives/National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.10.1289/ehp.1002272Search in Google Scholar
Rappold, A. G., W. E. Cascio, V. J. Kilaru, S. L. Stone, L. M. Neas, R. B. Devlin, and D. Diaz-Sanchez. 2012. “Cardio-Respiratory Outcomes Associated with Exposure to Wildfire Smoke are Modified by Measures of Community Health.” Environmental Health 11: 71.10.1186/1476-069X-11-71Search in Google Scholar
Reser, J. P., and J. K. Swim. 2011. “Adapting to and Coping with the Threat and Impacts of Climate Change.” American Psychologist 66: 277–289.10.1037/a0023412Search in Google Scholar
Rice, M. B., G. D. Thurston, J. R. Balmes, and K. E. Pinkerton. 2014. “Climate Change: A Global Threat to Cardiopulmonary Health.” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 189 (5): 512–519.10.1164/rccm.201310-1924PPSearch in Google Scholar
Roe, K. P., C. McCord, and D. Stevens. 2000. “Weather Data Management and Archiving at the Maui High Performance Computing Center: Fire Conference.” In The First National Congress on Fire Ecology, Prevention and Management. San Diego.Search in Google Scholar
Saxena, S. 2005. Mental Health and Psychological Support in Crisis Situations. Mental Health Department, World Health Organization. (MSD/MER). http://www.who.int/hac/events/3_hacforum_1july2005_mental_health.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Schneider, S. H., S. Semenov, A. Patwardhan, I. Burton, C. H. D. Magadza, M. Oppenheimer, A. B. Pittock, A. Rahman, J. B. Smith, and A. Suarez. 2007. “Assessing Key Vulnerabilities and the Risk from Climate Change.” In Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 779–810. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Schröter, D., W. Cramer, R. Leemans, I. C. Prentice, M. B. Araújo, N. W. Arnell, and A. Bondeau. 2005. “Ecosystem Service Supply and Vulnerability to Global Change in Europe.” Science 310 (5752): 1333–1337.10.1126/science.1115233Search in Google Scholar
Secretariat for the Pacific Community (SPC). 2013. Inform’ACTION Special Issue: Climate Change and Health. August, ISSN 1029-3396. SPC, Suva Fiji.Search in Google Scholar
Seinfeld, J. H., and S. N. Pandis. 2006. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics – From Air Pollution to Climate Change., 2nd ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley and Sons.Search in Google Scholar
Smith, K. R., M. Jerrett, J. R. Anderson, R. T. Burnett, V. Stone, R. Derwent, R. W. Atkinson, A. Cohen, S. B. Shonkoff, and D. Krewski. 2009. “Public Health Benefits of Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse-Gas Emissions: Health Implications of Short-Lived Greenhouse Pollutants.” Lancet 374: 2091–2103.10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61716-5Search in Google Scholar
Stafoggia, M., F. Forastiere, D. Agostini, N. Caranci, F. de’Donato, M. Demaria, P. Michelozzi, R. Miglio, M. Rognoni, and A. Russo. 2008. “Factors Affecting In-Hospital Heat-Related Mortality: A Multi-City Case Crossover Analysis.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 62: 209–215.10.1136/jech.2007.060715Search in Google Scholar
Stevens, D. 2000. “Hawaii Weather Climate Modeling Ohana.” California/Nevada/Hawaii Meeting of Western Foresters. Maui, HI: April.Search in Google Scholar
Sutton, A. J., T. Elias, W. Hendley, I. I. Hendley, and P. H. Stauffer. 1997. Volcanic Air Pollution –A Hazard in Hawaii. U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS169-97.10.3133/fs16997Search in Google Scholar
United Nations (UN). 2014. International Decade for Action: “Water for Life” 2005–2015, UN.Search in Google Scholar
Walther, G. R. 2010. “Community and Ecosystem Responses to Recent Climate Change.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B Biological Science 365 (1549): 2019–2024.10.1098/rstb.2010.0021Search in Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO). 2014a. Burden of Disease from the Joint Effects of Household and Ambient Air Pollution for 2014. Switzerland: WHO. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/.Search in Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO). 2014b Quantitative Risk Assessment of the Effects of Climate Change on Selected Causes of Death, 2030s and 2050s. Switzerland: WHO. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/134014/1/9789241507691_eng.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Worm, B., E. B. Barbier, N. Beaumont, E. Duffy, C. Folke, B. S. Halpern, J. B. C. Jackson, H. K. Lotze, F. Micheli, and S. R. Palumbi. 2006. “Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem Services.” Science 314 (3): 787–790.10.1126/science.1132294Search in Google Scholar
Worm, B., R. Hilborn, and J. K. Baum. 2009. “Rebuilding Global Fisheries.” Science 325 (5940): 578–585.10.1126/science.1173146Search in Google Scholar
Yang, C-Y., Y-S. Chen, H-F. Chiu, and W. B. Goggins. 2005. “Effects of Asian Dust Storm Events on Daily Stroke Admissions in Taipei, Taiwan.” Environmental Research 99: 79–84.10.1016/j.envres.2004.12.009Search in Google Scholar
Yohe, G., and R. Tol. 2002. “Indicators for Social and Economic Coping Capacity – Moving toward a Working Definition of Adaptive Capacity.” Global Environmental Change 12 (1): 25–40.10.1016/S0959-3780(01)00026-7Search in Google Scholar
©2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Opinion
- Health Security in Hawaii by 2050: The Physical Effects of Climate Change
- Research Articles
- Twenty Challenges in Incident Planning
- Independent-Living Senior Communities in Disaster: Self-Efficacy and Trust in Responding Agencies
Articles in the same Issue
- Opinion
- Health Security in Hawaii by 2050: The Physical Effects of Climate Change
- Research Articles
- Twenty Challenges in Incident Planning
- Independent-Living Senior Communities in Disaster: Self-Efficacy and Trust in Responding Agencies