Abstract
Objective: An effective response to a pandemic influenza assumes an adequate supply of a variety of skilled healthcare workers (HCWs). But what is known of HCWs’ willingness to report to work?
Method: We identified 206 relevant studies from 9 healthcare databases. Of 28 heterogeneous studies that met inclusion criteria, 18 used common methods for calculating percentages of HCWs willing to report to work. Their findings were evaluated in greater depth.
Results: In 28 studies that summarized willingness to report to work of 31,633 workers, the percentage of HCWs willing to report to work varied between 23.10% and 93.10%. Scale type and dichotomization of self-report scales led to significantly different results. In 4 studies where 2097 workers responded to a survey during an actual event (2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza) percentage willing to report to work varied from 23.1% to 90.1%. In 6 studies with hypothetical scenarios of avian influenza 50%–82.50% of HCWs were willing to report to work.
Conclusion: The studies we reviewed have methodological problems and inconsistencies in findings, even within relatively homogenous study subgroups. We caution emergency planners from relying on findings from any single study that estimates HCWs’ mean willingness to report to work in a pandemic influenza outbreak.
References
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (2005) Altered standards of care in mass casualty events. Bioterrorism and other public health emergencies. 2005 April:1-53. AHRQ Publication No. 05-0043. Available at: http://archive.ahrq.gov/research/altstand/altstand.pdf. (accessed March 31, 2010).Search in Google Scholar
Balicer, R. D., S. B. Omer, D. J. Barnett and G. S. Everly (2006) “Local Public Health Workers; Perceptions Towards Responding to An Influenza Pandemic,” BMC Public Health, 6:99.10.1186/1471-2458-6-99Search in Google Scholar
Balicer, R. D., D. J. Barnett, C. B. Thompson, E. B. Hsu, C. L. Catlett, C. M. Watson, N. L. Semon, H. S. Gwon and J. M. Links (2010) “Characterizing Hospital Workers’ Willingness to Report to Duty in an Influenza Pandemic Through Threat-and Efficacy-Based Assessment,” BMC Public Health, 10:436.10.1186/1471-2458-10-436Search in Google Scholar
Barnett, D. J., R. D. Balicer, C. B. Thompson, J. D. Storey, S. B. Omer, N. L. Semon, S. Bayer, L. V. Cheek, K. W. Gateley, K. M. Lanza, J. A. Norbin, C. C. Slemp and J. M. Links (2009) “Assessment of Local Public Health Workers’ Willingness to Respond to Pandemic Influenza Through the Application of the Extended Parallel Process Model,” PLoS One, 4(7):e6365.10.1371/journal.pone.0006365Search in Google Scholar
Barnett, D. J., R. Levine, C. B. Thompson, G. U. Wijetunge, A. L. Oliver, M. A. Bentley, P. D. Neubert, R. G. Pirrallo, J. M. Links and R. D. Balicer (2010) “Gauging U.S Emergency Medical Services Workers’ Willingness to Respond to Pandemic Influenza Using a Threat- and Efficacy-Based Assessment Framework,” PLoS One, 5(3):e9856.Search in Google Scholar
Basta, N. E., S. E. Edwards and J. Schulte (2009) “Assessing Public Health Department Employees’ Willingness to Report to Work During an Influenza Pandemic,” Journal of Public Health Management Practice, 15(5):375–383.10.1097/PHH.0b013e3181a391e2Search in Google Scholar
Cone, D. C. and B. A. Cummings (2006) “Hospital Disaster Staffing: If You Call, Will They Come?” American Journal of Disaster Medicine, 1(1):28–36.10.5055/ajdm.2006.0007Search in Google Scholar
Cowden, J., L. Crane, D. Lezotte, J. Glover and A. C. Nyquist (2010) “Pre-pandemic Planning Survey of Healthcare Workers at a Tertiary Care Children’s Hospital: Ethical and Workforce Issues,” Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, 4(4):213–222.10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00145.xSearch in Google Scholar
Damery, S., S. Wilson, H. Draper, C. Gratus, S. Greenfield, J. Ives, J. Parry, J. Petts and T. Sorell (2009) “Will the NHS Continue to Function in an Influenza Pandemic? A Survey of Healthcare Workers in West Midlands, UK,” BMC Public Health, 9:142.10.1186/1471-2458-9-142Search in Google Scholar
Daugherty, E. L., T. M. Perl, L. Rubinson, A. Bilderback and C. S. Rand (2009) “Survey Study of the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Expected Behaviors of Critical Care Clinicians Regarding and Influenza Pandemic,” Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 30(12):1143–1149.10.1086/648085Search in Google Scholar
Garnett, A. L., Y. S. Park and I. Redlener (2009) “Mitigating Absenteeism in Hospital Workers During a Pandemic,” Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 3 Suppl 2S1:41–47.10.1097/DMP.0b013e3181c12959Search in Google Scholar
Gershon, R. R., L. A. Magda, A. N. Canton, H. E. Riley, F. Wiggins, W. Young and M. F. Sherman (2010) “Pandemic-Related Ability and Willingness in Home Healthcare Workers,” American Journal of Disaster Medicine, 5(1):15–26.10.5055/ajdm.2010.0002Search in Google Scholar
Hope, K., P. D. Massey, M. Osbourn, D. N. Durrheim, C. D. Kewley and C. Turner (2009) “Senior Clinical Nurses Effectively Contribute to the Pandemic Influenza Public Health Response,” The Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 28(3):47–52.Search in Google Scholar
Hope, K., D. Durrheim, D. Barnett, C. D’Este, C. Kewley, C. Dalton, N. White, J. Kohlhagen and J. Links (2010) “Willingness of Frontline Health Care Workers to Work During a Public Health Emergency,” The Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 25(3):39–47.Search in Google Scholar
Imai, T., K. Takahashi, M. Todoroki, H. Kunishima, T. Hoshuyama, R. Ide, T. Kawasaki, N. Koyama, K. Endo, H. Fujita, K. Iwata, G. Koh, S. E. Chia and D. Koh (2008) “Perception in Relation to a Potential Influenza Pandemic among Healthcare Workers in Japan: Implications for Preparedness,” Journal of Occupational Health, 50(1):13–23.10.1539/joh.50.13Search in Google Scholar
Irvin, C. B., L. Cindrich, W. Patterson and A. Southall (2008) “Survey of Hospital Healthcare Personnel Response During A Potential Avian Influenza Pandemic: Will They Come to Work?” Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 23(4):328–335.10.1017/S1049023X00005963Search in Google Scholar
Leroy, M. H. (2014) Labor Expert: Hospitals at Risk of No-Show Health Care Workers During Ebola Outbreak. News Bureau: Public Affairs. University of Illinois, October 14, 2014, p. 1. http://news.illinois.edu/news/14/1014healthcare_workers_MichaelLeRoy.html.Search in Google Scholar
Ma, X., Z. He, Y. Wang, L. Jiang, Y. Xu, C. Qian, R. Sun, E. Chen, Z. Hu, L. Zhou, F. Zhou, T. Qin, X. Cao, Y. An, R. Sun, X. Zhang, J. Lin, Y. Ai, D. Wu and B. Du China Critical Care Clinical Trial Group (CCCCTG) (2011) “Knowledge and Attitudes of Healthcare Workers in Chinese Intensive Care Units Regarding 2009 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic,” BMC Infectious Diseases, 11:24.10.1186/1471-2334-11-24Search in Google Scholar
Martin, S. D. (2011) “Nurses’ Ability and Willingness to Work During Pandemic Flu,” Journal of Nursing Management, 19(1):98–108.10.1111/j.1365-2834.2010.01190.xSearch in Google Scholar
Martinese, F., G. Keijzers, S. Grant and J. Lind (2009) “How would Australian Hospital Staff React to An Avian Influenza Admission, or An Influenza Pandemic?” Emergency Medicine Australas, 21(1):12–24.10.1111/j.1742-6723.2008.01143.xSearch in Google Scholar
Moher, D., A. Liberati, J. Tetzlaff, D. G. Altman and The PRISMA Group (2009) “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement,” PLoS Medicine, 6(7):e1000097.10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097Search in Google Scholar
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (2009) Pandemic influenza preparedness and response guidance for healthcare workers and healthcare employers. 2009:1–99. Available at: http://www.osha.gov/Publications/3328-05-2007-English.html. (accessed July 31, 2011).Search in Google Scholar
Report on the National Disaster Health Workforce (2011) National Center for Disaster Medicine and Public Health (NCDMPH). Rockville, MD. 35. www.usuhs.mil/pdf/NCDMPHWorkforceProject2011-B.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Saleh, D. A. and I. Elshaer (2010) “Nurses’ Perspectives and Concerns Towards an Infectious Disease Epidemic in Egypt,” The Egyptian Journal of Community Medicine, 28(2), 1–17.Search in Google Scholar
Schechter, S. (2007) Medical Reserve Corps Volunteers’ Ability and Willingness to Report to Work for the Department of Health During Catastrophic Disasters [master thesis]. Monterey CA: Naval Postgraduate School.Search in Google Scholar
Seale, H., J. Leask, K. Po and C. R. MacIntyre (2009) “Will They Just Pack up and Leave? – Attitudes and Intended Behaviors of Hospital Health Care Workers During and Influenza Pandemic,” BMC Health Services Research, 9:30.10.1186/1472-6963-9-30Search in Google Scholar
Sepkowitz, K. A. and L. Eisenberg (2005) “Occupational Deaths among Healthcare Workers,” Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11(7):1003–1008.10.3201/eid1107.041038Search in Google Scholar
Shabanowitz, R. B. and J. E. Reardon (2009) “Avian Flu Pandemic-Flight of the Healthcare Worker?” HEC Forum, 21(4):365–385.10.1007/s10730-009-9114-9Search in Google Scholar
Shi, L. (2008) Health Services Research Methods, 2nd ed. Clifton Park, NY: Thompson, pp. 117–125.Search in Google Scholar
Stuart, R. L. and E. Gillespie (2008) “Preparing for An Influenza Pandemic: Healthcare Workers’ Opinions on Working During a Pandemic,” Healthcare Infection, 13:95–99.10.1071/HI08024Search in Google Scholar
Syrett, J. L., J. G. Benitez, W. H. Livingston 3rd and E. A. Davis (2007) “Will Emergency Health Care Providers Respond to Mass Causality Incidents?” Prehospital Emergency Care, 11(1):49–54.10.1080/10903120601023388Search in Google Scholar
Tippett, V. C., K. Watt, S. G. Raven, H. A. Kelly, M. Coory, F. Archer and K. Jamrozik (2010) “Anticipated Behaviors of Emergency Prehospital Medical Care Providers During an Influenza Pandemic,” Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 25(1):20–25.10.1017/S1049023X00007603Search in Google Scholar
Tzeng, H. M. and C. Y. Yin (2006) “Nurses’ Fears and Professional Obligations Concerning Possible Human-to-Human Avian Flu,” Nursing Ethics, 13(5):455–470.10.1191/0969733006nej893oaSearch in Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2005) HHS pandemic influenza plan. 2005:S11–S14. Available at: http://www.hhs.gov/pandemicflu/plan/pdf/HHSPandemicInfluenzaPlan.pdf. (accessed October 31, 2010).Search in Google Scholar
Wong, E. L., S. Y. S. Wong, K. Kung, A. W. L. Cheung, T. T. Gao and S. Griffiths (2010) “Will the Community Nurses Continue to Function During H1N1 Influenza Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study of Hong Kong Community Nurses?” BMC Health Services Research, 10:107.10.1186/1472-6963-10-107Search in Google Scholar
Wong, T. Y., G. C. Koh, S. K. Cheong, M. Sundram, K. Koh, S. E. Chia and D. Koh (2008) “A Cross-Sectional Study of Primary-Care Physicians in Singapore on Their Concerns and Preparedness for an Avian Influenza Outbreak,” Annals Academy of Medicine Singapore, 37(6):458–464.Search in Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2014a) Ebola response roadmap – Situation report. 3 December 2014. Available at: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/situation-reports/en/?m=20141203. (accessed January 28, 2015).Search in Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2014b) Unprecedented number of medical staff infected with Ebola Situation assessment – 25 August 2014. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/25-august-2014/en/. (accessed January 28, 2015).Search in Google Scholar
©2015 by De Gruyter
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Communications
- Reflections on 40 Years in the Hazards and Disasters Community
- Opinion
- Communicable Disease and Homeland Security: An Assessment of the US 2014 Ebola Incident
- Border Security: Defining it is the Real Challenge
- Tax Stimulus: The Third Direction for U.S. Government Cybersecurity Policy
- Research Articles
- Reducing Public Health Risk During Disasters: Identifying Social Vulnerabilities
- Healthcare Workers’ Willingness to Report to Work During an Influenza Pandemic: A Systematic Literature Review
- Understanding Comprehension Levels of Emergency Notifications by Limited English Proficient US Residents: Case Study of Korean-Americans in New York City
- Bioterrorism and Local Agency Preparedness: Results from an Experimental Study in Risk Communication
- Human Resource Management Practices to Support Emotional Labor in Emergency Response
- Examining Coordination in Disaster Response Using Simulation Methods
- A Genetic Algorithm Based Approach to Provide Solutions for Emergency Aid Stations Location Problem and a Case Study for Pendik/İstanbul
- A Socio-Demographic Analysis of Responses to Terrorism
- Are Emergency Departments in Istanbul Ready for the Earthquakes? Past Experience and Suggestions for Future Preparedness from Employees’ Viewpoint and the Literature
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Communications
- Reflections on 40 Years in the Hazards and Disasters Community
- Opinion
- Communicable Disease and Homeland Security: An Assessment of the US 2014 Ebola Incident
- Border Security: Defining it is the Real Challenge
- Tax Stimulus: The Third Direction for U.S. Government Cybersecurity Policy
- Research Articles
- Reducing Public Health Risk During Disasters: Identifying Social Vulnerabilities
- Healthcare Workers’ Willingness to Report to Work During an Influenza Pandemic: A Systematic Literature Review
- Understanding Comprehension Levels of Emergency Notifications by Limited English Proficient US Residents: Case Study of Korean-Americans in New York City
- Bioterrorism and Local Agency Preparedness: Results from an Experimental Study in Risk Communication
- Human Resource Management Practices to Support Emotional Labor in Emergency Response
- Examining Coordination in Disaster Response Using Simulation Methods
- A Genetic Algorithm Based Approach to Provide Solutions for Emergency Aid Stations Location Problem and a Case Study for Pendik/İstanbul
- A Socio-Demographic Analysis of Responses to Terrorism
- Are Emergency Departments in Istanbul Ready for the Earthquakes? Past Experience and Suggestions for Future Preparedness from Employees’ Viewpoint and the Literature